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α,ω-Dicarboxylic acids, ω-aminoalkanoic acids, and α,ω-diaminoalkanes are valuable building blocks for the production of biopolyesters and biopolyamides. One of the key steps in producing these chemicals is the oxidation of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids using alcohol dehydrogenases (e.g., ChnD of Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB 9871). However, the reaction and structural features of these enzymes remain mostly undiscovered. Thereby, we have investigated characteristics of ChnD based on enzyme kinetics, substrate-docking simulations, and mutation studies. Kinetic analysis revealed a distinct preference of ChnD for medium chain ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids, with the highest catalytic efficiency of 18.0 mM−1s−1 for 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid among C6 to C12 ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids. The high catalytic efficiency was attributed to the positive interactions between the carboxyl group of the substrates and the guanidino group of two arginine residues (i.e., Arg62 and Arg266) in the substrate binding site. The ChnD_R62L variant showed the increased efficiency and affinity, particularly for fatty alcohols (i.e., C6–C10) and branched-chain fatty alcohols, such as 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol. Overall, this study contributes to the deeper understanding of medium-chain primary aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenases and their applications for the production of industrially relevant chemicals such as α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, ω-aminoalkanoic acids, and α,ω-diaminoalkanes from renewable biomass. • ChnD prefers oxidizing longer ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids, particularly 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid. • Carboxyl groups in ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids significantly enhance efficiency by interacting with arginine residue. • The ChnD_R62L variant shows improved efficiency and affinity for fatty and branched-chain alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our prior study reveals that the distension-contraction profiles using high-resolution manometry impedance recordings can distinguish patients with dysphagia symptom but normal esophageal function testing ("functional dysphagia") from control subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the recording protocol used in our prior studies (10-mL swallows with subjects in the Trendelenburg position) against the standard clinical protocol (5-mL swallows with subjects in the supine position). We used advanced machine learning techniques and robust metrics for classification purposes. Studies were performed on 30 healthy subjects and 30 patients with functional dysphagia. A custom-built software was used to extract the relevant distension-contraction features of esophageal peristalsis. Ensemble methods, i.e., gradient boost, support vector machines (SVMs), and logit boost, were used as the primary machine learning algorithms. Although the individual contraction features were marginally different between the two groups, the distension features of peristalsis were significantly different. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve values for the standard recording protocol and the distension features ranged from 0.74 to 0.82; they were significantly better for the protocol used in our prior studies, ranging from 0.81 to 0.91. The ROC curve values using three machine learning algorithms were far superior for the distension than the contraction features of esophageal peristalsis, revealing a value of 0.95 for the SVM algorithm. Current patient classification for esophageal motility disorders, based on the contraction phase of peristalsis, ignores a large number of patients who have an abnormality in the distension phase of peristalsis. Distension-contraction plots should be the standard for assessing esophageal peristalsis in clinical practice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Our findings underscore the superiority of distension features over contraction metrics in diagnosing esophageal dysfunctions. By leveraging state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, our study highlights the diagnostic potential of distension-contraction plots of peristalsis. Implementation of these plots could significantly enhance the accuracy of identifying patients with esophageal motor disorders, advocating for their adoption as the standard in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new switchable variable stiffness mechanism (SVSM) aimed at reducing reaction forces in robotic assembly tasks. The introduced switchable variable stiffness device (SVSD) exceeds existing variable stiffness mechanisms (VSMs) by providing a three-degree of freedom. Additionally, it features adaptable switchable springs suitable for various working environments, designed to be lightweight and easily manufacturable using 3D printing materials. A theoretical model of the SVSM was developed, with its accuracy validated through simulations and experimental trials. Furthermore, standard process models for two different assembly task scenarios were also developed and implemented, showcasing the improved assembly performance of the SVSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic inflammatory skin condition marked by severe itching, skin lichenification, and chronic inflammation. AD results from a complex immune response, primarily driven by T lymphocytes and environmental triggers, leading to a disrupted epidermal barrier function. Traditional treatments, such as topical corticosteroids, have limitations due to long-term side effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Here, we aimed to show that Agrimonia coreana extract (ACext) can be used in treating AD-related dermatologic symptoms. ACext could inhibit CRAC (Calcium Release-Activated Calcium) channel activity, reducing Orai1/CRAC currents and decreasing intracellular calcium signaling. This inhibition was further confirmed by the reduced IL-2 levels and T cell proliferation upon ACext treatment. In a mouse model of AD, ACext significantly ameliorates symptoms, improves histological parameters, and enhances skin barrier function, demonstrating its potential for treating AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous progress of technology, facial recognition technology is widely used in various scenarios as a mature biometric technology. However, the accuracy of facial feature recognition has become a major challenge. This study proposes a face length feature and angle feature recognition method for digital libraries, targeting the recognition of different facial features. Firstly, an in-depth study is conducted on the architecture of facial action networks based on attention mechanisms to provide more accurate and comprehensive facial features. Secondly, a network architecture based on length and angle features of facial expressions, the expression recognition network is explored to improve the recognition rate of different expressions. Finally, an end-to-end network framework based on attention mechanism for facial feature points is constructed to improve the accuracy and stability of facial feature recognition network. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments were conducted using the facial expression dataset FER-2013. The experimental results showed that the average recognition rate for the seven common expressions was 97.28% to 99.97%. The highest recognition rate for happiness and surprise was 99.97%, while the relatively low recognition rate for anger, fear, and neutrality was 97.18%. The data has verified that the research method can effectively recognize and distinguish different facial expressions, with high accuracy and robustness. The recognition method based on attention mechanism for facial feature points has effectively optimized the recognition process of facial length and angle features, significantly improving the stability of facial expression recognition, especially in complex environments, providing reliable technical support for digital libraries and other fields. This study aims to promote the development of facial recognition technology in digital libraries, improve the service quality and user experience of digital libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, layered perovskites were synthesized using a non-stoichiometric synthesis strategy that allowed the variation of the amount of Co substitution in the basic composition of SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2 O 5+d (SBSCO), used as a cathode material for Intermediate Temperature-operating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs). SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co x O 5+d (x = 1.9–2.1, SBSCO-1.9–2.1), B-site non-stoichiometric layered perovskites, were analyzed to characterize the electrical and electrochemical properties with respect to the Co substitution. Among them, SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2.05 O 5+d (SBSCO-2.05) exhibited the best electrical and electrochemical properties with an ASR of 0.082 Ωcm2 and an electrical conductivity of 268.42 S/cm at 700 °C (measured in air within a series of measurements of increasing measuring temperature). Therefore, B-site non-stoichiometric perovskite compositions with increased Co substitution on their B sites represent a key strategy for achieving high performance cathodes compared to cathodes