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This study systematically investigates analog switching and neuromorphic characteristics in a ZnO-based memristor by varying the anodic top electrode (TE) materials [indium tin oxide (ITO), Ti, and Ta]. Compared with the TE materials (Ti and Ta), memristive devices with TEs made of ITO exhibit dual volatile and nonvolatile switching behavior and multistate switching characteristics assessed based on reset-stop voltage and current compliance (ICC) responses. The polycrystalline structure of the ZnO functional layer sandwiched between ITO electrodes was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The current transport mechanism in the ZnO-based memristor was dominated by Schottky emission, with the Schottky barrier height modulated from 0.26 to 0.4 V by varying the reset-stop voltage under different ICC conditions. The long-term potentiation and long-term depression synaptic characteristics were successfully mimicked by modulating the pulse amplitudes. Furthermore, a 90.84% accuracy was achieved using a convolutional neural network architecture for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology pattern categorization, as demonstrated by the confusion matrix. The results demonstrated that the ITO/ZnO/ITO/Si memristor device holds promise for high-performance electronic applications and effective ITO electrode modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of non-renewable carbon-base fuel energy have created multiple issues such as global warming, environmental degradations etc. Replacing these non-renewable sources of energy with renewable energy (photocatalytic H 2 production) is a hot topic for researchers due to its sustainability and eco-friendliness. In this work MnO 2 , SnO 2 and their nanocomposites have been synthesized through simple hydrothermal and co-precipitation methods. The purpose of such nanocomposite fabrication is to synthesize a suitable heterostructure for maximum solar energy harvesting in water splitting. All the prepared samples of pure MnO 2 , SnO 2, and nanocomposites have been characterized through various techniques, which confirm the structure, functional groups, absorbance, morphology, elemental compositions, chemical compositions, and increase in photo-induced current as well as the photostability of such nanocomposites. The highest apparent quantum yield of the optimized MnO 2 @SnO 2 (first time reported as photocatalyst for H 2 production) were 21.7% at wavelength 420 nm, which is the highest ever reported for such (MnO 2 @SnO 2) nanocomposite. The enhanced photocatalytic behavior for H 2 production has been observed which is 3.67 times greater than pristine MnO 2. Such an enhancement is due to the synergistic effect of SnO 2 NPs decorated on the NTs of MnO 2. The present work provides a novel approach to produce hydrogen with high performance as efficient solar harvesting. • High-quality crystalline nanocomposites of MnO 2 @SnO 2 have been synthesized. • Various characterizations have been performed like XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, XPS, TEM, HR-TEM, EIS and GCG spectroscopies. • The suitable bandgap (MS-30) sample shows visible light absorption. • MS-30 nanocomposite shows an enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the observation of the nonlinear optical properties of tungsten disulphide (WS2) in the infrared (IR) region, along with the enhancement in the nonlinearity achieved by integrating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in WS2. WS2 was synthesized using liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) and the spray pyrolysis technique, with layers integrated of AuNPs synthesized using de-wetting process. All samples were characterized using FESEM-EDX, AFM, UV-Vis, and Raman Spectroscopy to analyze their properties including their morphology and linear absorption, in addition to band-gap and vibrational analyses. The nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements and analysis were conducted using the Z-scan technique with a 1560 nm femtosecond laser with both on open and closed apertures to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2).Samples of WS2 and AuNPs-WS2 were compared for their coefficient values. AuNPs-WS2 obtained higher values of βavg_S1= (2.30 ± 0.06) ×10− 9m/W and βavg_S2= (4.45 ± 0.07) ×10− 9 m/W resulting in a higher nonlinear optical susceptibility of χ (3) = 10.20 × 10− 12 esu, which is double that of WS2-only sample. This enhancement could be significant contribution in optical devices application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study will help us in establishing local statistics in our population. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Khyber Teaching Hospital in Peshawar. Period: June 2023 to December 2023. Methods: Seventy MRI of knee were collected. Knee MR images sagittal and coronal plane (T2-Weighted Images) were reviewed by radiologist and only knees with an intact cruciate ligament were included in the study. All the measurement (length and width) were made with electronic caliper. Results: Regarding radiological length of ACL on sagittal view on MRI, the minimum length was 28mm and maximum was 46mm and mean length was 34mm and standard deviation of 4.49, Regarding width of ACL on sagittal view it was found that the minimum length was 8mm and maximum was 16mm and its mean length was 10.4mm with standard deviation of 2.02. While the width of ACL on coronal plane was such that the minimum length was 6mm maximum was 16mm its mean was 11.34 and standard deviation of 2.48. By applying one sample T-Test and compare with Kowen parameter the p value was 0.00 for both length and width showing statistically highly significant. Conclusion: In conclusion in our population ACL is shorter and thicker then westerns population. Further studies should be done arthroscopically and on cadaveric to establish our local statistics of anthropometric measurements of anterior cruciate ligament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMXenes (Mn+1XnTx), a subgroup of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, specifically comprise transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. They exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic and photocatalytic properties, making them well-suited for the detection and removal of pollutants from aqueous environments. Because of their high surface area and remarkable properties, they are being utilized in various applications, including catalysis, sensing, and adsorption, to combat pollution and mitigate its adverse effects. Different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the structural elucidation of 2D MXene. Current responses against applied potential were measured during the electrochemical sensing of the hazardous pollutants in an aqueous system using a variety of electroanalytical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, etc. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on structural patterns, synthesis, properties of MXene and their application for electrochemical detection of lethal pollutants like hydroquionone, phenol, catechol, mercury and lead, etc. are presented. This review will be helpful to critically understand the methods of synthesis and application of MXenes for the removal of environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wound dressing is important to ensure an efficient healing process while protecting the wound area. This research study combined 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (2HEC)—an etherified cellulose derivative with salicylic acid (SA) to develop a single layer and investigate the 2HEC viability as wound dressing material. Nine different samples with different compositions of SA, from 5 wt.% to 40 wt.% (with an interval of 5 wt.