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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic life‐limiting disease of gastrointestinal tract characterized by widespread enteric inflammation. IBD is a multifactorial disease, and different environmental, microbial, and immune‐related factors give rise to the development of disease. Among several factors, the preponderance of pro‐inflammatory T helper 17 cells over the anti‐inflammatory regulatory T cells augments inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Prevailing evidence accentuates that PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathophysiology of the condition by regulating the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa. By recognizing the implications of PI3K in the pathogenesis of IBD, agents that could modulate this pathway have recently been at the focus of research, yielding encouraging results mainly in the experimental IBD models. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances, which may hold the keys to identify novel therapeutic strategies for IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelastic dissipation or thermoelastic damping (TED) can restrict the quality factor of micro/nanoring resonators seriously. This paper employs the non-Fourier model of Guyer–Krumhansl (GK model) to render a size-dependent formulation and analytical solution for approximating the amount of TED in micro/nanorings with circular cross-section by inclusion of nonlocal and single-phase-lagging effects. To fulfill this objective, the equation of heat conduction in the ring is first established according to GK model. Then, by placing the temperature distribution obtained from the heat conduction equation in the TED relation defined on the basis of thermal energy approach, an expression in the form of infinite series is given for TED, which includes non-classical parameters of GK model. Finally, after checking the validity of the model through a comparative study, several simulation results are prepared to emphasize on the influence of different factors such as non-classical parameters of GK model, geometry of ring, vibrational mode and ambient temperature on TED value. Numerical examples reveal that the mentioned factors along with the two- or three-dimensional heat transfer (2D or 3D) model have major influences on TED variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelastic damping (TED) has been discerned as a definite source of intrinsic energy loss in miniaturized mechanical elements. The size-dependent structural and thermal behavior of these small-sized structures has been proven through experimental observations. As a first attempt, this article exploits nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) and nonlocal dual-phase-lag (NDPL) heat conduction model simultaneously to acquire a mathematical formulation and analytical solution for TED in nanobeams that can accommodate size effect into both structural and heat transfer fields. For this purpose, the coupled equations of motion and heat conduction are firstly extracted via NSGT and NDPL model. Next, by deriving the distribution of temperature from heat conduction equation and substituting it in the motion equation, the unconventional thermoelastic frequency equation is established. By deriving the real and imaginary parts of the frequency from this equation and employing the definition of quality factor, an explicit solution is given for approximating TED value. The veracity of the proposed model is checked by comparing it with the solutions reported in the literature for specific and simpler cases. A diverse set of numerical results is then presented to appraise the influence of some factors like structural and thermal nonlocal parameters, strain gradient length scale parameter, geometrical parameters, mode number and material on the amount of TED. According to the results, use of NDPL model yields a smaller value for TED than DPL model, but prediction of NSGT about the magnitude of TED, in addition to the relative amounts of its two scale parameters, strongly depend on other factors such as aspect ratio, vibration mode and material type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to evaluate the moderating properties of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) essential oil (LEO) against immunotoxic effects of the organophosphate pesticide, malathion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, fish were supplemented with LEO at dietary concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ml/kg diet LEO for 56 days. A non-LEO supplemented group was also considered as control. After 57 days feeding trial, biochemicals were assayed in the blood and kidney tissue and then fish exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of malathion [0.24 mg/l equal to 30% of LC50 (0.8 mg/L)]. After 57 days feeding trial, the serum total immunoglobulin, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity and complement activity significantly elevated in fish treated with 1 and 2 ml LEO/kg diet compared to non-LEO supplemented individuals (P<0.01). Such changes were not observed in non-LEO supplemented fish (P>0.01). Significant elevations were observed in the expression of the immune genes (iNOS and C3 genes) in fish treated with 0.2–2 mg LEO/kg diet compared to non-supplemented ones (P<0.01). The lysozyme and complement activity significantly decreased in fish fed 4 ml/kg diet (P<0.01). After exposure to malathion, all immune components significantly declined in control and those treated with 0.5, 1 and 4 ml LEO/kg diet (P<0.01). In contrast, the immunity components exhibited no significant changes in fish treated with 2 ml LEO/kg diet after exposure (P>0.01). The expression of iNOS and C3 genes significantly reduced in control and fish fed 0.5, 1 and 4 ml LEO/kg diet in response to malathion (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of these genes showed no significant changes in fish fed with 2 ml LEO/kg diet after exposure (P>0.01). The findings of the present study suggested an immunoprotective role for dietary LEO at optimized dietary concentrations of 1 and 2 ml LEO/kg diet against oxidative stress and toxicity induced by malathion. Nevertheless, LEO at high dietary concentration (4 ml/kg diet) had reducing effects on the fish immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employed density functional theory to inspect the impact of Ir-decoration on the sensing performance of a GaN nanotube (GaNNT) in the detection of mesalamine (MA). The interaction of the pristine GaNNT with MA was found to be weak, and the sensing response was approximately 4.3. Decorating an Ir atom into the GaNNT surface increased the adsorption energy (Ead) of MA from −6.7 to −23.8 kcal/mol. The sensing response significantly increased to 89.4 after decorating the Ir atom. A short recovery time of 22.0 s was found for the desorption of MA from the surface of the Ir-decorated GaNNT at 298 K. The water solvent reduced Ead of MA to −19.8 kcal/mol. Thus, we concluded that the Ir-decorated GaNNT might be a highly sensitive MA sensor with a short recovery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) appeared as outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has been classified as pandemic disease and more severe than predicted; with infections already recorded in a variety of countries. This study aims to confirm the COVID-19 infection through the following tests: hematological, C-reactive protein (CRP). Samples were collected from the infected patients and sent to the National Flu Center (Central Public Health Laboratory) for COVID-19 (positive or negative) diagnosis by the RT-PCR technique. In this study, sixty five of COVID-19 patients and twenty five of healthy control samples male and female were collected in Iraq. There are significant differences in the parameters of the hematological markers for patients in comparing with the control group and no significant differences were observed in Hb when RBC and GRAN percent rise in patients relative to the control group with P=0.0395 and P=0.0354 respectively comparing with the control group. White blood cells (WBC), Lymphocyte (LYM%), Platelets (PIT), monocyte (Mid%), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT) was drop dramatically in patients compared to control group. Fifty-one of patients for whom the test was given exhibited a positive (CRP) result. Likewise, the