with stoichiometric compositions. • Layered perovskites with non-stoichiometric compositions achieved by variation of the Co amount at B-site were selected. • SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2.05 O 5+d shows the lowest ASR of 0.082 Ωcm2 at 700 °C. • SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2.05 O 5+d shows the highest electrical conductivity of 268.42 S/cm at 700 °C. • Non-stoichiometric compositions with increased Co substitution can enhance both electrochemical and electrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practical engineering environments, rolling bearing vibration signal is often interfered by strong noise, which negatively affects the diagnostic accuracy of intelligent diagnosis models. To solve the above problem, a fault diagnosis model (MDCAE-CACNN) that fuses a multi-scale dilated convolutional auto-encoder (MDCAE) and a channel attention-based convolutional neural network (CACNN) is proposed. First, the MDCAE model is used to capture the feature information of different time scales in rolling bearing vibration signal by using convolutional kernels with different receptive field sizes. Through unsupervised learning, the noise is removed to obtain high-quality reconstructed signals. Then, the fault features in the reconstructed signal are effectively extracted by CACNN model and the fault type is accurately diagnosed. The experimental results show that the proposed MDCAE-CACNN model exhibits remarkable improvements in fault diagnosis accuracy and effectiveness. Additionally, it showcases high levels of precision, robustness, and generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic tool for improving post-stroke gait disturbances, with ongoing research focusing on specific protocols for its application. We evaluated the feasibility of a rehabilitation protocol that combines tDCS with conventional gait training. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, single-center pilot clinical trial. Patients with unilateral hemiplegia due to ischemic stroke were randomly assigned to either the tDCS with gait training group or the sham stimulation group. The anodal tDCS electrode was placed on the tibialis anterior area of the precentral gyrus while gait training proceeded. Interventions were administered 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. Outcome assessments, using the 10-meter walk test, Timed Up and Go test, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulatory Scale, Modified Barthel Index, and European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level Version, were conducted before and after the intervention and again at the 8-week mark following its completion. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between and within groups. Results: Twenty-six patients were assessed for eligibility, and 20 were enrolled and randomized. No significant differences were observed between the tDCS with gait training group and the sham stimulation group in gait speed after the intervention. However, the tDCS with gait training group showed significant improvement in balance performance in both within-group and between-group comparisons. In the subgroup analysis of patients with elicited motor-evoked potentials, comfortable pace gait speed improved in the tDCS with gait training group. No serious adverse events occurred throughout the study. Conclusions: Simultaneous anodal tDCS during gait training is a feasible rehabilitation protocol for chronic stroke patients with gait disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the power diode laser beam machining (DLBM) process, the kerf width (KW) and surface roughness (SR) are important factors in evaluating the cutting quality of the machined specimens. Apart from determining the influence of process parameters on these factors, it is also very important to adopt multi-response optimization approaches for them, in order to achieve better processing of specimens, especially for hard-to-cut materials. In this investigation, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm tuned ANFIS (GA-ANFIS) were used to predict the KW on a titanium alloy workpiece during DLBM. Five machining process factors, namely power diode, standoff distance, feed rate, duty cycle, and frequency, were used for the development of the model due to their correlation with KW. As in some cases, traditional soft computing methods cannot achieve high accuracy; in this investigation, an endeavor was made to introduce the GA-assisted ANFIS technique to predict kerf width while machining grooves in a titanium alloy workpiece using the DLBM process based on experimental results of a total of 50 combinations of the process parameters. It was observed that FIS was tuned well using the ANN in the ANFIS model with an R2 value of 0.99 for the training data but only 0.94 value for the testing dataset. The predicting performance of the GA-ANFIS model was better with less value for error parameters (MSE, RMSE, MAE) and a higher R2 value of 0.98 across different folds. Comparison with other state-of-the-art models further indicated the superiority of the GA-ANFIS predictive model, as its performance was superior in terms of all metrics. Finally, the optimal process parameters for minimum KW and SR, from gray relational–based (GRB) multi-response optimization (MRO) approach, were found as 20 W (level 2) for laser power, 22 mm (level 5) for standoff distance, 300 mm/min (level 5) for feed rate, 85% (level 5) for duty cycle, and 18 kHz (level 3) for frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical interface damping (CID) in gold nanorods (AuNRs) arises from direct hot electron transfer from Au to adsorbed molecules. Despite recent studies on CID, its tunability in single AuNRs remains challenging. Herein, we present a method for in situ control of CID in single AuNRs using pH-dependent host–guest supramolecular interactions. We employ cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]), a well-known host molecule capable of encapsulating and releasing guest molecules, along with bis(3-aminopropyl)amine (BAPA) as guest molecules forming a complex with CB[6] (CB[6]–BAPA). CID is induced by attaching the CB[6]–BAPA complex on AuNR surfaces through a strong Au–amine interaction. In addition, in situ tuning of CID is achieved by releasing CB[6] from the complex using a NaOH solution. Successful CB[6]–BAPA complex formation, their attachment onto AuNRs, and CB[6] release from the complex are confirmed through changes in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak and LSPR linewidth, alongside mass analysis. Therefore, this study offers a new method for in situ CID tuning using CB[6]-based pH-sensitive host–guest interactions in individual AuNRs. This study can be further used in CB[6]-based photochemical processes and biosensing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finite periodic arrangement of functional nanomaterials on the two‐dimensional scale enables the integration and enhancement of individual properties, making them an important research topic in the field of tuneable nanodevices. Although layer‐controllable lattices such as graphene have been successfully synthesized, achieving similar control over colloidal nanoparticles remains a challenge. DNA origami technology has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in programmed nanoparticle assembly. Based on this technology, we proposed a hierarchical assembly strategy to construct a universal DNA origami platform with customized layer properties, which we called 2.5‐dimensional (2.5D) DNA origami crystals. Methodologically, this strategy divides the assembly procedure into two steps: 1) array synthesis, and 2) lattice synthesis, which means that the layer properties, including layer number, interlayer distance, and surface morphology, can be flexibly customized based on the independent designs in each step. In practice, these synthesized 2.5D crystals not only pioneer the expansion of the DNA origami crystal library to a wider range of dimensions, but also highlight the technological potential for templating 2.5D colloidal nanomaterial lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finite periodic arrangement of functional nanomaterials on the two‐dimensional scale enables the integration and enhancement of individual properties, making them an important research topic in the field of tuneable nanodevices. Although layer‐controllable lattices such as graphene have been successfully synthesized, achieving similar control over colloidal nanoparticles remains a challenge. DNA origami technology has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in programmed nanoparticle assembly. Based on this technology, we proposed a hierarchical assembly strategy to construct a universal DNA origami platform with customized layer properties, which we called 2.5‐dimensional (2.5D) DNA origami crystals. Methodologically, this strategy divides the assembly procedure into two steps: 1) array synthesis, and 2) lattice synthesis, which means that the layer properties, including layer number, interlayer distance, and surface morphology, can be flexibly customized based on the independent designs in each step. In practice, these synthesized 2.5D crystals not only pioneer the expansion of the DNA origami crystal library to a wider range of dimensions, but also highlight the technological potential for templating 2.5D colloidal nanomaterial lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs molecular dynamics simulation to examine the tribological behavior of nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) lubricated