%) and one control sample without adding SA were prepared via the solution casting method. The 2HEC-SA films were studied regarding the effects of SA composition on antimicrobial properties (Staphylococcus aureus) via the well-diffusion method. Additionally, degradability, mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of 2HEC-SA films have also been tested. The strongest antimicrobial effect of 2HEC-SA film was obtained at 40 wt.% with a 16 mm inhibition zone diameter. There was a noticeable decreasing weight loss pattern in the degradation test and the tensile strength of 2HEC-SA film when the composition of salicylic acid is increased. 2HEC-SA film changes phases from amorphous to crystalline starting at 25 wt.% of salicylic acid as seen through XRD, while FTIR shows that complexation of 2HEC and salicylic acid occurred at 1050 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian adults in 2019 was 30.0%. A study found that sodium intake among Ministry of Health staff was high, as the main source of sodium in their diet was soy sauce which included monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a food additive. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards MSG among the staff in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya Health Department. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling. The validated KAP questionnaire form was disseminated online consisted of 11 questions in three main parts. There were 182 staff (18-59 years old) who participated in this study. Results: The results showed that the staff have high knowledge (91.8%), a negative attitude (42.9%), and inadequate practice (54.9%) on MSG. For the overall KAP score on MSG, the majority of the staff indicated a good score (56.0%). Those who were married were significantly associated (p<0.05) with a good score in knowledge, practice, and overall score (χ² =15.662). Female staff had significantly higher (p<0.05) practice and overall scores (χ² = 8.470), whereas subjects aged 33-39 had significantly (p<0.05) better practice (χ2 =15.182). Health staff have significantly (p<0.05) higher knowledge, practice, and overall scores compared to non-health staff. Conclusion: These results showed that the higher knowledge of the staff on MSG was associated with practice. This study can be used as an effective basic strategy for health programs to expand knowledge, build awareness, and stimulate a healthy lifestyle by reducing the intake of MSG and sodium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation and is involved in various disease conditions, including neurodegenerative disease. However, there are still only a few reports on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study addressed whether FUS-ALS-causing mutations lead to an increased vulnerability to ferroptosis. Both HeLa cells and iPSC-derived spinal motor neurons expressing ALS-causing mutations exhibited heightened vulnerability to ferroptosis-inducing agents compared to control conditions. Findings suggest that FUS mutation downregulates xCT, thus disturbing glutathione metabolism, increasing oxidative stress, and enhancing lipid peroxidation. Iron chelation, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial calcium uniporter mitigated cell demise, indicating potential therapeutic targets for FUS-related ALS. The study further emphasizes the role of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in FUS-associated ALS. Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation, plays a pivotal role in various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. While reasonable evidence for ferroptosis exists, e.g., in Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, there are only a few reports on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fast progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Interestingly, initial studies have suggested that ferroptosis might be significantly involved in ALS. Key features of ferroptosis include oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, and alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function, mediated by proteins such as GPX4, xCT, ACSL4 FSP1, Nrf2, and TfR1. Induction of ferroptosis involves small molecule compounds like erastin and RSL3, which disrupt system Xc− and GPX4 activity, respectively, resulting in lipid peroxidation and cellular demise. Mutations in fused in sarcoma (FUS) are associated with familial ALS. Pathophysiological hallmarks of FUS-ALS involve mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage, implicating ferroptosis as a putative cell-death pathway in motor neuron demise. However, a mechanistic understanding of ferroptosis in ALS, particularly FUS-ALS, remains limited. Here, we investigated the vulnerability to ferroptosis in FUS-ALS cell models, revealing mitochondrial disturbances and increased susceptibility to ferroptosis in cells harboring ALS-causing FUS mutations. This was accompanied by an altered expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins, particularly by a reduction in xCT expression, leading to cellular imbalance in the redox system and increased lipid peroxidation. Iron chelation with deferoxamine, as well as inhibition of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), significantly alleviated ferroptotic cell death and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest a link between ferroptosis and FUS-ALS, offering potential new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectopic breasts represent uncommon medical anomalies characterized by the presence of additional breasts situated outside the typical milk line. In this case report, we present a case encompassing dorsal ectopic breasts accompanied by three nipples. A 14-year-old teen girl presented with a significant dorsal mass, exhibiting no clinical manifestations except mild pain and a sense of heaviness. She underwent investigations, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a large, inadequately encapsulated congenital mass with a fatty composition, alongside intraspinal epidural engagement and a bony structure bridging the spinous processes from the C6 to the T3 vertebral bodies. She subsequently underwent excision of the entire mass. The histopathological analysis identified the presence of a mammary hamartoma. Follow-up at 2 weeks postoperatively showed that there were no further complications. Dorsal ectopic breast necessitates careful and comprehensive evaluation to either confirm or exclude the presence of occult spinal dysraphism prior to intervention to avoid complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study of a series-parallel system comprising four interconnected subsystems: subsystem-1, subsystem-2, subsystem-3, and subsystem-4. Subsystem-1 stands as a single unit, subsystem-2 consists of three identical units in active parallel, subsystem-3 involves two identical units in series, while subsystem-4 incorporates two identical units in parallel. The system operates under good conditions, considering various failure rates and repair rates. The investigation employs Laplace transforms and Supplementary variable techniques to analyze the system's performance. Key reliability parameters, including Availability, Reliability, Mean Time to Failure (MTTF), Sensitivity, and Cost, are evaluated for specific values of failure and repair rates. The paper delves into the intricate analysis of a multi-unit series system, focusing on its reliability and performance evaluation. The study employs the Gumbel-Hougard Family Copula approach, a sophisticated and robust methodology to capture the interdependencies among system units. By utilizing this advanced technique, the paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the system's behavior under varying operating conditions. Various