results showed that few patients were negative to CRP test. The Hematological parameters levels (HCT, MCV, MCH, Pelt, WBC, LYM, Mid, MPV, PCT) decreased, but Hb, RBC, GRAN% increased. C-reactive protein test showed a positive result in 85% of patients which can be considered an indicator for predicting severity infection with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat exchangers with unique specifications are administered in the food industry, which has expanded its sphere of influence even to the automotive industry due to this feature. It has been used for convenient maintenance and much easier cleaning. In this study, two different nanomaterials, such as Cu-based nanoparticles and an organic nanoparticle of Chloro-difluoromethane (R22), were used as nanofluids to enhance the efficiency of heat transfer in a turbulator. It is simulated by computational fluid dynamics software (Ansys-Fluent) to evaluate the Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for different variables. These variables are diameter ratio, torsion pitch ratio, and two different nanofluids through the shell tube heat exchanger. It is evident that for higher diameter ratios, the Nusselt number has been increased significantly in higher Reynolds numbers as the heat transfer has been increased in turbulators. For organic fluids (R22), the Nusselt number has been increased significantly in higher Reynolds numbers as the heat transfer has been increased in turbulators due to the proximity of heat transfer charges. At higher torsion pitch ratios, the Nusselt number has been increased significantly in the higher Reynolds number as the heat transfer has been increased in turbulators, especially in higher velocities and pipe turbulence torsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The outbreak of novel coronavirus COVID-19 infections that started in China late 2019 has spread rapidly and cases have been recorded worldwide. So, in this study, we sought clarification of the clinical characteristics and importance of changing the lymphocyte group, antibodies, CD markers, and interleukin-6 in the serum of COVID-19 patients, which may help to clarify the pathogen and develop new biomarkers. Material and Methods: Venous blood samples had been accumulated from patients before taking any medications. Sera had been separated and saved at (-20°C) until analysis. Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were determined in plasma samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Serum IL-6 was assessed. Results: Median IgM (p=0.001), IgG (p<0.0001), and IgA (p<0.001), were decreased in patients comparing with control the control group. There is a significant decrease in CD3+ and CD4+ cells compared to healthy individuals in patients infected with COVID-19 (p<0.0001). CD19+ cell count decreased in COVID-19 patients compared to that of the control group (p<0.0001). After calculating CD4+ /CD8+ cell ratio decreased in COVID-19 patients (p<0.0001). However, CD56+ cells were found to be increased (p<0.0001). Conclusions: IgM, IgG, IgA levels and CD19+, CD4+ cells, CD4+ /CD8+ cell ratio were found to be decreased whereas CD8+, CD3+, CD4+ cells were detected to be increased in COVID-19 patients compared to those of healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis infection is the leading cause of hepatic failure and a global health problem; especially in developing regions. Infection with hepatitis causes disorders of liver function linked to the abnormality of many hematological markers. The current study aims to detect the effects of hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, and HCV) and hematological markers in patients, and the type and Prevalence of contamination with hepatitis in different age groups; In this case-control study; collected samples from 75 patients with hepatitis (25 women and 50 men) their ages range from 18 to 65 years and 20 healthy people (9 women and 11 men) with the age range from 17 to 63 years as a control group In this study the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect virus types. Present results have shown that the majority of patients are HBV-positive 29 (39%) followed by HCV-positive 27 (36%) and HAV-positive 19 (25%). Also, most patients with HAV, HBV, and HCV are males (63%, 66%, and 70 %, respectively). The current results revealed that the mean age and gender differences between patients and healthy individuals are not significant. Hematological analysis showed an increased level of WBC and decreased levels of PLT, Hb, and PCV in hepatitis infected patients. These results also showed that the majority of patients with hepatitis are males (67 %) between 18 years of age and 29 years of age (29 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, is a metabolic phenomenon frequently observed in cancer cells, characterized by the preferential utilization of glucose through glycolysis, even under normal oxygen conditions. This metabolic shift provides cancer cells with a proliferative advantage and supports their survival and growth. While the Warburg effect has been extensively studied, the underlying mechanisms driving this metabolic adaptation in cancer cells remain incompletely understood. In recent years, emerging evidence has suggested a potential link between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the promotion of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. The ER is a vital organelle involved in protein folding, calcium homeostasis, and lipid synthesis. Various cellular stresses, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and accumulation of misfolded proteins, can lead to ER stress. In response, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis. However, prolonged or severe ER stress can activate alternative signaling pathways that modulate cellular metabolism, including the promotion of aerobic glycolysis. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding regarding the influence of ER stress on aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells to shed light on the complex interplay between ER stress and metabolic alterations in cancer cells. Understanding the intricate relationship between ER stress and the promotion of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells may provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a challenging and aggressive form of breast cancer associated with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is a primary therapeutic approach, drug resistance often hinders treatment success. However, the expanding knowledge of TNBC subtypes and molecular biology has paved the way for targeted therapies. Notably, exosomes (extracellular vesicles) have emerged as crucial carriers of tumorigenic factors involved in oncogenesis and drug resistance, facilitating cell-to-cell communication and offering potential as self-delivery systems. Among the cargo carried by exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained attention due to their ability to mediate epigenetic changes in recipient cells upon transfer. Research has confirmed dysregulation of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer cells compared to healthy cells, establishing them as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the latest research findings that underscore the diagnostic and prognostic significance of exosomal miRNAs in TNBC treatment. Furthermore, we explore contemporary therapeutic approaches utilizing these exosomal miRNAs for the benefit of TNBC patients, shedding light on potential breakthroughs in TNBC management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) has become a key player in the biology of cancer, playing a variety of functions in carcinogenesis and cancer development. The diagnostic and prognostic potential of miR-126 in diverse cancer types is summarized in this thorough analysis, with an emphasis on its role in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and treatment resistance. MiR-126 dysregulation is linked to a higher risk of developing cancer and a worse prognosis. Notably, miR-126 affects tumor vascularization and development by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Through its impact on genes involved in cell adhesion and migration, it also plays a vital part in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Additionally, miR-126 controls drug resistance, apoptosis, and cell proliferation, which affects cancer cell