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Introduction: although pediatric orthopedic surgeons worldwide perform scoliosis surgery, the training received is variable and poorly understood. By surveying the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI), we aim to characterize this variability. Material and methods: in 2021, we distributed an anonymous online questionnaire to EPOS and SLAOTI. Results: 43% EPOS and 22% SLAOTI perform scoliosis procedures (p < 0.05). 18% EPOS and 2% SLAOTI performed > 35 procedures annually (p < 0.05). 70% EPOS and 27% SLAOTI received formal training in spinal deformity surgery (p < 0.005). Conclusions: results show significant differences in training and performance of scoliosis procedures between societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic structures of R 4f and Fe 3d states of RFe2O4 (R = Er, Tm, Lu) have been investigated by employing soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism at the Fe 2p and R 3d absorption edges. It is found that the valence states of Fe and R ions are nearly Fe2.5+ and R3+ , and that the net magnetic moments of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are antiparallel to each other. Both R 3d and O Is XAS spectra show that the localized R 4f states do not contribute to the multiferroicity of RFe2O4- On the other hand, the magnetization data for RFe2O4 at low temperature (T) reveal the cluster glass behavior for R = Tm and Lu, but not for R = Er. This work suggests that the T-dependent structural diiferences among RFe2O4, caused by different R ions, are closely related to the magnetoelectricity at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]