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The article explores the concept of relative deprivation and its connection to personality traits, specifically self-esteem, neuroticism, and openness to experience. It mentions that the study, conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina with 735 participants, reveals that lower self-esteem and openness to experience, along with higher levels of neuroticism and sensation-seeking, are associated with higher levels of relative deprivation.

Throughout the history of the development of criminalistic thought, numerous individuals have left an indelible mark in shaping this discipline. In the Balkan region, one distinguished and reputable name that stands out as synonymous with exceptional contributions to criminalistics is Professor Dr. Nedzad Korajlic. His contribution to science stems not only from his professional expertise but also from his dedication to studying criminalistics from a multidisciplinary perspective. Through his works, Korajlic has built a bridge between theory and practice, enabling new generations of criminalists to utilize his methods and insights for a better understanding and treatment of criminality. In this paper, we will analyze the key contributions of Professor Korajlić to the scientific field of criminalistics, exploring how his ideas have shaped and advanced this crucial branch of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the possibility of improving the technical characteristics of gas surge arresters for the co-ordination of insulation at low voltage, medium voltage and high voltage levels. The idea for improving the characteristics of a gas surge arrester is based on the application of the radioactive source 241Am in the area of the surge arrester cathode. Intensive ionization with alpha particles significantly increases the number of free electrons in the space between electrodes, which shortens the time of their transition to initial electrons. This changes the Paschen curve of the gas surge arrester, narrows and flattens its impulse characteristic and reduces the stochasticity of the response of the gas surge arrester. All this results in a significant improvement in the characteristics of the gas surge arrester at all voltage levels. This improvement is particularly noticeable in the case of low voltage surge arresters. The paper is basically theoretical-experimental research. The experiments were performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The combined measurement uncertainty of all measurements was acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of stability of the characteristic of overvoltage diodes under the action of neutron and gamma radiation. Nature of this paper is both experimental and theoretical. An original measuring system of extremely low measurement uncertainty was developed for the purpose of recording characteristics. Recording of volt-ampere and volt-ohm characteristics was performed in a completely new way based on the use of a single current pulse (which allows obtaining more reliable results than the methods recommended in the literature based on the use of DC). The obtained results are useful in all areas of engineering practice when there is a danger of simultaneous occurrence of various overvoltages and nuclear radiation. Theoretical interpretation has given some new interpretations of neutron-phonon and photon-phonon interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the shortcomings of commercial filters and non-linear components for overvoltage protection in the conditions of synergy of neutron and gamma radiation and functional aging, the behavior of the hybrid protection circuit under the same conditions was examined. In order for the experimental procedure to correspond as closely as possible to the real situation, the load of the hybrid circuit was not adjusted by impedance. The standard model of the hybrid protection circuit recommended in accordance with IEC 1.3 is simulated using the software package PSPICE. To that end, it is necessary to create a varistor with appropriate elements. The equivalent inductance parameters were found to be stable in relation to the experimental conditions. It was also established that due to the synergy of neutron and gamma radiation and functional aging, there is a change in the steepness of the varistor characteristic and the tangent of the loss angle in the capacitors. The overall effect of neutron and gamma radiation and functional aging was tested on the hybrid circuit and on individual components. The experiments were performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions, and the combined measurement uncertainty of the experimental procedure did not exceed 5 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Except for quantum mechanical phenomena, physical phenomena are not prone to sudden and abrupt changes. In this paper, the transition mechanism from the electric discharge gas mechanism of to the electric discharge vacuum mechanism of has been considered. This phenomenon has long been established, but it was not possible to find a reliable explanation as to how it occurs. In the consideration of the occurrence of the transition from the gas to the vacuum mechanism of the electric discharge, two hypotheses were finally arrived at. These hypotheses were fundamentally contradictory. The first hypothesis was valid only for He, and the second one has no such restrictions. In this paper, based on experimental results and theoretical analysis, it has been proven (with high probability) that the second hypothesis is correct and applicable to all gases. The experimental procedure has been performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions with high statistical reliability and the combined measurement uncertainty totalling about 5 %. Thus, the first hypothesis can be rejected and the problem of switching from a gas to a vacuum electric discharge mechanism can be considered solved. Backed by the mentioned research and based on the obtained results, the following can be concluded: • The transition from gas to vacuum breakdown mechanisms does not occur at the point of the Paschen minimum, but in a wider area where the electrical discharge occurs due to the Anomalous Paschen effect. • The anomalous Paschen effect is explained by the second hypothesis presented in this paper, i.e. by the simultaneous existence of conditions for edge breakdown, gas breakdown of a homogeneous electric field and vacuum breakdown. • The existence of three different breakdown mechanisms in the transitional area between gas and vacuum discharge results in the value of dc breakdown voltage becoming a stochastic quantity (measurement uncertainty of type A≠0) in contrast to the value of dc breakdown voltage of gases, which is a deterministic quantity (measurement uncertainty of type A= 0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses and compares the rates of aging (destruction) of insulation systems insulated with gas at low pressure and vacuum under conditions of frequent electrical breakdowns. Helium (He) was used as a gas. The insulation system in which the aging rates were tested had the same dimensions and CuCr and CuBi electrodes of the Rogowski shape were used. The electrode contact material was selected in such a manner so that its composition corresponds to the material used for vacuum switches manufacture. To assess the speed of aging, i.e., the length of a lifetime, a mathematical-statistical model was developed, the effectiveness of which was verified by an experimental procedure. The experimental procedure was carried out under well-controlled laboratory conditions. All instruments used were certified. The combined measurement uncertainty was less than 7%. Based on the graphical assessment and the analytical procedure, the obtained quantitative results show that vacuum insulation ages about twice as slowly as insulation with low pressure gas. This result is explained by the mechanism of breakdown initiation in gases at low pressure and in the vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the time of thermoionization of the spark channel during gas breakdown in the vicinity of Paschen minimum. For the purposes of measuring the time of thermoionization, an experimental procedure was developed that enabled the measurement of times of the order of nanoseconds with a measurement uncertainty of less than 5%. The thermoionization time was measured to the right and to the left of the Paschen minimum. There were included the vacuum breakdown mechanism, the anomalous Paschen breakdown mechanism, the Tausend breakdown mechanism, and the streamer breakdown mechanism. The obtained results show that the thermoionization time is a stochastic quantity. It was established that the random variable thermoionization time belongs to a normal or Weibull distribution. The results also show how the insulation parameters affect the random variable thermoionization time. Experiments were performed with He, SF 6 and N 2 gases. The electrode system formed a homogeneous field (Rogowski-Rogowski) or an inhomogeneous field (spike-spike). The surfaces of the electrodes were either polished or sandblasted. • Consideration of the spark channel thermoionization time during gas breakdown. • Developed experimental procedure enables measuring time in the nanosecond domain. • Obtained results confirm that the thermoionization time is a stochastic quantity. • Random variable thermoionization time belongs to a normal or Weibull distribution. • Influence of insulation parameters on thermoionization time was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research included a suitable sample of students at the Department of Social Pedagogy in Zenica (N= 81), who completed a short socio-demographic survey and a Rokeach's Terminal Values Survey. Terminal values represent the goals of human existence, among which the following values might be distinguished: individual, collective, humane, and altruistic. Bearing in mind practical implications of knowing the values as such, the values which represent sources and guides for attitudes and behavior, and which have been shown to correlate significantly with numerous variables (cognitive functioning, free time, risk behavior, addiction), we considered it important to examine the most prominent terminal values among our students, and compare the results to the results of the available studies involving comparable groups of participants. Based on the findings, we derived six subscales of grouped terminal values: social harmony, self-actualization, personal gratification, security, love and affection, and personal satisfaction. Only the personal gratification variable showed normal distribution, while all other were negatively asymmetric, indicating, thus, an insufficient discrimination of Rokeach's Terminal Values Scale. Generally, the participants deemed all terminal values significant. In the overall sample, the lowest ranked individual terminal values were exciting life, the world of beauty and money, while the highest ranked were family security, self-esteem, and personal happiness. The gender variable was statistically significantly correlated with the subscale of personal gratification. A Mann-Whitney's test showed that personal gratification, measured by the items of comfortable life, exciting life, satisfaction and social recognition, statistically significantly correlated with the gender variable (U=237, p<0.01), so that the female participants considered these items more important (median 4.2) than the male participants (3.8). The birthplace was significantly positively correlated with wisdom evaluation (U=556; p<0.05), as well as the evaluation of freedom in non-cigarette consumers compared to their colleagues who consumed them regularly or occasionally (χ2=8.77, p=0.012). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 677 C>T (rs1799986) polymorphism is located at position 677 in exon 3 of the LRP1 gene. The aim of this study was to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism in Bosnian population. The study included 100 unrelated healthy individuals. Genotyping of 677 C>T polymorphism of the LRP1 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP method. The most frequent allele was the C allele (91%), while the T allele was represented by 9%. These results suggested that presence of the 677 C>T polymorphism of the LRP1 gene in our population should be a base for further case-control association or population genetics studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has international investment into reforming local governance in post‐conflict societies produced mixed results? Drawing on new institutionalism, the authors expect reform outcomes, even of comprehensive assistance, to be shaped by the interaction between new and old rules, an interaction mediated by local elites. This expectation is explored in three pairs of comparable municipalities in Bosnia‐Herzegovina. Using data collected through field research and an original index of local government performance, we find that most municipalities achieved incremental improvements in performance between 2005 and 2010. Differences can be explained by the varying endurance of old informal rules that antagonistically coexist with and undermine internationally proposed rules, as well as by the varying strength of local opponents of reform. The implication is that more effective promotion of local government performance requires more attention to and a long‐term approach to minimizing the constraints posed by informal rules and local actors opposed to reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the possibility of improving the character of gas surge arresters. Examined were: the magnetic field effect, the effect of the hollow cathode, and the effect of the alpha radiation source 241Am. Numerical and real experiments conducted are