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Background/Objectives: In 2020, ovarian cancer ranked fourth in global incidence among gynecological cancers and remains the deadliest cancer affecting women's health. Survival rates are significantly higher when the disease is detected at early stages; however, the lack of effective early detection methods underscores the importance of identifying risk factors in order to implement preventive strategies. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of the risk factors of ovarian cancer in South America, emphasizing those linked to social determinants, genetic components, and comorbidities. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. MeSH descriptors and keywords, such as "BRCA1 genes," "BRCA2 genes", "Latin America", and "ovarian neoplasms" were used, along with terms related to socioeconomic and health factors. Inclusion criteria focused on original studies published in the last five years involving South American women. Results: Studies were identified from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. These studies addressed genetic factors, health status at diagnosis, and sociodemographic factors, revealing important data gaps, particularly on contraception and hormone replacement therapy. The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in South America is estimated to be 15–20% among women with inherited risk factors. Social, demographic and economic factors vary by country, although commonalities include a higher prevalence among women over 50 years of age, those with limited education, and those who face barriers to accessing health care. Conclusions: Although the literature does not conclusively establish a direct link between obesity and/or diabetes and the development of ovarian cancer, the indirect association highlights the need for further clinical studies. A general research gap related to risk factors of ovarian cancer could be observed in the South American region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance and relevance of e-learning courses in medicine and health sciences has increased significantly in the last decade. Despite this, there are few published teaching experiences of e-learning histology courses in the literature worldwide. The histology course we designed was structured on the Moodle platform as a learning management system, and the content was proposed in a synchronous (zoom) and asynchronous (recordings) format. We also included the use of free virtual microscopy tools. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an e-learning histology course on the satisfaction and performance of medical, nursing and midwifery students. The sample included 424 Chilean medical, nursing, and midwifery students from two cohorts. A Likert-type survey was administered at the end of the course. We performed exploratory analysis and ordinary least squares regression. In this study, we present a positive experience of an e-learning histology course. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three main factors related to "elearning satisfaction", "in-person class activities", and "course design and teaching quality". We also found that there was a positive and significant relationship between students' perceptions of the adaptation of the traditional (face-to-face) histology course into an e-learning format and their academic performance. Our study shows that e-learning histology courses that integrate lectures and practical sessions can be a valuable teaching method for learning histology. Curriculum developers and teachers need to consider the limitations and advantages of this type of teaching and incorporate these three factors into the design and assessment of e-learning histology courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1799, Samuel Thomas Soemmerring published the book Icones Embryonum Humanorum, which was one of the first attempts in history to sort out prenatal human development chronologically. Despite its importance for the anatomical sciences, there is little information about Icones. In this context, our objective was to identify and estimate the developmental age of the seven human embryos present in Icones Embryonum Humanorum by external morphological analysis and morphometry of the drawings using Image-J® software. First, the book was translated from Latin. Then, the developmental age was estimated by external morphological analysis and morphometry (greatest length) of the drawings using Image-J® software. The book is composed of 20 drawings of human embryos and fetuses from two life-size tables. According to the external features and morphometric analysis, there are seven embryos (drawings I–VII). The embryonic age (pf: post-fertilization age) of drawing I corresponds to day 29–31 pf; drawing II, to day 33–35 pf; drawing III, to day 37–40 pf; drawing IV, to day 42–45 pf; drawing V, to day 45–47 pf; drawing VI, today 47–50 pf; and drawing VII, to day 52–55 pf. There are differences between the development age estimated by Soemmerring and our analysis. These differences are probably due to the methodological and technical limitations of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Note that each terminal branch expands to form several (tiny) presynaptic buttons.[1] The image found in the histological section resembles the seed head of a dandelion flower, which is widely distributed in most parts of the world (Figure 1). The silver preparation shows a motor end plate. [Extracted from the article]