survival and treatment response. It may be possible to develop innovative therapeutic approaches to stop tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, as well as combat drug resistance by focusing on miR-126 or its downstream effectors. The versatility of miR-126's functions highlights the role that it plays in cancer biology. To understand the processes behind miR-126 dysregulation, pinpoint precise targets, and create efficient therapies, more investigation is required. Utilizing miR-126's therapeutic potential might have a significant influence on cancer treatment plans and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, biocompatible and biodegradable Ta-metal organic framework (MOF) polyether block amide (PEBA) fibrous polymeric nanostructures were synthesized by ultrasonic and electrospinning routes in this study. The XRD peaks of products were wider, which is due to the significant effect of the ultrasonic and electrospinning methods on the final product. The adsorption/desorption behavior of the nanostructures is similar to that of the third type of isotherm series, which showed mesoporous behavior for the products. The sample has uniform morphology without any evidence of agglomeration. Since the adsorption and trapping of gaseous pollutants are very important, the application of the final Ta-MOF/PEBA fibrous polymeric nanostructures was investigated for CH4 adsorption. In order to achieve the optimal conditions of experiments and also systematic studies of the parameters, fractional factorial design was used. The results showed that by selecting temperature 40°C, time duration 35 min, and pressure 3 bar, the >H4 gas adsorption rate was near 4 mmol/g. Ultrasonic and electrospinning routes as well as immobilization of Ta-MOF in the PEBA fibrous network affect the performance of the final products for CH4 gas adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholangiocarcinoma, also referred to as CCA, is a highly complex epithelial malignancy that can impact various organs and regions of the body, including the perihilar, intrahepatic, and distal organs. This cancer is characterized by the malignant growth of the epithelial lining in the bile ducts, which spans the entire biliary tree and is accountable for disease progression. The current state of affairs concerning CCA is concerning, with poor prognoses, high recurrence rates, and dismal long-term survival rates significantly burden healthcare facilities worldwide. Studies have identified numerous signaling pathways and molecules involved in the development and progression of CCA, including microRNAs, an important class of non-coding RNAs that have the ability to modulate these cellular signaling pathways significantly. In addition, microRNAs may serve as an innovative target for developing novel therapeutic approaches for CCA. In this review, we explore the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in the initiation and progression of CCA, focusing on the future direction of utilizing microRNAs as a promising treatment option for this challenging malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the interaction of thiazole (TZL) with the pure and hydroxyl-functionalized boron nitride (OH-B 12 N 12) nanoclusters, we used density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking calculations. The obtained outputs revealed that the nitrogen atom of thiazole ring can be strongly bound to the electrophilic boron sites of B 12 N 12 (−1.25 eV) and OH-B 12 N 12 (−0.77 eV) nanoclusters through the covalent interaction compared to the sulfur atom of thiazole ring (electrostatic interaction). After thiazole adsorption, the energy gaps of B 12 N 12 and OH-B 12 N 12 nanoclusters change by about 32.93 % (state A) and 30.54 % (state C), indicating the electronic sensitivity of the nanoclusters to TZL molecules. The surface modification of B 12 N 12 with OH group increases the value of dipole moment and decreases the adsorption energy. Out puts from molecular docking showed that the complex of state C successfully inhibited amino acid residues involved in active site proteins and may be crucial for the anti-inflammatory activity and lowering the risk of atherosclerosis plaque. In silico ADMET prediction and drug-likeness survey exhibited that most complexes revealed good drug-likeness properties and obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. [Display omitted] • To evaluate Thiazole adsorption on B 12 N 12 and OH-B 12 N 12 nanoclusters using DFT study and molecular docking simulation • Molecular docking results revealed that thiazole/OH-B 12 N 12 complex has the lowest dock score and best binding affinity with receptors. • Among nanoclusters studied, OH-B 12 N 12 could serve as a drug delivery nanocarrier. • Hydroxylation of the B 12 N 12 nanocluster increases dipole moment value and reduces the energy gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solubility of vitamins C, E, K3 and B6H in the mixed solvents has been predicted using PHSC EOS. • The maximum solubility of vitamins in the mixed solvent has been predicted. • The solubilities of vitamins in the ternary systems have been predicted without using any adjustable parameters. In this work, the perturbed hard-sphere chain (PHSC) equation of state (EOS) has been utilized to predict the solubility of vitamins in mixed solvents. The solubilities of vitamins C, E, D3, K3, and B6H have been studied at various solvents and temperatures. The model parameters have been obtained using binary solubility experimental data at arbitrary temperatures. Using obtained temperature-independent model parameters, the solubility of the aforementioned vitamins in the binary systems has been predicted. The model has been used for twelve binary vitamin C-solvent and D3-solvent systems between 243 K to 323 K. The solubilities of vitamins in the ternary systems have been predicted without using any adjustable parameters. The performance of the PHSC EOS has been evaluated by comparing the results with the PC-SAFT model. The average AADs of the PHSC and the PC-SAFT EOSs for four studied vitamins in the ternary systems have been obtained 0.28 and 0.76, respectively. The results show that, the PHSC EOS can predict the vitamin solubility in the mixed solvent satisfactory. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biocompatible agents for early-stage cancer imaging is challenging. • CDs have broad excitation spectra, tunable emission spectra, and high photo-stability. • Surface modification of CDs improves their in vivo toxicity. • CQDs are promising candidates for target-specific bioimaging. Carbon dots (CDs) are a significant component of fluorescence nanoparticles with exceptional chemical properties including excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and chemical inertness. CDs also have good optical properties such as broad excitation spectra, tunable emission spectra, and high photo-stability, drawing a lot of attention. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are the two main subgroups of CDs. This review article presents recent developments in CD-based bioimaging and highlights critical surface modification techniques including doping, surface functionalization, polymer capping, nano-composite, and core–shell structures to improve their cutting-edge applications. We also outline recent developments in the field of CD-based bioimaging and summarize accomplishments in two broad categories: in vivo applications focusing on CD distribution and uptake for imaging-guided drug delivery and tumor therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• IDD conservative, interventional and biological treatments. • The use of MSCs helps treat IDD by modulating the immune system, increasing ECM production, and producing soluble factors. • In vivo evidence of the MSCs therapeutic efficacy. • Limitations of MSCs Use in IDD treatment. • MSCs-derived exosomes in IDD treatment. Today, the application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes to treat degenerative diseases has received attention. Due to the characteristics of these cells, such as self-renewability, differentiative and immunomodulatory effects, their use in laboratory and clinical studies shows promising results. However, the allogeneic transplantation problems of MSCs limit the use of these cells in the clinic. Scientists propose the application of exosomes to use from the therapeutic effect of MSCs and overcome their defects. These vesicles change the target cell behaviour and transcription profile by transferring various cargo such as proteins, mi-RNAs, and lipids. One of the degenerative tissue diseases in which MSCs and their exosomes are used in their treatment is intervertebral disc disease (IDD). Different factors such as genetics, nutrition, ageing, and environmental factors play a significant role in the onset and progression of this disease. These factors affect the cellular and molecular properties of the disc, leading to tissue destruction. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) are among the most important cells involved in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. MSCs exert their therapeutic effects by differentiating, reducing apoptosis, increasing proliferation, and decreasing senescence in NPCs. In addition, the use of MSCs and their exosomes also affects the annulus fibrosus and cartilaginous endplate cells in disc tissue and prevents disc degeneration progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the adsorption of arsine (AsH3) gaseous substance at the surface of representative models of boron nitride (B16N16), aluminum nitride (Al16N16), and silicon carbide (Si16C16) fullerene-like nanocages. The results indicated that the adsorption processes of AsH3 could be taken place by each of B16N16, Al16N16, and Si16C16 nanocages. Moreover, the electronic molecular orbital properties indicated that the electrical conductivity of nanocages were changed after the adsorption processes enabling them to be used for sensor applications. To analyze the strength of interacting models, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) was employed. As a typical achievement of this work, it could be mentioned that the investigated Si16C16 fullerene-like nanocage could work as a suitable adsorbent for the AsH3 gaseous substance proposing gas-sensor role for the Si16C16 fullerene-like nanocage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution is considered one of the challenging concerns in industrial plants, and to emit the appropriate designation in nitrogen oxide reduction, it is required to implement proper numerical simulation procedures. In this study, ANSYS Fluent® software is used as dynamic software to solve heat and mass flow transfer numerically by considering non-structured networks for complex geometries. Dry nitrogen oxide burners have an additional thermocouple to provide an extra fuel pathway to combine with air. Then, standard K-ε is used in the numerical simulations to calculate thermal efficiency in combustion processes for turbulent flow regimes. It can cause the removal of 50% of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere. Furthermore, by the increase of temperature, nitrogen oxide concentration has been increased in the system. After 1975 K, Fuel has been changed to dry fuel, and therefore nitrogen oxide concentration increased because the steam can provide a relatively non-combustible compound increase than fuel. On the other hand, regarding the water volume increase at inlet steam, nitrogen oxide volume percentage has been decreased dramatically, especially in the first periods of water volume increase. Consequently, when the steam percentage is increased instead of water, nitrogen oxide reduction is increased. Moreover, our simulation results have a proper match with Gibbs energy equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sludge from stone-cutting (SSC) factories and stone mines cannot be used as decorative stones, stone powder, etc. These substances are left in the environment and cause environmental problems. This study aim is to produce artificial stone composite (ASC) using sludge from stone cutting factories, cement, unsaturated resin, water, silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC-NPs), and nano-graphene oxide (NGO) as fillers. Nano graphene oxide has a hydrophobic plate structure that water is not absorbed due to the lack of surface tension on these plates. NGO has a significant effect on the properties of artificial stone due to its high specific surface area and low density in the composite. Its uniform distribution in ASC is very low due to its hydrophobicity, which can be modified by using unsaturated resin and silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC-NPs). The obtained results show a remarkable increase and improvement in the mechanical properties of the artificial stone composite in the samples containing modified NGO with SiC-NPs. These samples have less porosity, smoother, more polished surface and, high bending and compressive strength. The addition of these materials to the artificial stone has increased durability and reduced costs and has caused water repellency, and prevented the penetration of harmful ions such as chloride, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the cubic–quintic nonlinear Helmholtz equation which enables a pulse propagating with Kerr-like and quintic properties further spatial dispersion. By noticing that the system is a nonintegrable one, we could get variety forms of solitary wave solutions by using a generalized G ′ ∕ G -expansion method. In particular, we investigate four forms of the function solutions including soliton, bright soliton, singular soliton, periodic wave solutions. To perform this, the demonstrative pattern of the Helmholtz equation is made to show the probability and dependability of the protocol utilized in this research. The effect of the free variables on the behavior of the reached plots to a few achieved solutions for the nonlinear rational exact cases was also explored depending upon the nature of nonlinearities. The dynamical properties of the obtained solutions are analyzed and shown by plotting some density, two and three-dimensional images. We believe that our results would pave a way for future research generating optical memories based on the nonparaxial solitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality. The main pathological features of ALI are increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, edema, uncontrolled migration of neutrophils to the lungs, and diffuse alveolar damage, resulting in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the antioxidant activities of flavanols in a rat model of acute lung injury (ALI). PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to obtain the relevant papers. Nine studies with 343 rat models of ALI were included in this study. We investigated oxidative stress with the corresponding 95% CI. Estimating the correlation and 95% CIs for the inflammatory agents and oxidative stress in the intervention group, compared with that in the control group (ALI), respectively (correlation: 0.635; 95% CI, 0.560–0.699, P value = 0.000, Z value= 12.648) and (correlation: 0.317; 95% CI, 0.189–0.434, P value = 0.00, Z value= 4.7). In conclusion, investigating the effects of different flavanols on oxidative stress in lung injury may provide a useful therapeutic strategy in ALI mouse models. However, the final conclusion on treatment efficacy should be sufficient for prospective controlled randomized trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an important stage in the growth of cancer. Extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, and soluble substances must be carefully coordinated during the multistep procedure of angiogenesis. Inducers and inhibitors have been found to control pretty much every phase. In addition to benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and angiogenesis have a critical role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. MicroRNA (miRNA) is endogenous, short, non-coding RNA molecules of almost 22 nucleotides play a role in regulating cellular processes and regulating several genes' expression. Through controlling endothelial migration, differentiation, death, and cell proliferation, miRNAs have a significant function in angiogenesis. A number of pathological and physiological processes, particularly prostate cancer's emergence, depend on the regulation of angiogenesis. Investigating the functions played with miRNAs in angiogenesis is crucial because it might result in the creation of novel prostate cancer therapies that entail regulating angiogenesis. The function of several miRNAs and its targeting genes engaged in cancer of the prostate angiogenesis will be reviewed in this review in light of the most recent