presented together with theoretical interpretations of the obtained results. Real experiments were carried out on a model of a gas surge arrester spatially constructed for experiments presented in this paper. The model was designed in such a way that it was possible to change all the relevant parameters of the gas surge arrester model. Experiments were conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The tests were performed with d. c. and impulse voltage. The results obtained by experiments were processed by sophisticated statistical methods. The expressed measurement uncertainty of the experimental procedure showed a high statistical reliability of the obtained results. Based on the results of the research, the model of a gas surge arrester, in which the effect of the hollow cathode and the radioactive source 241Am were combined, unambiguously proved to have the best characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate association of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, MTHFR C677T and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Bosnian women. Methods A total of 60 women with two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks of gestation with the same partners and without history of known causes or recurrent pregnancy loss were included. A control group included 80 healthy women who had one or more successful pregnancies without history of any complication which could be associated with miscarriages. Genotyping of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, MTHFR C677T and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms were performed by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragments length polymorphism method (PCR/RFLP). Results Both factor V Leiden and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were significantly associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in Bosnian women while prothrombin G20210A and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms did not show strongly significant association. Conclusion The presence of thrombophilic polymorphisms may predispose women to recurrent pregnancy loss. Future investigation should be addressed in order to find when carriers of those mutations, polymorphisms should be treated with anticoagulant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an unusual case of successful neurosurgical and medical management of subdural empyema combined with cerebral abscess verified by clinical and neuroradiological criteria. It proves that if there is improvement in clinical-neurological condition patient can be discharged after intensive and continuous parenteral antibiotic therapy (1.5-2 months) followed with peroral antibiotic therapy (approx. 1 months) even if the CT abnormalities still persist i.e. CT improvement may lag behind clinical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study discusses the validity of the law of similarity for the impulse breakdown of gases at low pressure and small inter-electrode distances. The research has been done theoretically, experimentally and numerically. The experiments were conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The combined measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. The experiments were carried out with gases SF 6 , N 2 and He. The electrodes were made of copper, but also of metals with different values of the work function. The obtained results are presented through the impulse characteristics for similar systems. Such a presentation only provided qualitative information. In order to obtain quantitative information, a modified Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (U test) was performed. The obtained results show that the law of similarity is valid for the DC breakdown of gases, but it is not valid for the impulse breakdown of gases. It can be concluded that the law of similarity is inapplicable for the design of gas-insulated systems under low pressure at small values of the inter-electrode distance. • Validity of the law of similarity of the electric field. • Impulse characteristic of a certain probability quantile. • Quantitative criterion for the validity of the law of. • Law of similarity does not apply to the impulse breakdown of gases. • Mechanisms of impulse gas breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1691 (G>A) factor V Leiden (FVL) and 20210 (G>A) prothrombin (PT) mutations are the two most common genetic risk factors in venous thromboembolism. The 677 (C>T) methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation is the most frequently mentioned as an independent genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism. As there are limited published data on the prevalence of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations in our population, the aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and association of these deep vein thrombosis mutations in the Bosnian population. This study included 111 thromboembolic patients and 207 healthy subjects with absence of known risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Genotyping of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction digestion with MnlI, HindIII and HinfI enzymes. Out of the 111 patients, 18.0% were heterozygous and 2.70% were homozygous for the 1691 mutation. Among 207 healthy controls, 3.86%, were heterozygous for the 1691 mutation. This study confirmed the association of the 1691 mutation with deep vein thrombosis in the Bosnian population odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 6.0 (2.62-14.14); p = 0.0001). The 20210 mutation was detected in 2.70% of patients and it was totally absent in the control group. Allele and genotype frequency of 677 did not differ significantly between the cases and controls (χ2 = 1.03; p = 0.309). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1691 (G>A) factor V Leiden (FVL) and 20210 (G>A) prothrombin (PT) mutations are the two most common genetic risk factors in venous thromboembolism. The 677 (C>T) methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation is the most frequently mentioned as an independent genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism. As there are limited published data on the prevalence of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations in our population, the aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and association of these deep vein thrombosis mutations in the Bosnian population. This study included 111 thromboembolic patients and 207 healthy subjects with absence of known risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Genotyping of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction digestion with MnlI, HindIII and HinfI enzymes. Out of the 111 patients, 18.0% were heterozygous and 2.70% were homozygous for the 1691 mutation. Among 207 healthy controls, 3.86%, were heterozygous for the 1691 mutation. This study confirmed the association of the 1691 mutation with deep vein thrombosis in the Bosnian population odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 6.0 (2.62-14.14); p = 0.0001). The 20210 mutation was detected in 2.70% of patients and it was totally absent in the control group. Allele and genotype frequency of 677 did not differ significantly between the cases and controls (χ2 = 1.03; p = 0.309). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents data on the findings of the viper, Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily based on data from the author's notebooks and summarized data by D. Jelić and associates (Jelić et al., 2013a). The authors wanted to show that the observed, generally known, and almost everywhere present species in the mentioned canton, were recorded only on well-known routes, that is, that we do not even have a satisfactory number of sightings for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the arguments used in parliamentary debates, in 2008, to justify the adoption of reserved seats for national minorities in local parliaments in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Content analyses of two parliamentary debates at the state level and nine municipal assembly sessions reveal two dominant frames: an ‘obligation frame’ and a ‘constituent peoples frame’. The former refers to the adoption of reserved seats for minorities as an international and legal obligation, while the latter challenges this institution, emphasizing the rights of the three constituent peoples (Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs) to be guaranteed reserved seats in addition to, or in place of, national minorities. Interestingly, the frame based on an idea of justice and suggesting the right of minorities to political representation is absent from parliamentary debates. The article discusses the implications of these findings, with a reference to the functioning of the institution of reserved seats in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent scientific findings related to the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation provide new opportunities but also impose stringent new requirements and constraints related to water quality and processes of drinking water treatment. This imposes a continuous monitoring strategy and implementation of new information, trends and opportunities in order to increase the efficiency of these processes. The paper emphasizes the importance of proper selecting the operational parameters - type and dose of chemicals, and manipulation with chemicals. It is shown methods of selecting the type and dose of chemicals and recent findings regarding the conditions of their interference in the conventional technology of drinking water preparation within public water supply. Providing and increasing the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation means the protection of human health (through the consumption of safe drinking water), environmental protection (production of sediment and water less burdened by these chemicals) and financial savings (reduced costs in procurement of chemicals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the decomposition approaches for flow lines with unreliable machines and limited buffer capacity as proposed by Gershwin and refined by Dallery, David, and Xie and by Burman by incorporating a new building block in the decomposition. This new building block is a three-machine, one buffer system which models a merging flow of material. While previous decomposition approaches led to a decomposition of the original network into virtual two-machine lines, we now use both virtual two- and three-machine lines. This requires a new set of decomposition equations for the virtual machines of the two-machine lines that surround the new building block modelling the merge. We present these equations, show how to solve them in an algorithm and present numerical results for non-cyclic networks in order to determine production rate and inventory level estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have presented a case of rare dorsally sequestrated lumbar disc herniation manifesting as cauda equina syndrome. The patient was admitted to the Neurological Department of Canton Hospital Zenica due to urinary retention and weakness in both lower extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a compressing mass located in the dorsal extradural space at the L2-L3 level. An extruded intervertebral disc was found intraoperatively. The decompression was followed by good recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) governs numerous cellular and developmental processes. In mice, it promotes specification and differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and in humans, some mutations in MITF induce congenital eye malformations. Herein, we explore the function and regulation of Mitf in Drosophila eye development and uncover two roles. We find that knockdown of Mitf results in retinal displacement (RDis), a phenotype associated with abnormal eye formation. Mitf functions in the peripodial epithelium (PE), a retinal support tissue akin to the RPE, to suppress RDis, via the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki). Yki physically interacts with Mitf and can modify its transcriptional activity in vitro. Severe loss of Mitf, instead, results in the de-repression of retinogenesis in the PE, precluding its development. This activity of Mitf requires the protein phosphatase 2 A holoenzyme STRIPAK-PP2A, but not Yki; Mitf transcriptional activity is potentiated by STRIPAK-PP2A in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of STRIPAK-PP2A results in cytoplasmic retention of Mitf in vivo and in its decreased stability in vitro , highlighting two potential mechanisms for the control of Mitf function by STRIPAK-PP2A. Thus, Mitf functions in a context-dependent manner as a key determinant of form and fate in the Drosophila eye progenitor epithelium. [Display omitted] • Mitf works with Yki to preserve eye disc epithelium morphology during eye morphogenesis. • Mitf is a selector factor that promotes peripodial (PE) fate over retinal fate. • Ectopic expression of Mitf blocks retinogenesis. • Mitf works with STRIPAK-PP2A but not Yki in PE development and retina suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: plexus brachialis is a network of nerves, which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles of the upper extremities Aim: to present a very rare case of schwannoma of brachial plexus. Case report: a 29-year-old female patient was presented with a mass on the posteromedial side of the left upper arm. It was a localized mass with distal paresthesia of the upper arm, firm on palpation. MRI scan showed an expansive mass along with the medial head of the triceps brachial muscle, measuring 25x48x31mm. This mass radiologically showed as Schwannoma which affected the ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerve. During resection, firstly brachial artery and vein