reliability and performance metrics, including Availability, Mean Time to Failure (MTTF), and Component Importance Measures, are thoroughly examined, offering valuable insights for optimizing the system's reliability and performance. The results are presented in a clear and visually appealing manner, utilizing tables and figures to aid in the comprehension of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, novel bis‐Schiff base derivatives of polyhydroquinoline were synthesized through Hantzsch condensation reaction in excellent yields. Initially, a mixture of dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate and esterified aldehydes were refluxed in ethanol for 7–9 hrs. Then, hydrazine hydrate was treated with obtained polyhydroquinoline to form bis‐hydrazide of corresponding polyhydroquinoline. Finally, the bis‐hydrazide was independently refluxed with substituted aromatic aldehydes to get desired bis‐Schiff base derivatives of polyhydroquinoline. The new derivatives were confirmed by modern spectroscopic techniques such as 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS. The targeted compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. The derivative with four OH‐group was found more effective against Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis IM, Bacillus subtilis ATCC, Salmonella enterica and Proteus vulgaris FMC II with zone of inhibition 8.3, 7.6, 7.3, 6.6 and 6.3 mm, respectively. DFT study of targeted compounds were performed on both materials studio and Gaussian 09 package, which showed good agreement with experimental data. The NLO of synthesized compounds were calculated and consider good candidates for NLO. The global reactivity, NBO and 1H‐NMR correlation were also studied, which showed good agreement. The cheap reagents, short reaction time and excellent yields are some features of current work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we fabricate a Pt/TiN/SnOx/Pt memory device using reactive sputtering to explore its potential for neuromorphic computing. The TiON interface layer, formed when TiN comes into contact with SnO2, acts as an oxygen vacancy reservoir, aiding the creation of conductive filaments in the switching layer. Our SnOx-based device exhibits remarkable endurance, with over 200 DC cycles, ON/FFO ratio (>20), and 104 s retention. Set and reset voltage variabilities are impressively low, at 9.89% and 3.2%, respectively. Controlled negative reset voltage and compliance current yield reliable multilevel resistance states, mimicking synaptic behaviors. The memory device faithfully emulates key neuromorphic characteristics, encompassing both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). The filamentary switching mechanism in the SnOx-based memory device is explained by an oxygen vacancy concentration gradient, where current transport shifts from Ohmic to Schottky emission dominance across different resistance states. These findings exemplify the potential of SnOx-based devices for high-density data storage memory and revolutionary neuromorphic computing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori strains show a high level of genotypic diversity and express several genes that contribute to their pathogenicity and resistance. In Mozambique, there is lack of information regarding its resistance pattern to antibiotics. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori and its genotypic resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolones in Mozambican dyspeptic patients. Since appropriate eradication should be based on the local resistance rate, our data will guide clinicians in choosing the best drugs for the effective treatment of H. pylori‐infected patients. Methods: This is a cross‐sectional descriptive study conducted between June 2017 and June 2020, in which 171 dyspeptic patients were recruited, and through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, gastric biopsies were collected from those patients. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of H. pylori and its resistance mechanisms to clarithromycin (23S rRNA), metronidazole (rdxA), and fluoroquinolones (gyrA); mutations conferring resistance to these antibiotics were investigated by sequencing 23S rRNA, rdxA, and gyrA genes. Results: Of the 171 samples tested, H. pylori was detected in 56.1% (96/171). The clarithromycin resistance rate was 10.4% (the responsible mutations were A2142G and A2143G), the metronidazole resistance rate was 55.2% (4 types of mutations responsible for metronidazole resistance were identified which include, D59N, R90K, H97T, and A118T. However, in many cases, they appeared in combination, with D59N + R90K + A118T being the most frequent combination), and the fluoroquinolones resistance rate was 20% (the responsible mutations were N87I and D91G). Conclusion: H. pylori infection remains common in dyspeptic Mozambican patients. High resistance to metronidazole and fluoroquinolones requires continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance and adaptation of therapy to eradicate this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast Cancer and Diabetes Mellitus are top ranked non-communicable life threatening diseases concerned in South Asia. The growing scientific clues witness the involvement of genetic variations which readily serve as risk factors for the disease onset. Comprehending the association of genetic predictors and risk factors in the conserved genome regions can help reveal underlying disease genetics and identify the sustained druggable targets. The present study aims to identify discrete inference of FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase gene linkage disequilibrium block SNPs rs9940128 and rs9939609 as prognostic genetic elements in defining the disease course either as BrC or NIDDM in Pakistani population. Clinically abreast female Breast Cancer and Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus cases with the healthy controls participated in the study. The genomic study was established on the DNA of cases and controls through Tetra primers ARMS PCR and PCR-RFLP; data were analyzed statistically to reach comprehensive scientific annotation. Breast Cancer incidence was high in post menopause women. Fretful cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension, sugar profiles and high incidence in females was evident in Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus. BMI and family history were meager factor for either of the diseases. FTO gene alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase linkage disequilibrium block Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs9939609 and rs9940128 threating inference was significant in the cancer and diabetes subjects correspondingly. The conclusion indicates serious clinical derailments in breast cancer and Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus auxiliary to disease complication in genetically risk bearing FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase gene haplotype/linkage disequilibrium block SNPs prevailing in the affected Pakistani population. These clinical and genetic indicators could decisively be adopted in health care practice to intervene the sky rising disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the rules that can deal with the problem of debtors who are unable to pay their debts to resistors is bankruptcy. Basically there have been some changes in the arrangements related to bankruptcy. Faillissements verordening is a bankruptcy regulation whose process takes a long time and the outcome cannot be ascertained so that the regulation is deemed inadequate because it is not reliable enough. After this regulation was born Perpu No. 1 of 1998 which was a replacement Perpu of the previous regulation which in the end the Perpu was ratified into Law No. 4 of 1998 concerning goodness, of which the amendment now that has been ratified is Law No. 37 of 2004 concerning bankruptcy. . One example of a PKPU application case is a PKPU application submitted by PT My Indo Airlines which submitted a PKPU application to Garuda Indonesia as stated in decision Number 289/Pdt.SusPKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. The PKPU application was rejected by the panel of judges which prevented Garuda Indonesia from going bankrupt. The panel of judges rejected the PKPU request because the PKPU applicant could not prove that Garuda Indonesia had debts that were due and collectible or in this case it could be said that Garuda Indonesia was in an insolvency period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide-based memristors have emerged as a promising electronic device for high-density memory and neuromorphic applications. In our study, we explored the tunable analog switching and biological synaptic functions of a Pt/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 /TaN memristive device. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we confirmed the presence of a TaO x N y interface layer at the anode contact, believed to play a critical role in resistance transitions. The memristive device showed excellent performance, including a stable and reproducible analog switching memory with a low operating voltage (μ = ̶ 2.0 / + 1.7 V), good cycling endurance (2 × 102), a high on/off ratio (>103), and retention up to 104 s at 85 °C. Additionally, multi-state resistances were achieved by varying the reset voltage, enabling the creation of neuromorphic synapses and high-density memories. Direct-current mode set and reset transitions showed multi-state resistance changes similar to potentiation and depression behaviors in biological synapses. Further simulations, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), paired pulse facilitation (PPF), and convolutional neural network (CNN) simulations for handwritten digits, showed an accuracy of 86.5%. These results indicate that the memristive device is highly suitable for use in high-density memory and brain-inspired computer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pemphigus foliaceus is a benign variety of pemphigus group. It is a rare autoimmune blistering disease that affects the skin without mucosal involvement. It can present in endemic and sporadic form; whereby endemic form is common in Brazil and Tunisia, known as fogo selvagem. There was no previous case reported in Malaysia. We report a case of a 43-year-old man, who presented with generalized extensive blisters and vesicles that form crust and scale. The full evaluation established the diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceous. Delay in diagnosis can lead to poor outcomes. Primary care practitioners should be aware of this since the condition can mimic eczema, specifically photodermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image processing is a very broad field containing various areas, including image super-resolution (ISR) which re-represents a low-resolution image as a high-resolution one through a certain means of image transformation. The problem with most of the existing ISR methods is that they are devised for the condition in which sufficient training data is expected to be available. This article proposes a new approach for sparse data-based (rather than sufficient training data-based) ISR, by the use of an ANFIS (Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System) interpolation technique. Particularly, a set of given image training data is split into various subsets of sufficient and sparse training data subsets. Typical ANFIS training process is applied for those subsets involving sufficient data, and ANFIS interpolation is employed for the rest that contains sparse data only. Inadequate work is available in the current literature for the sparse data-based ISR. Consequently, the implementations of the proposed sparse data-based approach, for both training and testing processes, are compared with the state-of-the-art sufficient data-based ISR methods. This is of course very challenging, but the results of experimental evaluation demonstrate positively about the efficacy of the work presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MtNPs) has increased greatly in the last few decades. Nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized via different approaches like chemical and physical methods. However various drawbacks such as higher cost, high energy requirement, and the use of toxic chemicals limit the use of these approaches. It is thus important to look for an alternative method for the development of MtNPs. One such method, which has gained the most attention in recent years, is the bio-fabrication of MtNPs using microorganism like bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and viruses. Amongst the microorganism used for NPs synthesis, bacteria are the most preferred candidate due to their diversity and better growth control. In this context, the present article concerns with association of genus bacillus with metal and metal oxide NPs. The current review thoroughly summarizes the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of MtNPs and their biomedical applications. The review also explains the major drawbacks associated with the synthesis of NPs via bacillus spp as well as the future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in improving post-stroke recovery has been suggested due to its known modulatory effect on the cortical excitability. It might be therapeutically used either by high-frequency stimulation (>1 Hz) to the motor cortex of the affected cerebral hemisphere, or by low-frequency stimulation (=1 Hz) to the motor cortex of the nonlesional hemisphere. Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical and neurophysiological improvement after ipsilesional highfrequency rTMS in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients and methods: Fifty patients of both sexes were included in this randomized double-blind sham-controlled study in the period between July, 2021 and March, 2022. Patients included were admitted to the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Minia University Hospital. TMS sessions were delivered for 7 consecutive days. All patients were both clinically and neurophysiologically evaluated just before the beginning of the 1st rTMS session and after the end of the 7th session. Patients were clinically evaluated by Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin scale (mRS). Neurophysiologically, patients were evaluated by measuring the resting motor threshold (RMT) to ipsilesional and contralesional abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles and the central motor conduction time (CMCT) in lesion side. Results: Twenty-five patients were subjected to real rTMS and twenty-five to sham stimulation. After the end of sessions, there was significant clinical and neurophysiological improvement in outcome in the favor of real rTMS group. Conclusion: It could be concluded that ipsilesional high-frequency rTMS improves recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the US pulled its troops out of Afghanistan, relations between Pakistan and Iran started to return to normal. Both countries have been at odds with each other for a long time because they backed different sides in the Afghan Civil War, and Iran and Saudi Arabia are rivals. However, since the US left, both countries have worked to improve their relationships with each other. Pakistan and Iran have signed several agreements and held joint military drills. Iran and Pakistan have also been having regular diplomatic talks to solve their problems and strengthen their relationships. In particular, the two countries have