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Objectives: To ascertain the incidence of hip fractures in Ecuador in 2016, to determine whether there were variations according to geographic region, residence or season of the year. Materials and methods: Epidemiological, descriptive and retrospective study. The Hospital Discharges Yearbook of Ecuador was used to determine the number of people aged 60 or more hospitalized for hip fracture from January 1 to December 31, 2016. To calculate the incidence per 100,000 inhabitants/year, the Ecuadorian population projection of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL) was used as a denominator for the year 2016. The incidence standardized by age was calculated by the direct method using 2 reference populations: 1) the one of 60 or more years for America Latina made by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Center (CELADE) in 2016; 2) with the population of Ecuador in 2010. Results: In total, 2,054 people were hospitalized with hip fracture diagnosis (1,470 women and 584 men) in 2016. The crude annual incidence was 123 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year (74.6 per 100,000 men/year and 165.8 per 100,000 women/year). The age-adjusted incidence increased exponentially with age in both sexes. It was greater in women. The standardized incidence with with the population of Latin America was 165.4 and 80.1 per 100,000/year, in women and men respectively. In-hospital mortality was 5.1% and 3.8% in women and men, respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of hip fractures is greater in women than in men, there being an exponential increase with age, more evident after 80 years. There were no differences by geographical region. In comparison with developed countries and other Latin America countries, incidence of hip fractures was lowest in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To ascertain the incidence of hip fractures in Ecuador in 2016, to determine whether there were variations according to geographic region, residence or season of the year. Materials and methods: Epidemiological, descriptive and retrospective study. The Hospital Discharges Yearbook of Ecuador was used to determine the number of people aged 60 or more hospitalized for hip fracture from January 1 to December 31, 2016. To calculate the incidence per 100,000 inhabitants/year, the Ecuadorian population projection of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL) was used as a denominator for the year 2016. The incidence standardized by age was calculated by the direct method using 2 reference populations: 1) the one of 60 or more years for America Latina made by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Center (CELADE) in 2016; 2) with the population of Ecuador in 2010. Results: In total, 2,054 people were hospitalized with hip fracture diagnosis (1,470 women and 584 men) in 2016. The crude annual incidence was 123 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year (74.6 per 100,000 men/year and 165.8 per 100,000 women/year). The age-adjusted incidence increased exponentially with age in both sexes. It was greater in women. The standardized incidence with with the population of Latin America was 165.4 and 80.1 per 100,000/year, in women and men respectively. In-hospital mortality was 5.1% and 3.8% in women and men, respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of hip fractures is greater in women than in men, there being an exponential increase with age, more evident after 80 years. There were no differences by geographical region. In comparison with developed countries and other Latin America countries, incidence of hip fractures was lowest in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Variations in the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) for the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, were analyzed in terms of precipitation anomalies for the period 1997–2003. Using 10-day averages in NDVI data, obtained from AVHRR satellite information, the response of six types of vegetation to intra-annual and inter-annual fluctuations in precipitation were examined. The onset and temporal evolution of the greening period were studied in terms of precipitation variations through spectral analysis (coherence and phase). The results indicate that extremely dry periods, such as those observed in 1997 and 2001, resulted in low values of NDVI for much of Oaxaca, while good precipitation periods produced a rapid response (20–30 days of delay) from a stressed to a non-stressed condition in most vegetation types. One of these rapid changes occurred during the transition from dry to wet conditions during the summer of 1998. As in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, the NDVI reflects low frequency variations in precipitation on several spatial scales. Even after long dry periods (2001–2002), the various regional vegetation types are capable of recovering when a good rainy season takes place, indicating that vegetation types such as the evergreen forests in the high parts of Oaxaca respond better to rainfall characteristics (timing, amount) than to temperature changes, as is the case in most mid-latitudes. This finding may be relevant to prepare climate change scenarios for forests, where increases in surface temperature and precipitation anomalies are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]