were detached from a tumor. Musculo-cutaneal and ulnar nerves were completely separated. The radial nerve was infiltrated with a clear origin and preserved fibers were successfully dissected. Implantation of a sural graft wasn't used, because more than 50% of the radial nerve fibers were preserved. Results: postoperatively, the patient had limited dorsiflexion of the left palm. After physical treatment, the patient made full recovery. Conclusion: schwannoma is a rare tumor that can successfully be removed, and it has a very good prognosis with the possibility of full recovery from neurological deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To analyse potential clinical implications of the distance between large retroperitoneal vessels and lower segment of the lumbar spine in the supine and prone position. Methods Prospective, non-randomised study included 40 patients of different age and gender. For all patients magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine was performed in supine and prone position. The level of aortal bifurcation, common iliac vein con- fluence, the distance from the anterior and posterior aspect of the annulus to the posterior wall of the large retroperitoneal vessels were analysed. Results The study included 40 patients, 22 (55%) males and 18 (45%) females. The level of aortal bifurcation was higher in prone compared to supine position (Χ² = 29.88571; p<0.05). In supine and prone positions, the common iliac veins confluence was most commonly at the level of the lower third of the L4 vertebra (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the distance from the left common iliac artery to the anterior contour of L4/L5 intervertebral disc (p<0.05). Conclusion Knowledge of the anatomic relationship between iliac vessels and structures of the lower segment of the lumbar spine is very important in the prevention of a potentially severe complication, such as artificial common iliac vessels rupture. Our study showed that the risk of lesions of the common left iliac artery was lesser in the prone position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review assesses current molecular targeted therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a challenging condition with limited treatment options. Using PRISMA methodology, 166 eligible studies, involving 2526 patients (61.49% male, 38.51% female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.59/1), were analyzed. In laboratory studies, 52.52% primarily used human glioblastoma cell cultures (HCC), and 43.17% employed animal samples (mainly mice). Clinical participants ranged from 18 to 100 years, with 60.2% using combined therapies and 39.8% monotherapies. Mechanistic categories included Protein Kinase Phosphorylation (41.6%), Cell Cycle-Related Mechanisms (18.1%), Microenvironmental Targets (19.9%), Immunological Targets (4.2%), and Other Mechanisms (16.3%). Key molecular targets included Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) (10.8%), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) (7.2%), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (6.6%), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MEK) (5.4%). This review provides a comprehensive assessment of molecular therapies for GBM, highlighting their varied efficacy in clinical and laboratory settings, ultimately impacting overall and progression-free survival in GBM management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate the presence, type and distribution of spontaneous brain and arachnoid herniation into the dural venous sinuses as well as a clinical significance of these herniations. Methods This retrospective - prospective, non-randomised anatomical and clinical study included 990 patients who were referred to Magnetic Resonance Imaging at the Department of Radiology of the Cantonal Hospital in Zenica in the period from January to December 2016. The T1 and T2 sequences in axial, sagittal, and coronary section were used for brain or arachnoid herniation analysis. In all patients with intra-sinusal herniation health records were analysed and symptoms and reasons to refer for MRI examination were evaluated . Results In 26 (2.6%) patients (19 females; 73.08%) the arachnoid or brain herniation was found. Average age of patients was 40.269±16.496 years. Arachnoid herniation was presented in 15 (57.69%) and brain herniation in 11 (42.31%) patients. Statistical significance in relation to type of herniation was not found (p=11.070). Statistical significance between the symptoms and localisation of herniation (except for nausea and vomiting and posterior fossa herniations) (p=0.05) as well us between symptoms and type of herniation was not found (p>0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that there is a possibility of interconnection between arachnoid or/and brain herniations and some clinical symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impulse characteristic represents the response of the gas insulation to the impulse load. There is no rational way to determine it, since it must include all pulse shapes and all probability quantiles of a random breakdown event. Near Paschen minimum is the operating point of gas surge arresters. For this reason, the results presented in this paper are important for the coordination of insulation at the low-voltage level. The semi-empirical algorithm derived in this paper is simple and allows obtaining impulse characteristics based on a small number of measurements. The paper presents two variants of the derived algorithm. One with and one without taking into account the thermoionization time of the streamer channel. Both variants were experimentally verified in well-controlled laboratory conditions and good results were obtained from the point of view of engineering practice. Of course, the algorithm which includes the thermoionization time of the spark channel gave more exact results. However, even in that case, an improvement can be made by observing the thermoionization process as a stochastic phenomenon. In this sense, suggestions for further improvement of the proposed algorithm are given. • Impulse characteristic determination for any probability quantile and voltage shape. • Derived algorithm is simple and requires small number of measurements. • With and without taking into account thermoionization time of the streamer channel. • Both variants were experimentally verified. • Inclusion of formative time improves obtained results about 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To examine a correlation of demographic characteristics of patients, preoperative modality of conservative therapy and timing on the postoperative outcome of patients six months after the operation. Methods A retrospective, non-randomized, clinical study involved 48 patients of different age and gender with a verified diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome (CES). The inclusion criteria were patients with CES caused by