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Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is of continued interest to sustainable energy research. Mononuclear transition metal complexes from Group 6 to Group 10 with a select subset of ligand frameworks have been demonstrated to be efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts. Here, we review the known mononuclear complexes from Group 6 to Group 10, examining trends in activity, electronic structure of catalytic intermediates, and product selectivity. The correlation between differences in electronic structure and CO2 reduction activity between these metal centers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been demonstrated to induce itch in both humans and experimental animals. However, whether the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is involved in the regulation of chronic psoriatic itch remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in imiquimod-induced chronic psoriatic itch. The intradermal injection of PD-L1 in the nape of neck significantly alleviated chronic psoriatic itch in imiquimod-treated skin. Additionally, we observed that spontaneous scratching behavior induced by imiquimod disappeared on day 21. Still, intradermal injection of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors could induce more spontaneous scratching for over a month, indicating that imiquimod-treated skin remained in an itch sensitization state after the spontaneous scratching behavior disappeared. During this period, there was a significant increase in PD-1 receptor expression in both the imiquimod-treated skin and the spinal dorsal horn in mice, accompanied by significant activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. These findings suggest the potential involvement of the peripheral and central PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in regulating chronic itch and itch sensitization induced by imiquimod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A multifunctional smart fireproof aerogel was fabricated with polyimide and MXene. • The aerogel could trigger the fire-alarm system within 5 s when being burned. • The aerogel exhibited high fire safety and self-extinguished within 1 s. • The aerogel could monitor temperature change in real time. • The aerogel showed excellent mechanical and piezoresistive sensing performance. Multifunctional smart fire-protection aerogels are urgently needed to meet the requirement of the Internet of Everything era. Herein, we fabricated a mechanically robust and high fire-safe polyimide/MXene composite aerogel (denoted as PI@MXene) with sensitive temperature-sensing and fire-warning capability. Thanks to the unique thermoelectric effect and high electrical conductivity of the 2D transition metal carbide (MXene) nanosheet, PI@MXene exhibited a linear relationship between the thermoelectric voltage and the temperature difference, showing sensitive temperature-sensing capability. When being burned, it could repeatedly trigger the fire-warning system in less than 5 s. More importantly, owing to the lamellar barrier and skeleton supporting effect of the MXene nanosheets, PI@MXene exhibited excellent flame retardancy, which self-extinguished within 1 s after exposing to a flame for 60 s and whose peak heat release rate was significantly decreased by 78% compared with PI aerogel. Besides, PI@MXene showed impressive thermal insulation, outstanding thermostability and durable piezoresistive sensing. This work provides a novel strategy to fabricate next-generation multifunctional fireproof aerogel, showing promising applications in intelligent robots, aerospace, and railway transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobic surfaces have garnered significant attention for their unique wettability and extensive applications across various critical fields. In this paper, a two-step laser processing technique, involving infrared nanosecond laser patterning and ultraviolet picosecond laser surface modification, was employed to fabricate interconnected frame surfaces with dual-scale microstructures on Ti6Al4V substrates. After that, the microstructure surface was chemically modified with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl trimethoxy-silane to achieve a superhydrophobic surface. An L32 (4 7 ) orthogonal experiment was used to analyze the effect of seven main factors (including the structure size, scanning velocity and the fluence, number of scans of infrared nanosecond laser and ultraviolet picosecond laser) on the wettability of the interconnected frame microstructures surface. After optimization, the surface strongly corresponded with the Cassie-Baxter model and demonstrated a water contact angle of 153.22±1.64° and roll-off angle of 4.43±1.70°. The experiments demonstrated that the optimized surface possesses excellent mechanical stability and corrosion resistance. Additionally, the optimized surface exhibits anti-adhesion, effective self-cleaning, and anti-fouling properties, which hold promise for addressing issues of liquid adhesion and dust pollution in industrial machinery. [Display omitted] • A dual-scale surface was achieved using a two-step laser processing technique. • The surface exhibits excellent mechanical stability and corrosion resistance. • Orthogonal experiments were used to optimize surface hydrophobicity. • The optimized surface has excellent anti-adhesion, anti-pollution, and self-cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

:In order to study the corronon reiistance of iitanium alloy surface microstructure in seawater, laser was used to process the microstructure on the titanrnm alloy surface,and a superhydrophobic iitanium alloy surface was obtamed by modifying it with fluoronlane. The prepared sample was immersed in ariiSisial seawater at 40 *C for one day, and the morphology, dement content, and polarization curve changes of the titanmm alloy surface microstructure before and after ariiSisial seawater immerrion were compared. The results showed that there was no change in its morphology, and the oxygen content only increased by 1.1%. However, the open iircuit potential and sflt-corrosion potential did not change before and after immerson nn artificial seawater, with values of 0. 08 V and --0. 