discussed making a free trade agreement to help their economies work together better. As part of a larger plan to increase its power in the area, Iran has also tried to expand its presence in Afghanistan and invest in infrastructure projects. Overall, the US leaving Afghanistan has improved the relationship between Pakistan and Iran; the two countries are working together and talking to each other more. This has been good for the area's stability because it has made it less likely that the two countries will fight. This thematic analysis-based study aimed to investigate the dynamics of relations between Pakistan and Iran. The internal situation in Afghanistan after the US left, the US's role and foreign policy in the region, and India's relations with Iran are all things that have had a significant impact on the political situation in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fascin is an actin-bundling protein overexpressed in various invasive metastatic carcinomas through promoting cell migration and invasion. Therefore, blocking Fascin binding sites is considered a vital target for antimetastatic drugs. This inspired us to find new Fascin binding site blockers. First, we built an active compound set by collecting reported small molecules binding to Fascin's binding site 2. Consequently, a high-quality decoys set was generated employing DEKOIS 2.0 protocol to be applied in conducting the benchmarking analysis against the selected Fascin structures. Four docking programs, MOE, AutoDock Vina, VinaXB, and PLANTS were evaluated in the benchmarking study. All tools indicated better-than-random performance reflected by their pROC-AUC values against the Fascin crystal structure (PDB: ID 6I18). Interestingly, PLANTS exhibited the best screening performance and recognized potent actives at early enrichment. Accordingly, PLANTS was utilized in the prospective virtual screening effort for repurposing FDA-approved drugs (DrugBank database) and natural products (NANPDB). Further assessment via molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns endorsed Remdesivir (DrugBank) and NANPDB3 (NANPDB) as potential binders to Fascin binding site 2. In conclusion, this study delivers a model for implementing a customized DEKOIS 2.0 benchmark set to enhance the VS success rate against new potential targets for cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meltwater from mountainous catchments dominated by snow and ice is a valuable source of fresh water in many regions. At mid-latitudes, seasonal snow cover and glaciers act like a natural reservoir by storing precipitation during winter and releasing it in spring and summer. Snowmelt is usually modelled either by energy balance or by temperature-index approaches. The energy balance approach is process-based and more sophisticated but requires extensive input data, while the temperature-index approach uses the degree-day factor (DDF) as a key parameter to estimate melt of snow and ice merely from air temperature. Despite its simplicity, the temperature-index approach has proved to be a powerful tool for simulating the melt process especially in large and data-scarce catchments. The present study attempts to quantify the effects of spatial, temporal, and climatic conditions on the DDF of snow in order to gain a better understanding of which influencing factors are decisive under which conditions. The analysis is based on the individual energy flux components; however, formulas for estimating the DDF are presented to account for situations where observed data are limited. A detailed comparison between field-derived and estimated DDF values yields a fair agreement with bias = 0.14 mm ∘ C -1 d -1 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.12 mm ∘ C -1 d -1. The analysis of the energy balance processes controlling snowmelt indicates that cloud cover and snow albedo under clear sky are the most decisive factors for estimating the DDF of snow. The results of this study further underline that the DDF changes as the melt season progresses and thus also with altitude, since melting conditions arrive later at higher elevations. A brief analysis of the DDF under the influence of climate change shows that the DDFs are expected to decrease when comparing periods of similar degree days, as melt will occur earlier in the year when solar radiation is lower, and albedo is then likely to be higher. Therefore, the DDF cannot be treated as a constant parameter especially when using temperature-index models for forecasting present or predicting future water availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System virtualization is a key technology nowadays for reducing energy consumption and investment in server computers. However this environment frequently faces the problem of virtual machine placement (VMP). In order to solve this problem effectively, we have proposed a Dual-Operator-based Constrained many-objective Evolutionary Algorithm, DOCEA/D, which employs a Decomposition-based strategy. The algorithm uses differential evolution (DE) as an evolutionary mechanism and also employs a novel diversity maintenance (DM) technique to avoid trapping in local optima. For the purpose of validating the performance of DOCEA/D, it has been compared here with other contemporary many-objective evolutionary algorithms (MaOEAs) namely MOEA/D, NSGA-III and IBEA on three instances of VMP problem. The results on the different quality indicators clearly demonstrate the superiority of DOCEA/D over the counterpart approaches. As a further proof, we graphically show the superiority of our proposed method over the competing approaches and also demonstrate the statistical significance of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droughts cause significant economic damage worldwide. Evaluating their impacts on crop yield and water resources can help mitigate these losses. Using single variables such as precipitation, temperature, the soil moisture condition index (SMCI) and the vegetation condition index (VCI) to estimate drought impacts does not provide sufficient information on these complex conditions. Therefore, this study uses station-based and remote-sensing-based data to develop new composite drought indexes (CDIs), including the principal component analysis drought index (PSDI) and the gradient boosting method drought index (GBMDI). The first dataset includes historical observations of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (SC-PDSI) at the 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales. The second dataset consists of remote-sensing-based data including the VCI, SMCI, temperature condition index (TCI), and precipitation condition index (PCI). We validated the results of PSDI and GBMDI by comparing them with historical drought events, in-situ drought indices, and annual winter wheat crop yield data from 2003 to 2022 using a regression model. Our temporal analysis revealed extreme to severe drought events during1990s and 2010s. GBMDI typically aligned with actual drought events and exhibited stronger correlations with in-situ drought indices than PSDI. We observed that drought intensity in winter were more severe than in summer. GBMDI was the most effective method, followed by PSDI, for assessing drought impacts on winter wheat yields. Thus, the proposed integrated monitoring framework and indexes offered a valuable and innovative approach to addressing the complexities of agricultural drought, particularly in evaluating its effects. • We proposed a new composite drought index for drought monitoring using remote sensing and station-based data. • We validated the results of CDIs by comparing them with historical in-situ drought observations and historical drought events. • We considered spatial and temporal patterns of droughts across