discus hernia. Observed research variables were age, gender, affected vertebral level, conservative modalities of perioperative therapy (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAIDs and physiotherapy), duration of symptoms, and outcome parameters (motor and sensory function, sphincter function of the urinary bladder and bowel). Results A statistically significant negative correlation was found between age and postoperative outcome (p<0.05). The affected vertebral level was positively correlated with the motor and sensory outcome (p<0.05). A positive correlation between the use of NSAIDs and the outcome was found (R=0.570; p<0.001), as well as a negative correlation with perioperative physiotherapy (R=- 0.201; p= 0.001). Postponement of surgery was negatively correlated with outcome variables (p<0.001). Conclusion The results of the study bring new conclusions that were not previously observed. Possible new characteristics associated with the outcome of cauda equina syndrome were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To emphasize the importance of early recognition, diagnostic processing and emergent surgical treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH). Methods A 39-year-old female presented with sudden onset of severe pain between the shoulder blades followed by paraparesis and alerted sensibility in the lower extremities. An hour later she developed paraplegia with sensory deficits below ThIV level, absence of patellar reflex, ankle jerk reflex and sphincter dysfunction. Results Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated acute extensive epidural mass of thoracic spinal segments (ThI-ThIII). The patient underwent emergent decompressive laminectomy ThI-ThIII with epidural hematoma evacuation within 24 hours of symptoms onset. After the surgical treatment, because of suspicion on spinal arteriovenous malformation, complete diagnostic evaluation with spinal angiography was done and no form of vascular malformation was found. Idiopathic SSEH was diagnosed. Two months later the patient reached complete neurological improvement. Conclusion The SSEH is a rare condition that should be kept in mind in patients presenting with neurological deficit and a sudden onset of back pain like it was in our case. For early diagnosis, immediate MRI is essential. Prompt surgical decompression such as laminectomy is an absolute surgical indication widely accepted for patients with progressive neurological deficit. The SSEH should be considered as one of the important differential diagnoses in patients who have developed acute myelopathy. Cilj Naglasiti važnost ranog prepoznavanja, dijagnostičke obrade i urgencije hirurškog tretmana spontanog spinalnog epiduralnog hematoma (SSEH). Metode 39-godišnja ženska osoba javila se na neurološki Odjel zbog iznenadne boli između lopatica, praćene paraperezom i poremećajem senzibiliteta u donjim ekstremitetima. Sat vremena kasnije došlo je do produbljivanja motornog deficita i do paraplegije, praćene senzornim poremećajem ispod ThIV nivoa, odsutnosti pateralnog refleksa, refleksa Ahilove tetive, kao i sfinkterijalnom disfunkcijom. Rezultati Magnentna rezonanca (MR) kičmenog kanala pokazala je opsežnu akutnu epiduralnu masu torakalnog segmenta kičme (ThI-ThIII). Pacijentica je podvrgnuta hitnoj dekompresivnoj laminektomiji nivoa ThI-ThIII, uz evakuaciju epiduralne kolekcije unutar 24 sata od pojave simptoma. Nakon hirurškog liječenja, zbog sumnje na moguću spinalnu arteriovensku malformaciju, urađena je dijagnostička obrada spinalnom angiografijom koja nije pokazala bilo kakav oblik vaskularne malformacije. Dijagnosticiran je idiopatski spontani epiduralni hematom. Dva mjeseca kasnije pacijentica je postigla potpuni neurološki oporavak. Zaključak Spontani spinalni epiduralni hematom (SSEH) je rijetko stanje koje treba imati na umu kod pacijenata s neurološkim deficitom i naglim nastupom bola u leđima, kao što je bio u našem slučaju. Za ranu dijagnozu, neposredni MRI je esencijalan. Promptna hirurška dekompresija, u vidu laminektomije, apsolutna je hirurška indikacija, široko prihvaćena za pacijente s progresivnim neurološkim deficitom. SSEH treba uzeti u obzir kao jedan od diferencijalno dijagnostičkih oblika u bolesnika s akutnom mijelopatijom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study considers the impact of the environmental contamination by the electromagnetic radiation of electron beam generator and high-energy radioactive source on the memory components. Electron beam generator can be used for injecting particle energy into the plasma of the fusion system based on a Marx generator, while radioactive source as a simulator of high-energy ionizing radiation that can be caused by the neutron-induced activation of plasma surrounding structures or released from deuterium-tritium fusion reaction. The effects of gamma radiation of high-energy radioactive source and electric field of the electron beam generator on EPROM and EEPROM semiconductor computer memory, were investigated. An older memory types were deliberately chosen for the reason that their more robust construction will better protect them from the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The results obtained under well-controlled conditions show a high degree of non-resistance of the semiconductor technology to the expected electromagnetic pollution of the electron beam generator and high-energy radioactive source. This conclusion raises doubts on the possibility of simultaneous application of electron beam generator, consequently fusion system and nanotechnologies with the increasing need for miniaturization of electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To analyze the relationship between timing of surgery and outcome in patients with cauda equina syndrome caused by lumbar disc herniation. Methods A retrospective, non-randomized clinical study included 25 consecutive patients with cauda equina syndrome (CES) caused by lumbar disc herniation. All patients were operated within 24 hours after hospitalization at the Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between January 2000 and December 2010. All patients were evaluated before surgery on the basis of complete history, neurological examination and neuroimaging evaluations using CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Results Statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative bladder (p=0.05) and bowel (p=0.05) function was found. A significant number of patients had bladder and bowel recovery after surgery, nine (36%) and 11 (44%), respectively. Significant recovery of muscle strength was noted with complete recovery (5/5) in 12 (48%) and partial recovery in 13 (52%) patients. Complete sensory recovery was noted in 16 (64%), incomplete in four (16%), and in five (20%) patients there were no changes. Most commonly, patients with complete sensory recovery were operated within 48 hours of symptom onset. In most patients early surgery was associated with better outcome. Conclusion This research showed that early decompression correlated with better outcome. Patients with cauda equina syndrome must be cleared for surgery in optimal conditions and, if it possible within optimal timing for recovery (within 48 hours). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an interesting and a very rare case of primary spinal cord malignant melanoma which was diagnosed according to clinical, neuroradiological and histopathological criteria was presented. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for these tumors and leads to the regression of neurological symptoms and improvement of the quality of life. The prognosis is related to the patient's age, well-defined borders of the tumor and the absence of dissemination or local extension at the time of diagnosis. In our case, the tumor was resected totally. During followup period, he developed pneumonia and died one month after the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective -- We report an unusual case of split cord malformation (SCM) associated with open spinal dysraphism and other anomalies of the central nervous system. Case report -- A male newborn was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit immediately after birth by Caesarean delivery. Clinical examination and diagnostics (MRI) showed open spinal dysraphism in the distal part of the spine (level L5 and S1), split cord malformation type I which separated two hemicords, tethered cord and syringomyelia. Two days after birth microneurosurgery was performed. Cranial and cervical MRI showed Chiari I and corpus callosum hypoplasia. There was no hydrocephalus. Preoperatively the patient had paraparesis and discretely moved his left foot. MRI showed a dilated bladder so he may have had urinary retention. The postoperative recovery was satisfactory. The patient did not have any additional neurological deficit. The patient was followed up by a neurosurgeon, pediatric surgeon, pediatrician and physiatrist. Control MRI scans showed significant regression of the syrinx and some ascensus of the medulla. About 18 months after operation the patient had discrete paresis of the left foot. Conclusion -- Complex spina bifida is an extremely rare condition. In this paper we describe this interesting case of complex spina bifida: a split cord malformation characterized by atypical bony morphology with a dural fold into the bone septum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in primary percutaneous interventions (PPCI), management of microvascular obstructions in reperfused myocardial tissue remains challenging and is a high-risk procedure. This has led to renewed interest in the coronary venous system as an alternative route of access to the myocardium. This article reviews historical data describing therapeutic options via cardiac veins as well as discussing the clinical potential and limitations of a catheter intervention: pressure controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO). Collected experimental and clinical information suggest that PICSO also offers the potential for tissue regeneration beyond myocardial salvage. A meta-analysis of observer controlled pICSO application in animal studies showed a dose dependent reduction in infarct size of 29.3% (p < 0.001). Additionally, a 4-fold increase of hemeoxygenase-1 gene expression (p < 0.001) in the center of infarction and a 2.5 fold increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p < 0.002) in border zones suggest that molecular pathways are initiating structural maintenance. Early clinical evidence confirmed significant salvage and event free survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction and risk reduction for event free survival 5 years after the acute event (p < 0.0001). This experimental and clinical evidence was recently corroborated using modern PICSO technology in PPCI showing a significant reduction of infarct size, when compared to matched controls (p < 0.04). PICSO enhances redistribution of flow towards deprived zones, clearing microvascular obstruction and leading to myocardial protection. Beyond salvage, augmentation of molecular regenerative networks suggests a second mechanism of PICSO involving the activation of vascular cells in cardiac veins, thus enhancing structural integrity and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To examine two modalities of surgical treatment of diabetic foot based on two different approaches, classical and multidisciplinary. Methods A retrospective-prospective study including 120 consecutive patients with diabetic foot treated in the Department of Surgery, General Hospital Tešanj in the period 1999-2006. Since 2003 a new multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of diabetic foot based on a more conservative approach has been introduced. Two groups of patients were analyzed according to two treatment approaches: the first group included patients treated with classical method (in the period 1999-2002), and the second group included patients treated with multidisciplinary approach (in period 2003-2006). An age distribution, gender, local changes in the extremities, results of microbiological analysis of wound swabs, and modalities of surgical treatment of diabetic foot were analyzed. Results Duration of the disease (p=0.24), the level of blood glucose (p=0.52) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p=0.10) had no statistically significant effect to the outcome of the treatment of diabetic foot, while the level of hematocrit (p<0.006), fibrinogen (p<0.003), cholesterol (p<0.000001), and the absence of a pulse in the peripheral arteries (p<0.000002), and the outcome of surgical treatment of diabetic foot had the influence to the outcome of the treatment of diabetic foot with statistical significance. Conclusion Aggressive and appropriate medical and surgical treatment according to a grade of disease could improve the outcome and reduce the morbidity and mortality of diabetic foot. The results of this study showed the importance of proper diabetes treatment, prevention of complications and a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of diabetic foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate a potential difference in postoperative morphological changes of two-level lumbar disc surgery as compared to one level surgery. Methods The standard lateral radiographs of lumbar spine obtained preoperatively and postoperatively were used in the study. The morphological study included 60 adult patients of both sexes who had undergone the surgery in the period 2002-2006. The first group comprised patients operated on one level (L4/L5 and L5/S1), and the second included patients operated on two levels (L3/ L4/L5; L4/L5/S1 and L5/S1/S2). Using lateral radiographs, after digitalization, the height of intervertebral disc space (HD), angle between vertebral bodies (A) and translation (T) were measured. Results Comparing