with decanol. The changes in electrostatic interaction energy, molecular structure, and chemical reactions during the friction process were analyzed. For ZnO-decanol-ZnO system, the simulation revealed a notable reduction in the coefficient of friction for nano-ZnO, decreasing from 0.49 (at 0.5 GPa and 100 m/s) to 0.18 (at 3 GPa and 20 m/s). This improvement is attributed to the enhanced adsorption ability and temperature stabilization provided by the decanol lubricant. Furthermore, an increase in velocity induces elastoplastic deformation and wear on the sliding surface, leading to a decline in tribological performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying immunological responses have underscored the critical involvement of ion channels in regulating calcium influx, particularly in inflammation. Nootkatone, a natural sesquiterpenoid found in Alpinia oxyphylla and various citrus species, has gained attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to elucidate the potential of nootkatone in modulating ion channels associated with calcium signaling, particularly CRAC, KV1.3, and KCa3.1 channels, which play pivotal roles in immune cell activation and proliferation. Using electrophysiological techniques, we demonstrated the inhibitory effects of nootkatone on CRAC, KV1.3, and KCa3.1 channels in HEK293T cells overexpressing respective channel proteins. Nootkatone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of channel currents, with IC50 values determined for each channel. Nootkatone treatment did not significantly affect cell viability, indicating its potential safety for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we observed that nootkatone treatment attenuated calcium influx through activated CRAC channels and showed anti-proliferative effects, suggesting its role in regulating inflammatory T cell activation. These findings highlight the potential of nootkatone as a natural compound for modulating calcium signaling pathways by targeting related key ion channels and it holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a methodology to prevent the overdesign of electric dispensers for dental impression materials by analyzing the necessary load and determining the appropriate pressurization speed and drive motor capacity. We derived an equation to calculate the required torque and rotational speed of the motor based on the extrusion load and the speed of the impression material. A specialized load measurement system was developed to measure the load necessary to extrude the impression material. Through experiments and image processing, we measured the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the impression material and correlated it with the pressurization speed. Techniques such as position coordinate plotting, curve fitting, and circle fitting were employed to determine the pressurization speed that aligns with the manufacturer's recommended curvature radius. These findings led to a substantial decrease in the necessary motor torque and rotational speed compared with the current standards. This research provides a systematic approach to sizing drive motors using extrusion load and pressurization speed, aiming to reduce overdesign, power consumption, and the weight and size of the motor and battery, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and compact dental impression material dispensers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated pathologic features that may affect response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and response evaluation on pelvis diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) after NAC in clinically muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The concordance and discordance between MRI and RC findings occurred in 68.3% and 31.7% of cases, respectively. In particular, plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma showed the largest discrepancy between MRI and radical cystectomy findings after NAC due to its unique invasion pattern. Introduction: We aimed to provide a pathological perspective on the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) by correlating the prechemotherapy transurethral resection of bladder tumor findings and postchemotherapy radiologic evaluation with final radical cystectomy (RC) findings. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 79 MIBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and RC. Pelvic diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and pathologic reports were retrieved from our institutional database. All pathology slides were reviewed based on diagnostic cr iter ia with high interobserver reproducibility. Results: Pathologic complete response (pCR) was confirmed in 32 patients (40.5%). The concordance and discordance between MRI and RC findings occurred in 68.3% and 31.7% of cases, respectively. The 21.5% of cases that were clinical CR (cCR) on MRI actually achieved pCR on RC specimens and 46.8% of cases that were non-cCR on MRI were actually non-pCR on RC specimens. In 19.0% of cases, RC findings were pCR, but MRI demonstrated residual tumor and the opposite was 12.7%. The greatest discrepancy between the 2 methods (75%, 3/4) was for the plasmacytoid subtype. Plasmacytoid histology was the most common histological subtype identified in RC specimens after NAC, followed by micropapillary and squamous histologies. Conclusions: We found that all cases with plasmacytoid and micropapillary subtypes, and squamous differentiation did not show pCR. In particular, the largest discrepancy between MRI findings and RC pathology after NAC was seen in the plasmacytoid subtype. An accurate pathologic diagnosis based on strict criteria to identify histological subtypes of MIBC is necessary for proper treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus koraiensis, an economically and ecologically vital five-needle pine species, was surveyed for female and male strobilus production variation among 52 clones over five years in a seed orchard in Gangwon province of South Korea. We estimated heritability, effective population size and gene diversity, calculated maleness index, and drew parental balance curves for the strobilus production annually. Results demonstrated marked variation in female and male strobilus production among clones and years, particularly in male strobilus production. The maleness indices indicated a considerable deviation from sexual balance. Parental balance curves revealed that the top 20% of the most fertile clones contributed significantly to the total strobilus production. High heritability values underscored the substantial genetic influence on strobilus production. The gene diversity of orchard parents (GDp) was set as one (GDp = 1) considering panmictic situations, and then loss of gene diversity in the female gametes (GDf) was relatively estimated to be ranged from 0.096 (loss = 1 − GDf = 1 − 0.904, 9.6% in 2017) to 0.017 (= 1 − 0.983, 1.7% in 2020). We emphasize the importance of the effective number of parents as a crucial parameter for informing seed orchard management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myositis is an inflammatory myopathy that can be caused by a variety of drugs, diseases, and toxins. The U.S. military uses chemoprophylaxis with intramuscular penicillin G to prevent group A streptococcal infection. We present a case of penicillin G-induced myositis, a rare cause of drug-induced myositis with limited discussion in the medical literature. Case Report: A 25-year-old man with no pertinent medical history presented to the Emergency Department with right hip and leg pain after receiving a single dose of intramuscular penicillin G as part of standard prophylaxis for group A streptococcal infection during basic military training. He reported pain and leg weakness that was exacerbated by physical exertion and weight bearing but had no systemic symptoms, such as fevers or chills. Initial radiographs of the hip were normal; however, subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the hip revealed intramuscular edema and features consistent with myositis of the right proximal thigh and hip musculature. He was admitted for isolated right gluteal myositis, attributed to his preceding local penicillin injection. He recovered with symptomatic care over the following 2 weeks, with return to baseline function. Conclusions: This case highlights a rare complication of intramuscular penicillin G as a cause of acute isolated myositis. It serves to inform physicians of this rare complication and to recommend the consideration of intramuscular penicillin G as a causative etiology in individuals presenting with myositis and recent penicillin G exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate bowel preparation is an important factor in high-quality colonoscopy. It is generally accepted that a Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score ≥ 6 is adequate, but some reports suggest ≥ 7. Subjects who underwent colonoscopy at least twice within 3 years from August 2015 to December 2019 were included. Polyp detection rates (PDRs), adenoma detection rates (ADRs), and number of polyps including adenomas were compared stratified by baseline colonoscopy (C1) BBPS score. Among 2352 subjects, 529 had BBPS 6 (group 1) and 1823 had BBPS 7–9 (group 2) at C1. There was no significant difference in PDR or ADR at C1 and follow-up colonoscopy (C2) between the two groups. However, the numbers of polyps (1.84 vs. 1.56, P = 0.001) and adenomas (1.02 vs. 0.88, P = 0.034) at C2 were significantly higher in group 1 than group 2, respectively. Segmental