China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-terminal memristor is a promising neuromorphic artificial electronic device, mirroring biological synapses in structure and replicating various synaptic functions. Despite its advantages, challenges in achieving high reliability, gradual switching, and low energy consumption hinder progress in neuromorphic devices. This study explores electronic synapses and simulates analog switching in a Pt/TiN/ZnO/SnO 2 /ZnO/Pt multilayer (ML) configuration, featuring a ∼3 nm SnO 2 layer between ZnO layers. Results show enhanced cycling endurance (more than 250 cycles), resistance window (102), tunable synaptic plasticity, and multilevel switching. ML memristors exhibit low coefficient of variation (4.5 %) in set voltage, low energy consumption (set = ∼0.12 nj, reset = ∼0.1 nj), and fast switching speeds (set = 300 ns, reset = 200 ns), suitable for high-density memory and neuromorphic systems. They successfully emulate synaptic functions, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), spike voltage-dependent plasticity (SVDP), spike width-dependent plasticity (SWDP), spike frequency-dependent plasticity (SFDP), and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Modulating pulse amplitude and width achieves multilevel conductance in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Using nonlinear conductance data, a 96.5 % image pattern recognition accuracy is achieved in a deconvolution neural network (DNN) simulation. These results highlight the ML memristor's potential in efficient neuromorphic computing systems. • Multilayer memristor demonstrates improved cycling (∼300 cycles) and a wide resistance range (∼10^2), enhancing reliability for neuromorphic system. • Memristor device shows low energy consumption (set = ∼0.12 nJ, reset = ∼0.1 nJ) and fast switching (set = 300 ns, reset = 200 ns). • Our study demonstrates tunable synaptic plasticity, enabling the replication of key synaptic functions like PPF and SVDP, essential for neuromorphic computing. • Pattern recognition accuracy of up to 96.5 % is achieved using DNN simulation, revealing the memristor potential for efficient neuromorphic computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the economic pests of horticultural crops. This invasive species causes substantial economic loss to citrus produce each year in Pakistan. Farmers rely on persistent synthetic insecticides for fruit fly control. Insecticidal phytoextracts are biorational alternates to hazardous synthetic insecticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and lime citrus (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) on the fruits of five citrus cultivars (i.e. bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad), lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) against B. dorsalis using choice and no-choice fruit-dip bioassays. Results revealed a significant reduction of pupal weight and adult emergence of B. dorsalis by 4% extracts of A. indica, A. sativum and C. aurantifolia. Moreover, a significantly higher male to female adult sex ratio was observed in case of A. indica treatment. It is concluded from overall study results that the extracts of A. indica and C. aurantifolia exhibited significant anti-insect effects on the pupal recovery, pupal weight, adult emergence and male to female ratio of B. dorsalis on all five citrus host fruits under laboratory conditions, and hence are recommended to be further evaluated under field conditions and to consider their potential incorporation in IPM programs against fruit fly infestations on citrus crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the economic pests of horticultural crops. This invasive species causes substantial economic loss to citrus produce each year in Pakistan. Farmers rely on persistent synthetic insecticides for fruit fly control. Insecticidal phytoextracts are biorational alternates to hazardous synthetic insecticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and lime citrus (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) on the fruits of five citrus cultivars (i.e. bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad), lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) against B. dorsalis using choice and no-choice fruit-dip bioassays. Results revealed a significant reduction of pupal weight and adult emergence of B. dorsalis by 4% extracts of A. indica, A. sativum and C. aurantifolia. Moreover, a significantly higher male to female adult sex ratio was observed in case of A. indica treatment. It is concluded from overall study results that the extracts of A. indica and C. aurantifolia exhibited significant anti-insect effects on the pupal recovery, pupal weight, adult emergence and male to female ratio of B. dorsalis on all five citrus host fruits under laboratory conditions, and hence are recommended to be further evaluated under field conditions and to consider their potential incorporation in IPM programs against fruit fly infestations on citrus crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new and seven known secondary metabolites 1–8 were isolated, and the nematocidal and insecticidal activities of major compounds from Tanacetum baltistanicum Podlech (Asteraceae) were studied. The structures of these compounds were deduced based on various spectroscopic methods. Nematocidal activity was assayed by using second-stage juvenile (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, whereas insecticidal activity was measured against insect pest Sitophilus oryzae L. Compounds 7 and 8, as well as their equimolar mixture, were tested for their nematocidal activity and insecticidal activity. The tested compounds showed excellent M. incognita larval mortality of 90–100% (EC50 = 0.06 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively). Similarly, compounds 7 and 8 showed good insecticidal activity (90 and 80%, respectively) against the rice weevil S. oryzae (EC50 = 0.028 and 0.080 mg/L, respectively), whereas the equimolar mixture of 7 and 8 showed an excellent activity of 95 and 100% respectively (EC50 = 0.02 mg/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genetic polymorphisms (rs708035, rs3844283) of Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinases 2 (IRAK2) is involved in the NFκB regulatory pathway. The frequencies of IRAK2 gene are unknown in Pakistani population. Therefore, the study was designed to examine the association of targeted single nucleotide polymorphism(s) in IRAK2 gene of RA patients. Methodology: The study participants were selected by ACR/EULAR 2010 standards. After ethical approval, the blood samples of patients and healthy controls were collected for the extraction of DNA followed by the amplification of targeted polymorphism(s) via Tetra-primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System (T-ARMS PCR). Desired products were observed via agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The allele frequency of wild type A and C is frequent among patients and mutant T and G is frequent among controls. The rs708035 showed significant protective association while rs3844283 was found to be associated with risk of RA. Genetic model associations were applied to determine the role of genotypes. In combination analyses of alleles revealed AC haplotype was found to be associated with risk and TG provide protection against RA. Moreover, targeted SNPs were found to be in 61% Linkage Disequilibrium among the targeted population. Conclusions: Current study revealed the protective and risk association of targeted SNPs (rs708035, rs3844283). Study might be beneficial as it provides baseline data regarding targeted SNPs and their role in the disease progression. This could be served as potential biomarker for diagnostic purpose and effectively utilized in precision medicine approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a global issue, and its severity is expected to worsen in the near future, prompting further efforts to find new sources of freshwater. Solar-Powered Atmospheric Water Harvesting (SPAWH) is a promising passive approach for atmospheric water generation. This study aims to examine the thermal performance of different glazing materials and water production in SPAWH. The research consists of two phases: a laboratory test of various glazing materials and an experimental study to assess system efficiency in producing water in the tropics. The preliminary results indicated that glass demonstrated better thermal performance than acrylic in the lab, with higher thermal conductivity and less heat loss. The experimental findings showed that the maximum water produced by the proposed SPAWH (60 cm length, 60 cm width and 30 cm height) placed on a 30° tilt angle using glass (3 mm) and acrylic (3 mm) was 0.61 L/m2/day and 0.44 L/m2/day, respectively. The cost analysis revealed that produced water costs $0.18/kg for glass and $0.40/kg for acrylic, respectively. Atmospheric water could be harvested using SPAWH in the tropics, which would help to provide new opportunities for sustainable water supplies and development in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, stratified mixture ranked set sampling (SMIRSS) for estimation of the population mean and median is suggested. The SMIRSS provides unbiased estimator of population mean for symmetric distribution. To test the performance of estimators under suggested scheme a simulation study is conducted. The simulation results indicate that the SMIRSS is more efficient than the stratified extreme ranked set sampling (SERSS) and stratified simple random sampling (SSRS) designs. Moreover, in small sample the suggested scheme is more efficient than stratified ranked set sampling (SRSS) for some distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on impact of social media usage on students' fear during the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics include emasculating world activities where social media forums being used as an information outlet for citizens; and active tool for engagement and communication for the dissemination of plausible information as well as incredulous misinformation.

Food waste and leftovers were common materials that were currently used as biocompost or soil conditioners upon decomposition. Food waste was a source of food that has declined nutritional value and is not deemed favorable for human consumption. Leftovers were defined as uneaten edible remains of a meal. Biodegradation of these components contributes to many macronutrients, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the compost, which makes it a suitable growing condition for plants. In this study, the main sources of research data were one hundred thirty-one scientific articles relating to food waste treatment methods and the growth quality of plants over the last few years. This review was the consensus of the role and characteristics of food waste and leftovers as fertilizers. Moreover, the paper briefly discusses the different composting methods for these materials and their corresponding effects on the growth quality of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new compounds, i.e. stenophyllols A-C (1-3), were isolated from the rhizome of Boesenbergia stenophylla. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, NMR and HRESIMS). In-vitro neuroblastoma cell viability assay showed stenophyllol A (1) was able to reduce the N2A cell viability to 20% within 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: esophageal cancer is a major public health problem in Mozambique. It is the nineth most common cancer worldwide in terms of incidence (604.000 new cases/year), and sixth in overall mortality (544.076 deaths/year). In Mozambique esophageal cancer was the seventh most common cancer in males and the fifth in females between 1991 and 2008. Methods: it was done a cross-sectional hospital-based epidemiological study, using secondary demographics endoscopic and pathologic features data. A retrospective analysis of the existing information of patients classified as esophageal cancer diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy observed from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2018 at the Gastroenterology Service of Maputo Central Hospital. A coding sheet was created a priori, and data analysed in SPSS version 20. Results: of the 205 cases with complete records where included in the analysis, there was a higher frequency of females with 56.6% (116/205). The average age was 59.5 years with standard deviation of ± 12.9 years. Most of the patients were native of southern Mozambique, with 92.7% (190/205), of which Maputo made up 53.2% (109/205). Regarding race, 99.5% (204/205) were black. The most affected endoscopic location was the middle third with 48.8% (100/205), followed by the lower third with 29.8% (61/205) and the upper third with 21.5% (44/205). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent, with 92.7% (190/205), followed by adenocarcinoma with 4.9% (10/205). Conclusion: due to the high number of observed cases of esophageal cancer, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed for timely diagnosis and more effective treatment. Updated prevalent studies are needed throughout the country to understand the true impact of esophageal cancer on the Mozambican population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Secondary bioactive metabolites from plants may be realistic alternatives to conventional synthetic chemicals. The aim of the present research was to test the Tanacetum falconeri Hook. f. in different bioassays to evaluate its potential as nematocidal, insecticidal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic agent. The plant T. falconeri was further studied for its chemical constituents. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract from T. falconeri was fractionated into various solvent fractions. All solvent fractions were further subjected to different bioassays. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity were determined by broth micro-dilution method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, respectively. Nematocidal activity was evaluated by using second-stage juvenile of Meloidogyne incognita. Insecticidal activity and phytotoxicity were measured with the help of Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum and fronds of Lemna minor L., respectively. Compound-1 was isolated by using liquid chromatography and its structure was determined by spectroscopic data as cisdehydromatricaria ester. Results: The excellent nematocidal activity (reduction in 100% motility) of the compound-1 against a root-knot nematode was obtained at 1% concentration after 72 h incubation time, whereas the reductions in motilities were 95% and 75% at concentrations 0.5% (w/v) and 0.125% (w/v), respectively. Similarly, the mortalities were 90% and 82% at 1% and 0.5% concentrations, respectively, after 24 h of the treatment. Compound-1 also exhibited the excellent insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae at 1% concentration (providing 100% mortality) with effective dose 50 (EC50) of 0.08 mg/L. The EC50 of phosphine, which was used as standard, was 0.07 mg/L. Two fractions of T. falconeri showed a moderate cytotoxic activity against 3T3 cells lines at the concentration of 30 mg/mL with inhibitory concentration 50 values of 22.4 and 25.8 mg/L corresponding to TfP and TfM, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that cis-dehydromatricaria ester-1 provides nematocidal activity (100% mortality) against the root-knot nematodes. Its insecticidal activity against S. oryzae may enable its use as marketable insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the role of gastrointestinal procedures, namely oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy, in helping to establish a definitive primary tumour site in cancer of unknown primary. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: A total of 115 patients included in the study were those, who underwent OGD and a colonoscopy for the diagnosis of a cancer of unknown primary. Data collected included demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, definitive diagnosis, tissue diagnosis and immune-histochemical stains. Primary outcome was the attainment of a definitive diagnosis via OGD and/or colonoscopy. Results: A total of 115 patients underwent a diagnostic gastrointestinal procedure. Of these 70 (61%) were males. Mean age was 63 ± 12.6 years (range 22-88 years). Abdominal pain comprised the most common presenting complaint, found in 61 (53%). The most common tissue diagnosis of the metastatic sites was adenocarcinoma 81 (70.45%). Tumour markers including carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were checked in 90 (78.2%), 46 (40%) and 69 (60%) patients respectively. No patient reached a definitive diagnosis by means of OGD and/or colonoscopy. Conclusion: OGD and colonoscopy when done collectively as diagnostic procedures to look for a primary tumour, have no value in the evaluation of patients with cancer of unknown primary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, platinum nanoparticles have been utilized to achieve better control of conductance quantization for high-density memory storage nonvolatile memory applications. Here, atomic layer deposited Pt-nanoparticles are sandwiched between HfAlOx switching layers. An Au/Ti/HfAlOx/Pt-NP/HfAlOx/ITO resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device exhibits bipolar resistive switching SET/RESET properties at a very low external electric field with memory window >10 and an endurance of >103 cycles. With a very slow voltage sweep rate (0.002 V/step) during current–voltage characteristics under both SET and RESET conditions, a controlled stepwise increase/decrease in distinct conductance quantization behavior with integer and half-integer multiples was observed. This phenomenon predicts atomic contact formation and rupture of oxygen vacancies between conductive filaments and Pt-NPs. Control of post-synaptic conductance properties with modulation of pre-spike width, number, and frequency showed the robustness of the RRAM device studied here. Gradual, controlled change in conductance obtained under dc and pulse conditions in the experiments is very promising for next-generation multi-level high-density storage RRAM devices to develop artificial electric synapses for neuromorphic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have considered various scheduling methods and reliability functions to determine the optimum maintenance time. These methods and functions correspond to the lowest cost by using the maximum likelihood estimator to evaluate the model parameters. However, this paper aims to estimate the parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution (α, β). The maximum likelihood estimation method, modified linear exponential loss function, and Wyatt-based regression method are used for the estimation of the parameters. Minimum mean square error (MSE) criterion is used to evaluate the relative efficiency of the estimators. The comparison of the different parameter estimation methods is conducted, and the efficiency of these methods is observed, both mathematically and experimentally. The simulation study is conducted for comparison of samples sizes (10, 50, 100, 150) based on the mean square error (MSE). It is concluded that the maximum likelihood method was found to be the most efficient method for all sample sizes used in the research because it achieved the least MSE compared with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have considered various scheduling methods and reliability functions to determine the optimum maintenance time. These methods and functions correspond to the lowest cost by using the maximum likelihood estimator to evaluate the model parameters. However, this paper aims to estimate the parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution (α, β). The maximum likelihood estimation method, modified linear exponential loss function, and Wyatt-based regression method are used for the estimation of the parameters. Minimum mean square error (MSE) criterion is used to evaluate the relative efficiency of the estimators. The comparison of the different parameter estimation methods is conducted, and the efficiency of these methods is observed, both mathematically and experimentally. The simulation study is conducted for comparison of samples sizes (10, 50, 100, 150) based on the mean square error (MSE). It is concluded that the maximum likelihood method was found to be the most efficient method for all sample sizes used in the research because it achieved the least MSE compared with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memristors with controllable resistive switching (RS) characteristics gain significant attention for neuromorphic computing applications in high-density memory and artificial synapses. Herein, we present the consequence of an amorphous Ta 2 O 5 embedded layer on RS and synaptic characteristics of ZrO 2 memristor. Structural and electronic properties of the memristor without and with-Ta 2 O 5 are exemplified by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Memristor with-Ta 2 O 5 exhibits excellent performance in RS parameters such as lower forming/SET-voltage, improved uniformity of switching cycling, admirable pulse endurance (104), and long retention time (104 s). Moreover, multilevel storage capability is achieved through limiting the current compliance in SET-operation or stop-voltages in RESET-operation. Likewise, diverse synaptic characteristics such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) are effectively mimicked, which is regarded as an imperative learning regime of biological synapses. Owing to improved linearity of LTP/LTD behaviors in memristor with-Ta 2 O 5 , a solid recognition rate (~85%) is achieved for pattern recognition with the modified national institute of standards and technology database (MNIST) handwritten numbers. Memristor with embedded ~2 nm Ta 2 O 5 barrier layer shows significant potential applications in high-performance multilevel data storage and neuromorphic computing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wound injury is a critical issue in hair restoration. The shape and size of blades cause varying degree of tissue trauma. Aims: To check (mathematically) the tissue trauma (injury) caused by different shapes of the blades at varying angles. Patients/Methods: The trigonometric theories were applied to each shape and angles to calculate the surface area (correlating with the tissue injury). These shapes included rectangular blade, 30°‐angled blades, 60°‐angled blade, 30°‐sapphire blade, and 60°‐sapphire blade. The surface areas were calculated at 90°, 45°, 30°, and 15° insertion angles. Results: The 30°‐sapphire blade caused the least injury followed by 30°‐angled blade. The rectangular blade had the largest surface area and hence will produce the maximum amount of tissue injury. The blade at 90° produced maximum injury whereas the blade entering at 15°, produced lowest amount of tissue injury. The blade in sagittal direction caused less injury as compared to the blade in coronal direction. Conclusion: The 30°‐sapphire blade caused the least tissue injury whereas the rectangular blade caused maximum injury. The amount of tissue injury decreases as the angle of insertion decreases and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]