07 Viespectivlly. This ndicates that the surface microstructure of superhydrophobic titanmm alloy has good corroson resistance nn artificial seawatee. At the same time, a new Tafll function was constructed to dynamically evaluate the corroson resistance of titanuum alloy surface microstructure nn artificial seawater,providing effective guidance for the corroson resistance evaluation of titanuum alloy surface microstructure nn seawatee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pain management for older patients with hip fractures is challenging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided fascia iliac compartment block (UGFICB) using different doses of nalbuphine in combination with ropivacaine on preoperative analgesia in older patients with hip fractures. Methods: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, 280 elderly patients with hip fracture were randomly allocated into four UGFICB groups (n = 70 in each group): a ropivacaine group (30 mL 0.1% ropivacaine + 0.9% normal saline) and three ropivacaine plus nalbuphine groups (5, 10, and 20 mg nalbuphine, respectively). The primary outcomes were the duration of analgesia at rest and on passive movement. Secondary outcomes included sensory block area, side effects, and vital signs. The doses of rescue analgesia with parecoxib sodium were also analyzed. Results: The addition of nalbuphine dose-dependently increased the duration of analgesia at rest and on passive movement (P < 0.05) and expanded the area of sensory block (P < 0.05). Compared with the ropivacaine group, the pain scores at rest and on movement at 6 and 8 h after the block were lower in three ropivacaine plus nalbuphine groups (P < 0.05), without between-group differences at 2, 4, and 12 h. The four groups had comparable side effects (nausea and vomiting) and vital signs (P > 0.05). Conclusions: UGFICB with 5, 10, and 20 mg nalbuphine added to ropivacaine prolonged the analgesia duration, increased sensory block area, reduced pain, and decreased the doses of rescue parecoxib sodium for older patients after hip fracture, without obvious side effects. Among these three doses, nalbuphine 20 mg in combination with ropivacaine provided the longest duration of analgesia and the largest sensory block area. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000029934). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

>bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) generally causes a chronic persistent pain that lacks efficacious treatment. Curcumin has been found to possess anti-inflammatory abilities. However, little is known about the mechanisms and effects of curcumin in an animal model of BPA. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT) were examined by von Frey filaments. Cold allodynia was tested by the acetone spray test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in rat spinal cords were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of c-Fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by Western blot. The expression level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was observed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< After curcumin treatment, the MWT showed a significant increase when compared to the BPA group on both hind paws. A remarkable decrease of paw-withdrawal response frequency was observed compared with the BPA group. In addition, curcumin treatment significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in rat spinal cords that were exceedingly upregulated in the BPA group. The protein levels of c-Fos and NGF were decreased by treatment with curcumin compared with the corresponding protein levels in the BPA group. Besides, curcumin reduced the number of GFAP positive cells and GFAP expression. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Our findings suggest that curcumin significantly extenuates the BPA-induced pain and inflammation by reducing the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins and inhibiting the activity of astrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional biomass-based aerogels with mechanically robust and high fire safety are urgently needed for the development of environmentally-friendly intelligent fire fighting but challenging. Herein, a novel polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ)/cellulose/MXene composite aerogel (PCM) with superior comprehensive performance was fabricated by ice-induced assembly and in-situ mineralization. It exhibited light weight (16.2 mg·cm−3), excellent mechanical resilience, and rapidly recovered after being subjected to the pressure of 9000 times of its own weight. Moreover, PCM demonstrated outstanding thermal insulation, hydrophobicity and sensitive piezoresistive sensing. In addition, benefiting from the synergism of PMSQ and MXene, PCM displayed good flame retardancy and improved thermostability. The limiting oxygen index of PCM was higher than 45.0 %, and it quickly self-extinguished after being removed away from fire. More importantly, the rapid electrical resistance reduction of MXene at high temperature endowed PCM with sensitive fire-warning capability (trigger time was less than 1.8 s), which provided valuable time for people to evacuate and relief. This work provides new insights for the preparation and application of the next-generation high performance biomass-based aerogels. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Preconditioning with HM increased Latency time. • Preconditioning with HM decreased apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 neurons. • Preconditioning with HM suppressed IR induced oxidative stress. • HM increased Bcl-2 and p-mTOR expression levels and decreased Bax expression. • HM protect hippocampal CA1 neurons from IR injury via mTOR pathway. Abstract Hydromorphone has been shown to play protective effect in rat glial cell. However, whether hydromorphone plays important roles in ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury and the involved signaling pathway remains unclear. In this study, we detected whether HM plays protective effect in IR injury mouse model, further followed by the mechanism exploration. Preconditioning with hydromorphone was performed for continuous 4 days at the doe of 2 mg/kg before IR injury induction. Intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin (Rapa) was administrated to examine the role of mTOR in IR injury. The mRNA expression level was detected by RT-PCR, and protein expression level was detected by western blot. Latency time and apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 neurons were detected 72 h after IR injury induction. Preconditioning with hydromorphone significantly increased Latency time, decreased apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 neurons and suppressed IR induced oxidative stress. Mechanically, preconditioning with hydromorphone increased Bcl-2 and p-mTOR expression levels and decreased