BBPS score 2 in group 1 compared to group 2, especially, showed higher PDR (P = 0.001) and ADR (P = 0.007) at C2. BBPS 6 is associated with a higher number of polyps and adenomas in short-term follow-up colonoscopy than BBPS 7–9. To reduce the risk of missed polyps, a thorough examination is necessary for BBPS 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of TiO2 nanotube (TNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) deposition onto titanium, which is widely used in dental implants, on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and preosteoblastic cells were evaluated. TNTs were formed through anodic oxidation on pure titanium, and rGO was deposited using an atmospheric plasma generator. The specimens used were divided into a control group of titanium specimens and three experimental groups: Group N (specimens with TNT formation), Group G (rGO-deposited specimens), and Group NG (specimens under rGO deposition after TNT formation). Adhesion of S. mutans to the surface was assessed after 24 h of culture using a crystal violet assay, while adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse preosteoblastic cell line, were evaluated after 24 and 72 h through a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. TNT formation and rGO deposition on titanium decreased S. mutans adhesion (p < 0.05) and increased MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and proliferation (p < 0.0083). In Group NG, S. mutans adhesion was the lowest (p < 0.05), while MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was the highest (p < 0.0083). In this study, TNT formation and rGO deposition on a pure titanium surface inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans at an early stage and increased the initial adhesion and proliferation of preosteoblastic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of physical softness models were developed for facial tissue products. To this end, subjective softness data were obtained by panelists by means of round-robin pair-comparison methods. Overall softness was found to mainly consist of bulk and surface softness. Bulk softness was determined by measuring the tensile modulus (TM) from tensile testing. In contrast, the surface softness considered the mean absolute deviation (RMAD) from the roughness average (Ra) and the mean absolute deviation (FMAD) from the average coefficient of friction (1), respectively, which were determined by profilometry. The developed models exhibited strong correlations with subjective softness. In particular, surface softness was found to contribute more to the overall softness than bulk softness. Overall, the developed models can serve as guidance for developing tissue products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the predictive value of salivary pepsin for treatment outcomes in laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) using multivariate analysis that includes various associated factors. This prospective cohort study was conducted between August 2020 and August 2022. Patients with LPR who had symptoms lasting more than 1 month and a reflux symptom index (RSI) of 14 or higher were enrolled. The participants received a 2-month regimen of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) treatment and lifestyle modification. Salivary pepsin was checked using fasting saliva before treatment. Salivary pepsin was detected more frequently in the good treatment response group (61.1%), compared to 14.3% in the poor response group. Similarly, patients with higher compliance to lifestyle modifications (> 90%) had a higher chance of a good response (91.7%) compared to those with lower compliance, who had a 53.8% chance of a good response. Other clinical factors have no significant association with treatment response. In multivariate analysis, both pretreatment salivary pepsin and higher compliance with lifestyle modification were found to be independent factors for treatment response (OR 14.457, CI 1.075 ~ 194.37 for both). This study found that positive salivary pepsin and strict lifestyle modification are independent predictors of treatment outcomes in LPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustal rocks in collisional orogens often underwent the metamorphic transition from dehydration to anatexis in response to an increase of geothermal gradients, but it remains obscure how the two types of metamorphism influenced each other. This issue can potentially be addressed by an integrated study of mineralogy and geochemistry for tourmaline in protoliths and their anatectic products. In this paper, we present new results from comprehensive analyses of major-trace elements and B isotopes in tourmaline together with whole-rock Sm–Nd isotopes in well-characterized metapelites and leucocratic dikes from the Himalayan orogen. The leucocratic dikes show whole-rock ε Nd (t) values of −15.7 to −15.4, falling within an ε Nd (t) range of −17.7 to −13.8 for the metapelites. In the metapelites, metamorphic tourmaline (Tur-M) is dravitic and has relatively low δ11B values of −12.0 to −9.0‰. As the metamorphic grade increases, the δ11B values of Tur-M decrease, which is linked to progressive metamorphic dehydration. In the leucocratic dikes, three types of tourmaline are identified by different petrological and geochemical criteria. The tourmaline cores (Tur-LC) are schorlitic and have relatively high δ11B values of −8.7 to −7.7‰, and this type is ascribed to an anatectic origin. The tourmaline rims (Tur-LR) corroding the Tur-LC are dravitic and have relatively high δ11B values of −9.6 to −7.6‰, and this type is attributed to a fluid origin. Another type of anatectic tourmaline (Tur-L) occurs as grains with homogeneous oscillatory zoning that are dravitic and have slightly higher δ11B values of −10.4 to −5.9‰. The anatectic Tur-LC in the leucocratic dikes has higher δ11B values than the metamorphic Tur-M in the metapelites. We attribute this difference to the addition of external fluids with high δ11B values to the metapelite source at the overlying crustal levels. The influxed fluids most likely originated from metamorphic dehydration of lithologically similar metapelites at deeper crustal levels, as evidenced by the Mg-rich characteristics of Tur-L and Tur-LR. The metamorphic fluids would ascend into shallow crustal levels through faults and shear zones, which could not only trigger fluid-fluxed (hydration) melting of the metapelites but also result in fluid activity in later stages. This is further verified by phase equilibrium modelling and model calculation of B geochemical behavior during both metamorphic dehydration and partial melting. On this basis, a spatiotemporally coupled dehydration-hydration melting mechanism is proposed to link the early dehydration metamorphism to the later anatectic metamorphism in the collisional orogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by Dabie bandavirus, which belongs to the genus Bandavirus, family Phenuiviridae, and order Bunyavirales. It has been found in tick species, various animals, and humans. The aim of this study was to detect RNA of antigens and antibodies against SFTS virus (SFTSV) among poultry such as chickens, ducks, and wild geese from five provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Materials and Methods: A one-step reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR and nested PCR were performed after viral RNA extraction. The phylogenetic tree was constructed after sequencing data were analyzed and aligned. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization test (NT) were performed to test for IgG antibodies of SFTSV. Results: Of a total of 606 poultry serum samples collected, 568 and 539 serum samples were used to perform ELISA and NT, respectively. Of a total of 606 serum samples tested by RT-PCR targeting the S segment, 15 (2.5%) were positive for SFTSV. From the 15 positive serum samples for the SFTSV antigen, three from chickens, three from ducks, and one from wild geese were classified as genotype B-2; one from chickens was classified as genotype B-3; and three from chickens and four from wild geese were classified as genotype D. Of the 568 serum samples tested by ELISA, 83 (28.0%) from chickens, 81 (32.9%) from ducks, and 8 (30.8%) from wild geese were seropositive. Of the 539 serum samples for which an NT was performed, 113 (38.6%) from chickens and 75 (30.5%) from ducks were positive for SFTSV antibodies. Conclusions: The results of this study provide useful information regarding detection of SFTSV RNA and antibodies among poultry and the possibility of SFTSV transmission in various types of poultry, including chickens, ducks, and wild geese, in the ROK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since SLCO1B1 encodes the uptake transporter OATP1B1, which can influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of edoxaban, polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 may affect the edoxaban response. This study aimed to investigate the association between SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms and the bleeding risk in patients receiving edoxaban. We genotyped 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SLCO1B1 gene in patients receiving edoxaban. We also analyzed rs3842 of ABCB1 as a confounder. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were calculated from univariate and multivariable analysis, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was constructed for the discrimination of the model. A total of 159 patients receiving edoxaban were analyzed. Overdose and rs4149056 showed significant association with bleeding complications by around 11- and 5.5-fold, respectively. Additionally, patients with the rs4149057 variant allele (C) had a 3.9-fold increased bleeding risk compared with wild-type homozygote carriers (TT), whereas rs2306283 variant homozygote (GG) carriers had a 0.27-fold reduced bleeding risk compared with wild-type allele (A) carriers. Patients with the variant-type homozygote (CC) of ABCB1 rs3842 had a higher bleeding risk than T allele carriers (AOR = 5.3 and 5.9). The final models for multivariable analyses were acceptable based on the AUROC values (> 0.70). These findings may help predict bleeding risk in patients taking edoxaban and help personalize treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired kidney function is often associated with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure and portends a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, current data have demonstrated worse survival in patients with acute kidney injury than in patients with chronic kidney disease during durable LVAD placement as bridge therapy. Furthermore, end-stage heart failure patients undergoing combined heart-kidney transplantation have poorer short- and long-term survival than heart transplants alone. We evaluated the kidney function recovery in our heart failure population awaiting heart transplantation at our institution, supported by temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support (tMCS) with Impella 5.5. The protocol (#22004000) was approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional review board, after which we performed a retrospective review of all patients with acute on chronic heart failure and kidney disease in patients considered for only heart and kidney combined organ transplant and supported by tMCS between January 2020 and February 2021. Hemodynamic and kidney function trends were recorded and analyzed before and after tMCS placement and transplantation. After placement of tMCS, we observed a trend towards improvement in creatinine, Fick cardiac index, mixed venous saturation, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which persisted through transplantation and discharge. The average duration of support with tMCS was 16.5 days before organ transplantation. The median pre-tMCS creatinine was 2.1 mg/dL (IQR 1.75–2.3). Median hematocrit at the time of tMCS placement was 32% (IQR 32–34), and the median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 34 mL/min/BSA (34–40). The median GFR improved to 44 mL/min/BSA (IQR 45–51), and serum creatinine improved to 1.5 mg/dL (1.5–1.8) after tMCS. Median discharge creatinine was 1.1 mg/dL (1.19–1.25) with a GFR of 72 (65–74). None of these six patients supported with tMCS required renal replacement therapy after heart transplantation. Early adoption of Impella 5.5 in this patient population resulted in renal recovery without needing renal replacement therapies or dual organ transplantation and should be further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the unusual microstructure and electrical properties of SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2 O 5+d (SBSCO) layered perovskite cathodes with dense and porous microstructures were analyzed by changing the applied current. Unique nanostructure shapes were observed when a high current was applied to a cathode with both dense and porous microstructures of the same chemical composition for electrical conductivity measurement. Nanoflower and nanoneedles, which are types of nanoseeds, were discovered. The nanoneedles were found on the entire surface of the SBSCO cathode, whereas nanoflowers were only present on part of the cathode surface. Results from an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) analysis revealed that the nanoneedles generated on the SBSCO matrix had a chemical composition of SmBaCo 2 O 5+d (SBCO). The electrical conductivity of the porous cathode with SBCO nanoneedles (nanoneedle cathode) was 238 S/cm at 700 °C under decreasing temperature in an air atmosphere (Air Down) during the experiment. In comparison, the electrical conductivity of the porous cathode without nanoneedles (normal cathode) was 136 S/cm at the same experiment condition (700 °C, Air Down). This indicates that the electrical conductivity of the nanoneedle cathode was significantly higher than that of the normal cathode. • Layered perovskites with SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2 O 5+d composition was selected for cathode. • There is a correlation between microstructure of cathode and applied current. • Nanoflower was generated when a high current was applied to dense cathode. • Nanoneedle was generated when a high current was applied to the porous cathode. • The electrical performance of cathode with nanoneedle was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The series elastic actuators (SEAs) have been popularly applied to various robotic applications. The rigid actuator is vulnerable to applications where back drivability is required despite many automated assembly tasks requiring the function for enhanced robot operation. Since the SEA comprises only one stiffness, there is a limit to the usable application. Therefore, the variable stiffness actuator (VSA) with multiple stiffnesses is to be developed. This study aims to develop a linear multi-degree of freedom VSA. Instead of the conventional rotary-type VSA with one degree of freedom, we propose an actuator that can control stiffness with more than two degrees of freedom. The proposed VSA is advantageous for tasks such as screwing and deburring that require a change in stiffness depending on the circumstances. The mechanism is configured using a linear spring, and the stiffness is controlled by changing the tension spring to a nonlinear form. We also develop the new VSA through this mechanism and perform simulation analysis. In addition, the validity of the proposed VSA is verified through experiments by manufacturing a VSA based on the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To explore the value of visual electrophysiology in evaluating the fundus function of mature cataract patients. Methods. 124 mature cataract patients (153 eyes) were examined before cataract surgery; the examinations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP), full-field electroretinogram (ffERG), and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). According to the postoperative fundus conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups: the no fundus disease group and the fundus disease group. Approximately one month after the operation, BCVA was measured, and visual electrophysiology was performed on subjects who had a stable fundus condition and had not received treatment for fundus disease. Results. One month after cataract surgery, BCVA ≤ 0.3 logMAR was found in 60 eyes (96.8%) without fundus disease and 59 eyes (64.8%) with fundus disease. Compared with the group without fundus disease, the preoperative electrophysiological examination of the group with fundus disease showed that the amplitude of ffERG waves and the amplitude density of the P1 wave in the 2nd to 5th rings of mfERG were decreased (all P < 0.05). ffERG and mfERG can be used for differential diagnosis of fundus disease (all P < 0.05), while PVEP has no significant diagnostic value for fundus disease (all P > 0.05). In the group without fundus disease, the amplitude of the PVEP 15′ P100 wave and the amplitude of dark-adapted (DA) 0.01 b-wave, DA 3.0 a-wave, and DA 10.0 a-wave were negatively correlated with postoperative logMAR BCVA (all P < 0.05). In the group with fundus disease, the amplitude of PVEP and ffERG and the amplitude density of mfERG were negatively correlated with postoperative logMAR BCVA (all P < 0.05). In the eyes of cortical cataracts, some parameters of PVEP, ffERG, and mfERG were significantly different before and after surgery. In the eyes of nuclear cataracts, some parameters of ffERG and mfERG were significantly different before and after surgery. In the eyes of posterior subcapsular cataracts, some parameters of PVEP and ffERG were significantly different before and after surgery. Conclusions. ffERG and mfERG can be used to detect fundus disease in mature cataract patients. The preoperative visual electrophysiological examination has high clinical value in predicting postoperative vision of mature cataract patients with fundus disease. Different types of cataracts have different effects on electrophysiological examination results. When interpreting the electrophysiological report, it is necessary to consider the existence of cataracts. This trial is registered with 2019-K068. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some cognitive linguists (Rosch et al. Cognit Psychol 8:382–439, 1976; Ungerer and Schmid An introduction to cognitive linguistics, Pearson Education Limited, London, England, 2006) believe the basic level category has cognitive economy because the basic level category allows obtaining the maximum amount of information about an item with the lowest cognitive effort. Whether it is also true for L2 learners has not been verified so far. This study examined whether Chinese English learners' cognitive load of basic level category is lower than that of superordinate category and subordinate category. The eye movement data, including that of total duration of fixations, total number of fixations, duration of first fixation, and average duration of fixations, generated by 31 Chinese English learners while reading sentences with different levels of category words, were collected and analyzed. The results showed that Chinese English learners' cognitive load of the basic level category was the lowest. This study provides cross-linguistic experimental evidence for the basic level category theory, and also shows the cognitive economy of basic level categories is an intrinsic psychological property, no matter whether it is the first language or the second language that the readers use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold (CJ) branch bark, commonly known as Japanese cinnamon, has been used for various culinary and medicinal applications for many centuries. Although the efficacy of CJ branch bark's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity for the treatment of various diseases has been confirmed, the efficacy of CJ leaves (CJLs) has not been examined. We therefore investigated whether CJL3, an ethyl acetate extract of a 70% ethanol CJL extract, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Kupffer cells, specialized macrophages found in the liver. Liver inflammation can activate Kupffer cells, inducing the release of pro-inflammatory molecules that contribute to tissue damage. We found that CJL3 has high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical-scavenging activity. Among the CJL extracts, CJL3 exhibited the greatest polyphenol content, with protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid being the most abundant. In addition, we verified that CJL3, which has strong antioxidant properties, ameliorates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting p38/JNK/AP-1 signaling. CJL3 therefore has potential for treating liver disease, including hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since SLCO1B1 encodes the uptake transporter OATP1B1, which can influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of edoxaban, polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 may affect the edoxaban response. This study aimed to investigate the association between SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms and the bleeding risk in patients receiving edoxaban. We genotyped 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SLCO1B1 gene in patients receiving edoxaban. We also analyzed rs3842 of ABCB1 as a confounder. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were calculated from univariate and multivariable analysis, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was constructed for the discrimination of the model. A total of 159 patients receiving edoxaban were analyzed. Overdose and rs4149056 showed significant association with bleeding complications by around 11- and 5.5-fold, respectively. Additionally, patients with the rs4149057 variant allele (C) had a 3.9-fold increased bleeding risk compared with wild-type homozygote carriers (TT), whereas rs2306283 variant homozygote (GG) carriers had a 0.27-fold reduced bleeding risk compared with wild-type allele (A) carriers. Patients with the variant-type homozygote (CC) of ABCB1 rs3842 had a higher bleeding risk than T allele carriers (AOR = 5.3 and 5.9). The final models for multivariable analyses were acceptable based on the AUROC values (> 0.70). These findings may help predict bleeding risk in patients taking edoxaban and help personalize treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olfactory receptors are expressed in multiple extra-nasal tissues and these ectopic olfactory receptors mediate tissue-specific functions and regulate cellular physiology. Ectopic olfactory receptors may play key roles in tissues constantly exposed to odorants, thus the functionality of these receptors in genital tissues is of particular interest. The functionality of ectopic olfactory receptors expressed in VK2/E6E7 human vaginal epithelial cells was investigated. OR2H2 was the most highly expressed olfactory receptor expressed in VK2/E6E7 cells, and activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13, a ligand of OR2H2, increased the intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. Immunoblotting demonstrated that activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 stimulated the CAMKKβ–AMPK–mTORC1–autophagy signaling axis, and that these effects were negated by OR2H2 knockdown. AMPK is known to regulate senescence; consequently, we investigated further the effect of aldehyde 13-13 on senescence. In H2O2-induced senescent cells, activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 restored proliferation, and reduced the expression of senescence markers, P16 and P19. Additionally, aldehyde 13-13 induced apoptosis of H2O2-induced senescent cells, compared with non-senescent normal cells. In vivo, aldehyde 13-13 increased the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and budding yeast. These findings demonstrate that OR2H2 is a functional receptor in VK2/E6E7 cells, and that activation of OR2H2 activates the AMPK–autophagy axis, and suppresses cellular aging and senescence, which may increase cellular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of mature and vascularized human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac organoids (hPSC-COs) is necessary to ensure the validity of drug screening and disease modeling. This study investigates the effects of cellular aggregate (CA) stemness and self-organization on the generation of mature and vascularized hPSC-COs and elucidates the mechanisms underlying cardiac organoid (CO) maturation and vascularization. COs derived from 2-day-old CAs with high stemness (H-COs) and COs derived from 5-day-old CAs with low stemness (L-COs) were generated in a self-organized microenvironment via Wnt signaling induction. This study finds that H-COs exhibit ventricular, structural, metabolic, and functional cardiomyocyte maturation and vessel networks consisting of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and basement membranes compared to L-COs. Transcriptional profiling shows the upregulation of genes associated with cardiac maturation and vessel formation in H-COs compared with the genes in L-COs. Through experiments with LIMK inhibitors, the activation of ROCK-LIMK-pCofilin via ECM–integrin interactions leads to cardiomyocyte maturation and vessel formation in H-COs. Furthermore, the LIMK/Cofilin signaling pathway induces TGFβ/NODAL and PDGF pathway activation for the maturation and vascularization of H-COs. The study demonstrates for the first time that LIMK/Cofilin axis activation plays an important role in the generation of mature and vascularized COs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatty liver is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate whether the severity of hepatic steatosis is associated with incident diabetes. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal analysis using data from 1,798 participants who underwent a comprehensive health check- up and abdominal computed tomography (CT). We assessed the association between baseline liver attenuation value on non-contrast CT images and risk of incident diabetes. All the participants were categorized into three groups based on the baseline liver attenua- tion value on non-contrast CT images: without hepatic steatosis (>57 Hounsfield unit [HU]), mild hepatic steatosis (41–57 HU), and moderate to severe hepatic steatosis (≤40 HU). Results: During a median follow-up period of 5 years, 6.0% of the study participants progressed to diabetes. The incidence of diabe- tes was 17.3% in the moderate to severe hepatic steatosis group, 9.0% in the mild steatosis group, and 2.9% in those without hepatic steatosis. In a multivariate adjustment model, as compared with participants without hepatic steatosis, those with moderate to severe steatosis had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64 to 4.2) for the development of diabetes, and those in the mild steatosis group had a HR of 2.33 (95% CI, 1.42 to 3.80). One standard deviation decrease in mean CT attenuation values of the liver was associated with a 40% increase in the development of diabetes (multivariate adjusted HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.63). Conclusion: We found a positive association between severity of hepatic steatosis and risk of incident diabetes. Greater severity of steatosis was associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in identifying ocular manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in Korean children. Methods: This retrospective chart review study included five Korean children with NF1 aged under 18 years who had undergone ophthalmic procedures, including slit-lamp examinations, NIR imaging, and OCT scanning. Results: Multiple patchy bright lesions were observed on NIR imaging in all eyes (10 eyes in five patients). Further NIR imaging and OCT scans showed that these lesions, confined to the choroid, were choroidal nodules. Lisch nodules, contrastingly, were found in only four of 10 eyes by slit-lamp examinations on the same day as the NIR imaging. One of those four eyes had only one Lisch nodule, which did not meet the NF1 diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: NIR imaging enabled the detection of choroidal nodules in Korean children with NF1. Moreover, for Korean children with NF1, choroidal nodules were earlier-detected ocular manifestations relative to Lisch nodules. NIR imaging, along with OCT, is a useful protocol for localizing NF1 nodules in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Low-volume preparations for colonoscopy are gaining attention for their higher acceptability. However, the efficacy and safety of oral sulfate solution (OSS) preparations in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been well known. Therefore, we aimed to compare OSS and 2-L polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid (PEG+Asc) for bowel preparation in inactive UC. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, single-blind study was conducted at six tertiary referral hospitals in Korea. Outpatients with UC who had stable disease activity were randomly allocated to the OSS group or the 2-L PEG+Asc group for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. The study outcomes included treatment efficacy, safety, tolerability, and acceptability. Bowel cleansing was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale and rated as successful cleansing if the score was ≥6. Patient acceptance and tolerability were assessed using a 4-point ordinal scale. Additionally, disease activity and laboratory data before and after colonoscopy were evaluated to check for safety. Results: The OSS and 2-L PEG+Asc groups included 92 and 93 participants, respectively. No significant between-group difference was noted in successful cleansing (OSS [96.7%] vs 2-L PEG+Asc [97.8%], p=0.64). Moreover, the safety, acceptance, and tolerability were not significantly different (all p>0.05). Furthermore, no significant changes were found in serum electrolytes or disease activity in either group. Conclusions: OSS is effective for colonoscopy cleansing, has acceptable tolerability, and does not affect disease activity; thus, it can be used safely for bowel preparation in patients with inactive UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--The prostate sampling methods for radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) specimens may affect pathologic results. Objective.--To investigate the impact on the tumor stage and clinicopathologic features according to the prostate sampling method for RCP specimens. Design.--From 2016 to 2017, the prostate in RCP was minimally and conventionally embedded (group 1, n=98). From 2017 to 2018, it was completely embedded (group 2, n = 102). Results.--Group 2 was more likely to have prostatic ducts or acini involvement by urothelial carcinoma in situ component (27% versus 10%, P = .002) and prostate involvement (30% versus 13%, P = .003) than group 1. Although there were cases with prostatic stromal invasion in group 2 (14% versus 7%, P = .13), this was not statistically significant. In all, 6 cases were upstaged by subepithelial prostatic stromal invasion through intraurethral extension according to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. Tumor location and the presence of concurrent carcinoma in situ were strongly associated with prostate involvement of urothelial carcinoma. Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) was incidentally identified in 47 cases (23.5%). Incidental PA and clinically significant PA were more often identified in group 2 than group 1 (38% versus 8%, P < .01 and 15% versus 6%, P = .048, respectively). Conclusions.--A complete prostate examination in RCP specimens can be suggested, since the final pathologic stage can be changed through a thorough prostate examination especially in accord with the AJCC staging manual 8th edition. In addition, the complete prostate analysis could detect more incidental and clinically significant PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myo-inositol (or inositol) and its derivatives not only function as important metabolites for multiple cellular processes but also act as co-factors and second messengers in signaling pathways. Although inositol supplementation has been widely studied in various clinical trials, little is known about its effect on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recent studies have demonstrated that IPF lung fibroblasts display arginine dependency due to loss of argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1). However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying ASS1 deficiency and its functional consequence in fibrogenic processes are yet to be elucidated. Methods: Metabolites extracted from primary lung fibroblasts with different ASS1 status were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis. An association of ASS1 deficiency with inositol and its signaling in lung fibroblasts was assessed using molecular biology assays. The therapeutic potential of inositol supplementation in fibroblast phenotypes and lung fibrosis was evaluated in cell-based studies and a bleomycin animal model, respectively. Results: Our metabolomics studies showed that ASS1-deficient lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients had significantly altered inositol phosphate metabolism. We observed that decreased inositol-4-monophosphate abundance and increased inositol abundance were associated with ASS1 expression in fibroblasts. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of ASS1 expression in primary normal lung fibroblasts led to the activation of inositol-mediated signalosomes, including EGFR and PKC signaling. Treatment with inositol significantly downregulated ASS1 deficiency-mediated signaling pathways and reduced cell invasiveness in IPF lung fibroblasts. Notably, inositol supplementation also mitigated bleomycin-induced fibrotic lesions and collagen deposition in mice. Conclusion: These findings taken together demonstrate a novel function of inositol in fibrometabolism and pulmonary fibrosis. Our study provides new evidence for the antifibrotic activity of this metabolite and suggests that inositol supplementation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regiocontrol in traditional cycloaddition reactions between unsaturated carbon compounds is often challenging. The increasing focus in modern medicinal chemistry on benzocyclobutene (BCB) scaffolds indicates the need for alternative, more selective routes to diverse rigid carbocycles rich in C(sp3) character. Here, we report a palladium-catalyzed double C–H activation of two adjacent methylene units in carboxylic acids, enabled by bidentate amide-pyridone ligands, to achieve a regio-controllable synthesis of BCBs through a formal [2+2] cycloaddition involving s bonds only (two C–H bonds and two aryl–halogen bonds). A wide range of cyclic and acyclic aliphatic acids, as well as dihaloheteroarenes, are compatible, generating diversely functionalized BCBs and hetero-BCBs present in drug molecules and bioactive natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although opioids are necessary for the treatment of acute pain, cancer pain, and palliative care, opioid abuse is a serious threat to society. Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) is the most commonly abused opioid, and it can have a variety of effects on the body's tissues and organs, including the well-known gastrointestinal depression and respiratory depression; however, there is little known about the effects of diacetylmorphine on cardiac damage. Here, we demonstrate that diacetylmorphine induces abnormal electrocardiographic changes in rats and causes damage to cardiomyocytes in vitro by an underlying mechanism of increased autophosphorylation of CaMKII and concomitant regulation of myocardial contractile protein TPM1 and MYOM2 protein expression. The CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 was first tested to rescue the toxic effects of heroin on cardiomyocytes in vitro and the abnormal ECG changes caused by heroin in SD rats, followed by the TMT relative quantitative protein technique to analyze the proteome changes. Diacetylmorphine causes increased phosphorylation at the CaMKII Thr287 site in myocardium, resulting in increased autophosphorylation of CaMKII and subsequent alterations in myocardial contractile proteins, leading to myocardial rhythm abnormalities. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of patients with arrhythmias caused by diacetylmorphine inhalation and injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue is a recognized energy storage organ during excessive energy intake and an endocrine and thermoregulator, which interacts with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue dysfunction is observed in most obese mouse models and humans. However, most studies using mouse models were conducted at room temperature (RT), where mice were chronically exposed to mild cold. In this condition, energy use is prioritized for thermogenesis to maintain body temperature in mice. It also leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, followed by the activation of β-adrenergic signaling. As humans live primarily in their thermoneutral (TN) zone, RT housing for mice limits the interpretation of disease studies from mouse models to humans. Therefore, housing mice in their TN zone (~28–30 °C) can be considered to mimic humans physiologically. However, factors such as temperature ranges and TN pre-acclimatization periods should be examined to obtain reliable results. In this review, we discuss how adipose tissue responds to housing temperature and the outcomes of the TN zone in metabolic disease studies. This review highlights the critical role of TN housing in mouse models for studying adipose tissue function and human metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study describes the fabrication of a bilayer microwave absorber made of magnetic Sr 2 FeReO 6 (SRO) powder and a magnetoelectric nanocomposite formed of rod-like magnetic Sr 2 FeReO 6 powder wrapped in polygonal SnS 2 powder (SRSS), which was then annealed and analyzed. The analysis of phase constituents, as well as morphological and magnetic measurements, revealed that rod and polygonal particles with soft magnetic properties were successfully synthesized. Additionally, our