preoperative and postoperative values, statistically significant difference has been found for HD in the first group and HD and A in the second group. In neither groups there was statistically significant difference for T, which is one of radiological signs of segmental instability. The comparison of postoperative values for both groups has not shown any statistically significant difference. Conclusion The standard lumbar discectomy on two levels has not shown more pronounced morphological changes or changes suggesting an increased risk of segmental instability as compared to one level discectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of 4G/5G polymorphisms of PAI-1 gene in interaction with other genetic and external risk factors that induce development of venous thromboembolism can be used for risk assessment for development of venous thromboembolism. Research was conducted on 202 examinees of both genders, older than 18, from north-eastern Bosnia. Experimental group included 100 examinees with diagnosed DVT and 101 examinees who until the sampling procedure did not have diagnosed DVT. In DVT group, following genotype frequencies were determined: 27% of examinees had a normal genotype 5G/5G, 68% are heterozygotes and 5% are mutated homozygotes 4G/4G. In the control group, frequencies of 4G/5G polymorphisms of PAI-1 gene were: 42.6% of examinees have 5G/5G genotype, 55.4% are heterozygotes 4G/5G and 2% are 4G/4G genotype. Obtained results support the hypothesis that PAI-1 in interaction with other genetic and external risk factors probably induces the development of venous thromboembolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: BMP signaling is involved in myriad metazoan developmental processes, and study of this pathway in Drosophila has contributed greatly to our understanding of its molecular and genetic mechanisms. These studies have benefited not only from Drosophila's advanced genetic tools, but from complimentary in vitro culture systems. However, the commonly-used S2 cell line is not intrinsically sensitive to the major BMP ligand Dpp and must therefore be augmented with exogenous pathway components for most experiments. Results: Herein we identify and characterize the responses of Drosophila ML-DmD17-c3 cells, which are sensitive to Dpp stimulation and exhibit characteristic regulation of BMP target genes including Dad and brk. Dpp signaling in ML-DmD17-c3 cells is primarily mediated by the receptors Put and Tkv, with additional contributions from Wit and Sax. Furthermore, we report complex regulatory feedback on core pathway genes in this system. Conclusions: Native ML-DmD17-c3 cells exhibit robust transcriptional responses to BMP pathway induction. We propose that ML-DmD17-c3 cells are well-suited for future BMP pathway analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To establish presence of segmental instability in patients operated with standard discectomy comparing measurement of translation and rotation on postoperative functional radiographs of lumbosacral spine with reference values, and to explore difference between patients operated on one or two levels. Methods The study included 71 patients, who were operated due to herniated lumbar disc. They were divided into two groups operated on one level (group A) or two adjacent levels (group B). All patients had been imaged in a standing position with functional lateral radiography. Radiographic images were digitized and then computerized measurement of translation and rotation was made. Measurement data were compared between the groups and with reference values obtained in healthy adults. Results Standard lumbar discectomy leads to an increase in translation, however, it reached statistical significance only for L4/L5 level and a decrease of rotation, which showed statistical significance for all samples, relative to the reference values. There was no statistically significant difference in the values of translation and rotation between the groups for corresponding levels, except for the value of the rotation for L4/L5 level as adjacent, unoperated level. Comparison of translation and rotation between the operated and adjacent levels did not show a statistically significant difference. When it comes to comparing the measured and predicted translation, there was a statistically significant difference only at the L5/S1 as an unoperated level. Conclusion Standard discectomy does not lead to radiologically significant segmental instability, and two-level surgery has not caused more pronounced signs of instability comparing to onelevel surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective -- To analyze the clinical and histological characteristics, as well as to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of pediatric neuroepithelial tumors. Patients and methods -- A retrospective study was conducted, including 40 pediatric patients surgically treated at the Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Hospital Tuzla in the period 2002-2012. During the study we formed groups and the analysis was conducted by age, gender, clinical signs, histopathologic types and type of surgical treatment. The results are presented in tables and expressed by relative values. Results -- Neuroepithlial tumors are more common in male patients. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of neuroepithelial tumors (χ²=0.400; p=0.527) related to supratentorial and infratentorial localization. Infratentorial neuroepithelial tumors are most common at a younger age (F=6.516; p=0.015). Increased intracranial pressure and seizures are the most common initial presentation of neuroepithelial tumors (χ²=0.022; p=0.882). There was no statistically significant difference between types of surgical resection and localization of the tumor. Usually we performed total resection (χ²=0.246; p=0.620). There was a statistically significant difference in tumor grade regarding supratentorial and infratentorial localizations (p=0.013). Infratentorial tumors are higher grade (χ²=5.495; p=0.019). Conclusion -- The most common initial presentations of neuroepithelial tumors are increased intracranial pressure and seizures. Infratentorial tumors are higher grade. The most common initial treatment of neuroepithelial tumors is radical surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy introduced in the late eighties has now become the gold standard and has taken the place of conventional cholecystectomy. Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy is an iatrogenic, but rare catastrophe associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is 0.1-0.42%. We have presented a patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy which got complicated with bile duct injury grade four. The complication was recognized three weeks later. A remediation of complications was performed in a reference center with full involvement of the primary surgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]