developments. The potential clinical utility of miRNAs potentially a novel therapeutic targets will also be explored, as well as their capacity to control prostate cancer angiogenesis and the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial and studied its catalytic activity in the synthesis of N-aryl sulfonamides via the reaction of various aryl iodides and sulfonamides under eco-friendly conditions. The structure of the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM, AAS, and ICP-OES techniques. Recycling experiments revealed that the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanocatalyst could be easily recovered by a simple magnetic separation and recycled at least seven times without deterioration in catalytic activity. High reusability, simple recovery of catalyst, high yields, mild conditions, performance of reactions in water and simple operation are several significant advantages of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) decorated with a bovine serum albumin (BSA) scaffold (Pt@BSA) was fabricated for delivery of curcumin (CUR). It also was used as radiosensitizer because of the presence of high Z metal, Pt. Furthermore, physiochemical properties, biocompatibility and in vitro anti-cancer activity of developed nanoplatforms were investigated. Pt@BSA containing CUR (Pt@BSA-CUR) had spherical morphology with hydrodynamic size of nearly 53.89 nm, zeta-potential of − 25.80 mV and high drug (CUR) loading capacity. It was also found that the prepared Pt@BSA-CUR NPes showed a controlled, sustained and pH-trigger release pattern profile for CUR. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis unveiled that the fabricated Pt@BSA nanoparticles exhibited excellent biosafety toward HFF2 normal cell, while Pt@BSA-CUR NPs possessed great cancer cell killing ability against hepatic cancer cell line (Hep G2). Pt@BSA-CUR NPs show greater anticancer activity when it co-treated with X-Ray irradiation. Hemolysis assay also revealed that Pt@BSA NPs were meritoriously compatible with the red blood cells. Taken together, these results offer overwhelming evidence for the potential applicability of developed Pt@BSA-CUR NPs to tackle liver cancer. As a consequence, the findings of in vivo biosafety studies suggest potential of NPs for further in vivo therapeutic usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are polyunsaturated fatty acids primarily found in dairy products and ruminant animal products such as beef, lamb, and butter. Supplementation of CLAs has recently become popular among athletes due to the variety of health-promoting effects, including improvements in physical performance. Preclinical and some clinical studies have shown that CLAs can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and favorably modulate body composition and physical performance; however, the results of previously published clinical trials are mixed. Here, we performed a comprehensive review of previously published clinical trials that assessed the role of CLAs in modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition, and select indices of physical performance, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms governing these changes. The findings of our review demonstrate that the effect of supplementation with CLAs on inflammation and oxidative stress is controversial, but this supplement can decrease body fat mass and increase physical performance. Future well-designed randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine the effectiveness of (1) specific doses of CLAs; (2) different dosing durations of CLAs; (3) various CLA isomers, and the exact molecular mechanisms by which CLAs positively influence oxidative stress, inflammation, body composition, and physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of screen time in promoting obesity among children has been reported in previous studies. However, the effects of different screen types and the dose–response association between screen time and obesity among children is not summarized yet. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time of different screen types in a dose–response analysis. Methods: A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases was performed. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to September 2021 were retrieved. We included 45 individual studies that were drawn from nine qualified studies into meta-analysis. Results: The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that those at the highest category of screen time were 1.2 times more likely to develop obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; confidence interval (CI) = 1.113, 1.317; I2 = 60.4%; P < 0.001). The results of subgrouping identified that setting, obesity status and age group were possible heterogeneity sources. No evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and obesity risk among children was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.310). Conclusion: In the current systematic review and meta-analysis we revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children without any evidence of non-linear association. Due to the cross-sectional design of included studies, we suggest further studies with longitudinal or interventional design to better elucidate the observed associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a debilitating symptom of diabetic neuropathy which seriously impairs patient's quality of life. Currently, there is no specific therapy for DNP except for duloxetine and gabapentin that show limited utility in alleviating DNP. The present review aims to discuss the central role of protein kinases in the pathogenesis of DNP and their therapeutic modulation. Methods: Scopus, PubMed, and Google scholar were searched up to January 2022 to find relevant studies with English language in which the roles of proteins kinases in DNP were examined. Results: DNP is associated with hyperactivity in pain sensory neurons and therapies aim to specifically suppress redundant discharges in these neurons without affecting the activity of other sensory and motor neurons. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and purinergic 2 × 7 receptors (P2 × 7R) are two receptor channels, highly expressed in pain sensory neurons and their blockade produces remarkable analgesic effects in DNP. The activities of receptor channels are mainly regulated by the protein kinases whose modulation provides remarkable analgesic effects in DNP models. Conclusion: Capsaicin, TRPV1 modulator, is the only agent successfully examined in clinical trials with promising effects in patients with DNP. Current data suggest that blocking calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is superior to other approaches, considering its pivotal role in regulating the pain neuron potentials. By this means, DNP alleviation is achievable without affecting the activity of other sensory or motor neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and its negative impact on physical function make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Joint pain as well joint stiffness are the common classic signs of OA. Chondrocyte death together with loss of articular cartilage integrity are the main pathologic changes in OA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids are commonly used for the management of OA; still, their effectiveness is limited, and no therapeutic strategy is able to fully stop OA progression. Ferroptosis is a kind of cell death, distinct from apoptosis and necroptosis, caused by iron-dependent peroxidation of membrane phospholipids that terminates cell life by disintegrating all plasma membranes. It has been suggested that ferroptosis has a critical role in decreased viability of chondrocytes in OA, and here, we review recent findings regarding the pathologic pathways that lead to chondrocyte ferroptosis, and discuss the possible therapeutic utility of ferroptosis inhibition in OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is defined as a "self-digestion" signal, and it is a cell death mechanism its primary function is degrading toxic agents and aged organelles to ensure homeostasis in cells. The basic leve ls of autophagy are found in cells, and when its levels exceed to standard threshold, cell death induction is observed. Autophagy dysregulation in cancer has been well-documented, and regulation of this pathway by epigenetic