Bax expression levels. Rapa administration reverses the role of hydromorphone in protecting hippocampal CA1 neurons from IR injury. Hydromorphone protect hippocampal CA1 neurons from IR injury via activating mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the research Post operational cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs in patients after anesthesia and surgery. Abnormal histone acetylation and neuroinflammation are key factors in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Apigenin not only has an anti-inflammatory activity but also modifies histone acetylation. We aimed to investigate whether apigenin can attenuate isoflurane exposure-induced cognitive decline by regulating histone acetylation and inflammatory signaling. Materials and methods Spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Levels of histone acetylation, BDNF and downstream signaling, and inflammatory components were analyzed. Principal results Isoflurane exposure in aged rats lead to impaired spatial learning and memory. These rats exhibited dysregulated histone H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation, which was accompanied by reduced BDNF expression and suppressed BDNF downstream signaling pathway. Apigenin restored histone acetylation and BDNF signaling. Apigenin also suppressed isoflurane exposure induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and NFκB signaling pathway. Major conclusions Memory impairment induced by isoflurane exposure is associated with dysregulated histone acetylation in the hippocampus, which affects BDNF expression and hence BDNF downstream signaling pathway. Apigenin recovers cognitive function by restoring histone acetylation and suppressing neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multifunctional fire protection nanocoating (MFNC) was constructed via layer-by-layer. • MFNC exhibited accurate temperature-sensing performance. • MFNC could trigger the fire alarm less than 4 s when being burned. • MFNC exhibited outstanding flame retardancy and good self-healing performance. • MFNC showed good piezoresistive sensing capability. The development of flame-retardant coating with sensitive fire warning is imperative but highly challenging in the "Internet of Everything Era". In this study, a multifunctional fire protection nanocoating (MFNC) was fabricated on the surface of flammable materials by dip-coating Ti 3 C 2 T X (MXene), montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheet, and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone-containing cellulose (UPC) via layer-by-layer assembly. The MXene/UPC layer endowed the nanocoating with accurate temperature sensing capability because of the outstanding conductivity and unique thermoelectric characteristic of MXene. When being burnt, MFNC was able to trigger the fire-warning system in less than 4 s. Owing to the MMT/UPC layer, MFNC showed excellent flame retardancy due to the barrier and catalytic carbonization of MMT. MFNC led to the increase in the limiting oxygen index of the flammable materials by up to 40.0% and the vertical burning test reached the UL94 V-0 rating. More importantly, attributed to the multiple hydrogen bond interactions of UPC, MFNC displayed good self-healing capability. Its fire-warning performance could quickly recover after being damaged. Furthermore, MFNC exhibited sensitive piezoresistive sensing ability, which makes it a promising candidate for application in firefighter motion detection. Our work provides new insights into the fabrication and application of multifunctional smart and efficient fire-protection coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multifunctional fire protection nanocoating (MFNC) was constructed via layer-by-layer. • MFNC exhibited accurate temperature-sensing performance. • MFNC could trigger the fire alarm less than 4 s when being burned. • MFNC exhibited outstanding flame retardancy and good self-healing performance. • MFNC showed good piezoresistive sensing capability. The development of flame-retardant coating with sensitive fire warning is imperative but highly challenging in the "Internet of Everything Era". In this study, a multifunctional fire protection nanocoating (MFNC) was fabricated on the surface of flammable materials by dip-coating Ti 3 C 2 T X (MXene), montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheet, and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone-containing cellulose (UPC) via layer-by-layer assembly. The MXene/UPC layer endowed the nanocoating with accurate temperature sensing capability because of the outstanding conductivity and unique thermoelectric characteristic of MXene. When being burnt, MFNC was able to trigger the fire-warning system in less than 4 s. Owing to the MMT/UPC layer, MFNC showed excellent flame retardancy due to the barrier and catalytic carbonization of MMT. MFNC led to the increase in the limiting oxygen index of the flammable materials by up to 40.0% and the vertical burning test reached the UL94 V-0 rating. More importantly, attributed to the multiple hydrogen bond interactions of UPC, MFNC displayed good self-healing capability. Its fire-warning performance could quickly recover after being damaged. Furthermore, MFNC exhibited sensitive piezoresistive sensing ability, which makes it a promising candidate for application in firefighter motion detection. Our work provides new insights into the fabrication and application of multifunctional smart and efficient fire-protection coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulating graphene through engineering for macroscopicassembliesof practical importance is a big challenge. We develop a dually geometricconfinement approach for the scalable preparation of meter-long graphenemicrotubings (μGTs) with a tunable diameter. They have strengthcomparable to graphene fiber and can be shaped to hierarchical multichannelμGT systems in a straightforward way. Of particular importance,μGTs can be selectively functionalized in a site-specific outer-wall,inner-wall, outer/inner-wall, and within-wall fashion, which endowsthe μGTs with unique properties for desirable applications.Apart from the magnetically and photoelectronically responsive μGTsdeveloped here, a self-powered micromotor made of Pt inner-wall modifiedμGT showing agile motion in aqueous medium has been also achieved.Beyond the applications demonstrated in this study, the well-definedμGT systems can also play essential role in other importantfields such as fluidics, catalysis, purification, separation, andsensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]