findings showed that 30:70 wt ratio nanocomposite powders were unable to exhibit broad X-band frequency absorption capabilities. Due to the bi-layer absorber's rational design, the reflection loss was found to be increased and reached -33 dB at 10.3 GHz by covering practically the whole X-band frequency with only 2.5 mm of thickness. The prepared absorber's optimum design included SRSS nanocomposite powder as an absorbing layer with a 1.5 mm thickness and SnS 2 powder as a matching layer. The exceptional electromagnetic wave dissipation performance of bi-layer samples compared to single-layer absorber samples may be the result of multiple interfaces being formed as a result of controlling component morphology and composition as well as the absorber's design, which enhanced critical absorbing factors like various polarization phenomena and relaxation losses. The research presented here suggests a simple method for enhancing microwave dissipation performance with a broad absorption band based on the development of heterojunction structures and the integration of various loss processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current method of analyzing three-dimensional soft tissue data, especially in the frontal view, is subjective and has poor reliability. To overcome this limitation, the present study aimed to introduce a new method of analyzing soft tissue data reconstructed by marching cube algorithm (Program S) and compare it with a commercially available program (Program A). Cone-beam computed tomography images of 42 patients were included. Two orthodontists digitized six landmarks (pronasale, columella, upper and lower lip, right and left cheek) twice using both programs in two-week intervals, and the reliability was compared. Furthermore, computer-calculated point (CC point) was developed to evaluate whether human error could be reduced. The results showed that the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of Program S (99.7–100% and 99.9–100%, respectively) were higher than that of Program A (64.0–99.9% and 76.1–99.9%, respectively). Moreover, the inter-examiner difference of coordinate values and distances for all six landmarks in Program S was lower than Program A. Lastly, CC point was provided as a consistent single point. Therefore, it was validated that this new methodology can increase the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of soft tissue landmark digitation and CC point can be used as a landmark to reduce human error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Systemic inflammatory markers, specifically the pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have been associated with recurrence and survival in various type of cancers. However, there have been few studies on the clinical significance of their post-treatment values. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in NLR and PLR after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and to determine their prognostic significance in head and neck cancers. The results showed that, after CCRT, the NLR and the PLR increased significantly (p < 0.001 in each), and a high post-treatment NLR was significantly related to worse overall survival and relapse-free survival (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). This study suggests that post-treatment NLR values may be useful in cancer treatment follow-up. Background: Even though the pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are well-established prognosticators in various cancers including head and neck cancers, there have been relatively few studies on the clinical significance of the post-treatment values. This study aimed to investigate the changes in NLR and PLR after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and to evaluate their prognostic significance in pharyngeal cancers. Methods: This study was retrospectively conducted on 461 consecutive patients with primary pharyngeal cancer who had received definitive CCRT. Blood test results before and after CCRT were obtained, and the pre- and post-treatment NLR and PLR were calculated. Patient prognosis was evaluated based on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). Results: After CCRT, the NLR increased from 2.01 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.53–2.62) to 2.69 (IQR, 1.93–3.81), and the PLR increased from 118.84 (IQR, 92.61–151.63) to 193.19 (IQR, 146.28–262.46). Along with high pre-treatment NLR and high pre-treatment PLR, high post-treatment NLR was also significantly associated with worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). In addition, patients with a high ΔNLR (i.e., the difference between pre- and post-treatment NLRs) had significantly worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). However, only a high pre-treatment NLR (hazard ratio (HR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17–4.08; p = 0.014), age (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.14–4.08; p = 0.018), and stage IV (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.15–3.89; p = 0.017) were independent prognostic factors for OS in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: In patients with pharyngeal cancers, following CCRT, the NLR and PLR increased significantly from pre-treatment values. Like the pre-treatment NLR and PLR, a high post-treatment NLR and a significant increase in NLR were also associated with poor prognosis. Further prospective studies are required to prove the independent significance of the post-treatment NLR and PLR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease similar to periodontitis, caused by biofilms formed on the surface of dental implants. This inflammation can spread to bone tissues and result in bone loss. Therefore, it is essential to inhibit the formation of biofilms on the surface of dental implants. Thus, this study examined the inhibition of biofilm formation by treating TiO2 nanotubes with heat and plasma. Commercially pure titanium specimens were anodized to form TiO2 nanotubes. Heat treatment was performed at 400 and 600 °C, and atmospheric pressure plasma was applied using a plasma generator (PGS-200, Expantech, Suwon, Republic of Korea). Contact angles, surface roughness, surface structure, crystal structure, and chemical compositions were measured to analyze the surface properties of the specimens. The inhibition of biofilm formation was assessed using two methods. The results of this study showed that the heat treatment of TiO2 nanotubes at 400 °C inhibited the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), associated with initial biofilm formation, and that heat treatment of TiO2 nanotubes at 600 °C inhibited the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which causes peri-implantitis. Applying plasma to the TiO2 nanotubes heat-treated at 600 °C inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans and P. gingivalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disease leading to great social and economic burdens worldwide. During the past decades, increasing understanding of this disease enables dynamic trials for disease interventions. Unfortunately, at present, AD still remains uncurable, and therefore, developing intervention strategies for improving symptoms and slowing down the disease process becomes a practical focus in parallel with searching for a disease-modifying medication. The aim of this review is to summarize the outcomes of AD clinical trials of non-drug therapies published in the past decade, including cognitive-oriented interventions, physical exercise interventions, brain stimulation, as well as nutrition supplementations, to find out the most effective interventions in the category by looking through the primary and secondary outcomes. The outcomes of the trials could be varied with the interventional approaches, the tested cohorts, the settings of observing outcomes, and the duration of follow-ups, which are all discussed in this review. Hence, we hope to provide crucial information for application of these interventions in real-world settings and assist with optimization of clinical trial designs in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a 22 kW class high-efficiency inductive power transfer (IPT) system for wirelessly charging electric vehicles with 800 V class batteries. Ansys Maxwell simulation is conducted by analyzing the international standard IEC61980-3 to design and implement a 22 kW class transceiver. The battery load is modeled from the charging profile of a 22 kW and 800 V battery to select the optimal IPT topology. Six types of impedance compensation circuits are theoretically analyzed based on the above-mentioned experimental setup, and the optimal design of resonance parameters is designed. The ultimately selected IPT topology based on the optimal design results for each topology is an LCC–CCL structure with constant current output characteristics. A 22 kW class LCC–CCL structure IPT system capable of wirelessly charging an 800 V class battery is designed and manufactured, and experiments are conducted to verify its performance in all alignments of the transceiver and the entire battery charging profile. Based on the results of the theoretical analyses and experiments, the proposed IPT system confirms that the zero-voltage switching operation is possible at a fixed switching frequency of 83 kHz. In the 22 kW load condition, the maximum efficiency of 95.7% is achieved in the center alignment condition, and the IPT system achieves a high efficiency of 94% or more even in the maximum misalignment condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]