factors, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), is interesting and noteworthy. miRNAs are considered short endogenous RNAs that do not encode functional proteins, and they are essential regulators of cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Accumulating data has revealed miRNA dysregulation (upregulation or downregulation) during tumor progression, and their therapeutic manipulation provides new insight into cancer therapy. miRNA/autophagy axis in human cancers has been investigated an exciting point is the dual function of both autophagy and miRNAs as oncogenic and onco-suppressor factors. The stimulation of pro-survival autophagy by miRNAs can increase the survival rate of tumor cells and mediates cancer metastasis via EMT inductionFurthermore, pro-death autophagy induction by miRNAs has a negative impact on the viability of tumor cells and decreases their survival rate. The miRNA/autophagy axis functions beyond regulating the growth and invasion of tumor cells, and they can also affect drug resistance and radio-resistance. These subjects are covered in the current review regarding the new updates provided by recent experiments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-power density supercapacitors and high-energy–density batteries have gotten a lot of interest since they are critical for the power supply of future electric cars, portable electronic gadgets, unmanned aircraft, and so on. The electrode materials used in supercapacitors and batteries have a significant impact on the practical energy and power density. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have the outstanding electrochemical ability because of their ultrahigh porous structure, ease of functionalization, and great specific surface area. These features make it an intriguing electrode material with good electrochemical efficiency for high-storage batteries. Thus, this review summarizes current developments in MOFs-based materials as an electrode for electric vehicle battery applications. We introduce several kinds of batteries and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Also, current developments in MOFs composite, the use of MOF-derived materials as electrode materials in electric car batteries, and MOFs architectures and their features were highlighted. Lastly, the future of MOF-related materials for electric vehicle batteries was discussed and provide some guidance on where this field is headed. TOC: Unique properties of metal-organic frameworks and their application in electric vehicle batteries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quantum dots (QDs) ZnS QDs were eco-friendly synthesis using green tea extract. • Cytotoxicity examination revealed no lethal effect as the SI was within the safety range (SI = CC 50 /IC 50 ≥1). • A significant upsurge of Th1 subsets and transcription genes and a meaningful decline in Th2 was observed. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) have been widely explored for various industrial and medical applications owning to their unique properties. In this study, ZnS QDs were eco-friendly synthesis using green tea extract (GteaE). The properties of the QDs were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of ZnS QDs was studied based on 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against Leishmania major promastigotes and macrophages. At the used concentrations of ZnS QDs, cytotoxicity examination revealed no lethal effect as the selectivity index (SI) was within the safety range (SI = CC 50 /IC 50 ≥1). The SI for GteaE was 10.52 and ZnS QDs was 6.61. ZnS QDs exhibited higher efficacy, better biocompatibility, and eco-friendly advantages compared to meglumine antimoniate (MA) leishmaniasis drug. The gene expression profiles of Th1 and Th2 genes studied. A significant upsurge of Th1 subsets and transcription genes and a meaningful decline in Th2 cytokines subclasses at the equivalent concentrations was observed (P < 0.001). The ZnS QDs treatment provide a valuable source of potential bioactive agents for antileishmanial drug development in patients with Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in future clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females with different molecular subtypes. Corosolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxic activity of corosolic acid on MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines. To determine the apoptotic cells, the flow cytometry technique was utilized. The expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and proteins were quantified using quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting methods. The activity of caspase enzymes was measured by spectrophotometry. Results: Corosolic acid significantly inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines compared with controls. This agent markedly induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells but did not affect MCF7 cells compared with controls. Treating the MADA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines with corosolic acid showed an inducing effect on apoptosis-associated caspases, including Caspase-8, 9, and -3, in MADA-MB-231 cells with no effect on apoptotic markers in MCF7 cells. Further experiments uncovered corosolic acid-induced apoptosis in MADA-MB-231 cells by decreasing the expression of the phosphorylated form of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins. Conclusion: The present data suggested that corosolic acid is an apoptosis-inducing phytochemical in triple-negative breast cancer MADA-MB-231 cells. Also, corosolic acid triggered apoptosis in these cells by stimulating both pathways of apoptosis and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling. Furthermore, corosolic acid was found to inhibit MCF7 cell proliferation by a non-apoptotic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel unsymmetric Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex bearing three hydroxyl groups was served as a reducing agent for the efficient preparation of Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs in situ. This protocol suggests an in situ Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex doping via a co-precipitation method for the preparation of magnetic NPs that was studied and confirmed by FTIR, TGA, VSM, ICP, TEM, XRD, UV–Vis, BET, DLS, zeta potentials, EDX, and XPS analyses. The resulting Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs was found as an efficient nanocatalyst for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to the corresponding carbonyl and carboxylic acid by the change of oxidant type. In the presence of oxone as an oxidant, the alcohol oxidation proceeds to carboxylic acid, while underwent O2 bubbling, carbonyl product was obtained selectively. Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 could be recycled for at least 8 consecutive recycles without any considerable reactivity loss. Unsymmetric Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs in situ as an efficient catalyst for alcohols oxidation selectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before very sensitive current genomics platforms were discovered, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as controllers of gene expression, were thought to be accumulated genetic garbage. The past few years have seen a lot of interest in a large classification of non-coding transcripts with an indeterminate length of more than 200 nucleotides [1]. lncRNAs' association with immunity and disease progression has been revealed by a growing body of experimental research. Only a limited subset of lncRNAs, however, has solid proof of their role. It is also clear that various immune cells express lncRNAs differently. In this review, we concentrated on the role of lncRNA expression in the regulation of immune cell function and response to pathological conditions in macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T cells, and B cells. The innate and adaptive immune response systems may be significantly regulated by lncRNAs, according to emerging research. To discover possible therapeutic targets for the therapy of different diseases, it may be helpful to have a better realization of the molecular mechanisms beyond the role of lncRNAs in the immune response. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate lncRNA expression and comprehend its significance for the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of screen time in promoting obesity among children has been reported in previous studies. However, the effects of different screen types and the dose–response association between screen time and obesity among children is not summarized yet. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time of different screen types in a dose–response analysis. Methods: A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases was performed. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to September 2021 were retrieved. We included 45 individual studies that were drawn from nine qualified studies into meta-analysis. Results: The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that those at the highest category of screen time were 1.2 times more likely to develop obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; confidence interval (CI) = 1.113, 1.317; I2 = 60.4%; P < 0.001). The results of subgrouping identified that setting, obesity status and age group were possible heterogeneity sources. No evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and obesity risk among children was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.310). Conclusion: In the current systematic review and meta-analysis we revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children without any evidence of non-linear association. Due to the cross-sectional design of included studies, we suggest further studies with longitudinal or interventional design to better elucidate the observed associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toward the development of a novel electromagnetic microwave absorber, a CNTs-modified BaTiO 3 /CoS 2 ternary nanostructure was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. BaTiO 3 /CoS 2 nanocomposite was connected by CNTs, forming conductive networks for electron migration and hopping. An array of techniques were used to characterize the products, including XRD, BET, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, HR-TEM, and VNA. For the BaTiO 3 /CoS 2 /CNT nanocomposite, a Minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −72.2 dB (99.999 95% wave absorption) was recorded for thicknesses of 4 mm at 4.44 GHz. Furthermore, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.9 GHz was obtained with a coating thickness of 1.5 mm. Moreover, the RL values for the pure BaTiO 3 phase and BaTiO 3 /CoS 2 binary nanocomposite, respectively, reach −20.3 dB and −42.5 dB. The specific RL values (SRL1t and SRL1), impedance matching (|Δ|) as well as EAB values of the prepared nanocomposite were much better than those of the previous BaTiO 3 -based absorbers. To explain the microwave absorbing properties, the conductive loss and magnetic loss mechanisms were thoroughly investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems of cogeneration of cooling, heating and electric power with renewable energy sources are a very suitable solution for the independency of fossil fuels and reducing the emission of environmental pollutants. In this research, an internal combustion engine with a boiler and a linear parabolic concentrating collector has been used to realize the production of electrical and thermal energy. That the internal combustion engine is responsible for the production of electric power, which is responsible for the thermal energy by the concentrated linear collector with the boiler and the heat exchanger. Due to the need for thermal energy at different times, a thermal storage tank has been used in such a way that the thermal energy produced by the solar collector and boiler is stored in the tank to supply the load at the required times. The results show that the total cost of final products for one day of the hottest month of summer in the proposed thermal power plant with fossil fuel will be $69.3 and $63.5, respectively, and for 1 day of the coldest month of winter, the total cost of producing final products in the proposed and fossil system will be $31.6 and $28.5, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion is among the determinants of human beliefs and values in various societies, shaping people's behaviours in a range of life aspects, including the workplace. In view of the influence of religion in Malaysia, this issue becomes highly significant. With regard to the profound impact of religion on creating individual and collective behaviours, the present study aims to investigate the effects of religious behaviours (RBs) on organisational commitment (OC) among Malaysian healthcare workers (HCWs) in 2022, by a survey method implemented using standardised questionnaires for data collection. The statistical population comprised of 2500 HCWs from 10 hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown and Malacca, Malaysia, selected by the simple random sampling among the Muslim staff. The data analysis was further fulfilled using the AMOS software package for structural equation modelling (SEM). In general, the study results demonstrated a significant and positive relationship between RBs and OC among Malaysian HCWs (p-value = 0.84, t-statistic = 6.50). Contribution: As demonstrated by the study results, it is possible to inspire OC among employees through strengthening RBs and take advantages of the results. Thus, RBs shown by employees can definitely bring positive results to organisations; therefore, OC in Malaysian HCWs improves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory infections. A factor that has recently caused a great deal of anxiety is anxiety associated with the coronavirus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of anxiety among medical personnel exposed to the new coronavirus pandemic. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional research was conducted on 210 medical personnel working in hospitals and health centers in Tasikmalaya, Indonesia. Medical personnel, who were exposed to or not exposed to this disease, were included in the study through census sampling in 2021. The data collection tools used include a demographic information questionnaire and the Corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS). Data analysis was performed using ANCOVA in Excel software. Results: The mean score of anxiety of the medical personnel during the new coronavirus pandemic in Tasikmalaya was 30.02%. Furthermore, in the medical personnel, the mean score of mental symptoms (47.22%) was higher than physical symptoms (13.15%). The anxiety, and psychological, and physical symptoms scores for women was higher than for men personnel, and there was a significant difference between them (P < 0.05). The demographic variables of gender (P = 0.001), work experience (P = 0.023), and number of family members (P = 0.004) had a statistically significant relationship with anxiety (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the level of anxiety among female personnel was higher than male personnel. As a result, holding training classes and stress management courses among all personnel, especially female personnel, should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of cancer has been growing worldwide. Better survival rates following the administration of novel drugs and new combination therapies may concomitantly cause concern regarding the long‐term adverse effects of cancer therapy, for example, second primary malignancies. Moreover, overcoming tumour resistance to anticancer agents has been long considered as a critical challenge in cancer research. Some low toxic adjuvants such as herb‐derived molecules may be of interest for chemoprevention and overcoming the resistance of malignancies to cancer therapy. Apigenin is a plant‐derived molecule with attractive properties for chemoprevention, for instance, promising anti‐tumour effects, which may make it a desirable adjuvant to reduce genomic instability and the risks of second malignancies among normal tissues. Moreover, it may improve the efficiency of anticancer modalities. This paper aims to review various effects of apigenin in both normal tissues and malignancies. In addition, we explain how apigenin may have the ability to protect usual cells against the genotoxic repercussions following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of apigenin on tumours will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the advent of immune-based therapies, most notably Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. The promising results of numerous studies indicate that CAR-T cell therapy has had a remarkable ability and successful performance in treating blood cancers. However, the heterogeneity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors have challenged the effectiveness of these anti-tumor fighters by creating various barriers. Despite the promising results of this therapeutic approach, including tumor degradation and patient improvement, there are some concerns about the efficacy and safety of the widespread use of this treatment in the clinic. Complex and suppressing tumor microenvironment, tumor antigen heterogeneity, the difficulty of cell trafficking, CAR-T cell exhaustion, and reduced cytotoxicity in the tumor site limit the applicability of CAR-T cell therapy and highlights the requiring to improve the performance of this treatment. With this in mind, in the last decade, many efforts have been made to use other treatments for cancer in combination with tuberculosis to increase the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy, especially in solid tumors. The combination therapy results have promising consequences for tumor regression and better cancer control compared to single therapies. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively discuss different cancer treatment methods in combination with CAR-T cell therapy and their therapeutic outcomes, which can be a helpful perspective for improving cancer treatment in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and mild protocol was developed for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to the 4-aminophenol in the presence of recyclable silver (Ag@BH4− NPs) and magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@BH4− MNPs). The NPs were characterized by TEM, HRTEM, UV–Vis, TGA, VSM, XRD, EDX, XPS, and DLS analyses. The reduction was conducted in the absence of any external reducing agent like NaBH4 underwent ultrasound irradiation at 60 °C for 2 h. Also, in the presence of TAIm[BH4] ionic liquid, the reduction was performed under normal conditions (no need to ultrasound irradiation) and gave quantitative yield for 4-aminophenol at room temperature. TAIm[BH4] ionic liquid (density = 1.42 g/cm−3, viscosity = 1165 cP), as a new reducing agent was applied for the efficient preparation of Ag@BH4− NPs and Fe3O4@BH4− MNPs, with a mean diameter and zeta potential of 26 nm, 16 nm, and – 40 mV and – 55 mV, respectively. It was suggested that TAIm[BH4] ionic liquid plays the role of a capping agent in addition to reducing capability in order to metal NPs preparation, which improves the dispersion stability of the NPs with a negatively charged zeta potential resulted in the decreased agglomeration of NPs. The NPs as well as TAIm[BH4] ionic liquid showed high antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH assay, which the total DPPH quenching was observed at 180 μg/mL. Also, TAIm[BH4] IL showed a 70% inhibitory effect at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The Ag@BH4− and Fe3O4@BH4− NPs follows first-order kinetics for the reduction of 4-NP with the reaction rate of (6.75 × 10–3 s−1) and (5.6 × 10–3 s−1), respectively. A reasonable mechanism was suggested based on the observation and literature review. A new approach to synthesis of reductive Ag and Fe3O4 NPs with high antioxidant activity was introduced by TAIm[BH4] reductive ionic liquid for the efficient reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoresistance has remained a significant concern in tumor recurrence and elevated cancer-related mortalities. A deep insight into mechanisms by which cancerous cells resist administered drugs can pave the way to overcome chemotherapy-induced cell death and develop novel procedures to rescue patients. Regarding accumulated data, stem cell-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) can be deemed a novel and promising method to overcome chemoresistance. It seems exosomal miRNAs play a dual role in the cancer microenvironment. On the one hand, as a messenger, they are transferred between donor and recipient cells contributing to cancer chemoresistance. On the other hand, stem cell-derived exosomal miRNA significantly restrains tumorigenesis and inhibits or alleviates drug resistance in the tumor niche. Hence, our purpose in this review evaluating the roles of stem cells-derived exosomal microRNAs in overcoming chemoresistance in tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics can functionally improve fish wellbeing and are suggested as antioxidative agents to protect fish from xenobiotics toxicity. Herein, dietary Lactobacillus casei (IBRC-M 10,711) was included in the diets of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to protect against malathion toxicity. Fish (12.47 ± 0.06 g) were randomly allocated to six groups (triplicates), as follows: T1) control; T2) fish exposed to 50% of malathion 96 h LC50; T3) L. casei at 106 CFU/g diet; T4) L. casei at 107 CFU/g diet; T5) fish exposed to 50% of malathion 96 h LC50 + L. casei at 106 CFU/g diet; T6) fish exposed to 50% of malathion 96 h LC50 + L. casei at 107 CFU/g diet. After 60 days, goldfish fed T4 had the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P < 0.05). However, the T2 group showed lower FBW, WG, and SGR and higher FCR than fish in T1 (P < 0.05). Fish in the T4 group had the highest blood total proteins, albumin, and globulin, while fish in T2 had the lowest levels (P < 0.05). Fish in the group T2 had the highest triglycerides, cholesterol, cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the blood, while fish fed T4 had the lowest values (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed the highest activities in T3 and T4 groups, and the lowest SOD was seen in the T2 group, whereas the lowest CAT was seen in the T2, T5, and T6 groups (P < 0.05). Fish in the T5 and T6 groups had higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities than fish in T1 and T2 groups but T3 and T4 groups showed the highest values (P < 0.05). T2 group had the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) level, while T3 and T4 groups had the lowest MDA level (P < 0.05). Blood immunoglobulin (Ig) and lysozyme activity were significantly higher in T3 and T4 groups and lower in the T2 group than in the control (P < 0.05). The alternative complement pathway (ACH50) was significantly higher in T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 groups than in the T1 group (P < 0.05). Skin mucus Ig was significantly higher in T3 and T4 groups and lower in the T2 group than in the control (P < 0.05). The highest lysozyme activity, protease, and ACH50 in the skin mucus samples were in the T4 group, while the lowest values were in the T2 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary L. casei protects goldfish from malathion-induced growth retardation, oxidative stress, and immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there are currently 1.1 billion tobacco smokers worldwide. This study follows the need for change in the increasing trend of lifestyle-related diseases and the lack of extensive studies on the pattern of smoking. Methods: In the current study, an electronic database search was conducted to identify studies that examined the impact of smoking on internal diseases from the beginning of February 2018 to the end of December 2021. After eliminating numerous articles based on their titles and abstracts, 273 articles pertinent to the study's objectives were selected. Due to the inadequacy of the target audience and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 239 of the remaining articles were eliminated. The 44 remaining articles were examined more closely. Results: Each cigarette produces more than 7,000 chemicals. Many of these substances are toxic, and about 69 of them can cause cancer. For every 15 cigarettes you smoke, a mutation occurs in the body. Mutations are the cause of cancer. Studies have shown a clear relationship between dose and response, with a sharp increase in the risk of arterial disease in heavy smokers. In countries where approximately 30% of the population smokes, 50% of arterial disease can be attributed to smoking. Conclusion: Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lung disease, and leads to an increased risk of lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer, and many other cancers. One of the most important organs in the body that can be disrupted by smoking is the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]