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Background: Several methods are used for reconstruction in colon cancer surgery, including hand-sewn or stapled anastomosis. However, few reports have compared short-term outcomes among reconstruction methods. This study compared short-term outcomes between delta-shaped anastomosis (Delta) and functional end-to-end anastomosis (FEEA). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1314 consecutive patients who underwent colorectal surgery with FEEA or Delta reconstruction between January 2016 and December 2023. Patients were divided into two groups according to reconstruction by FEEA (F group; n = 1242) or Delta (D group; n = 72). Propensity score matching was applied to minimize the possibility of selection bias and to balance covariates that could affect postoperative complications. Short-term outcomes were compared between groups. Results: Postoperative complications occurred in 215 patients (17.3%) in F group and 8 patients (11.1%) in D group. Before matching, transverse colon cancer was more frequent (p = 0.002), clinical N-positive status was less frequent (44.1% versus 16.7%, p < 0.001), distant metastasis was less frequent (11.7% versus 1.4%, p = 0.003), and laparoscopic approach was more frequent (87.8% versus 100%, p < 0.001) in D group. After matching, no differences in any clinical factor were evident between groups. Blood loss was significantly lower (28 mL versus 10 mL, p = 0.002) in D group, but operation time and postoperative complication rates were similar between groups. Conclusions: Delta and FEEA were both considered safe as reconstruction methods. Further studies are needed to clarify appropriate case selection for Delta and FEEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that the ocean plays an important role in absorbing anthropogenic carbonCant from the atmosphere. Under global warming, Earth system model simulations and theoretical arguments indicate that the capacity of the ocean to absorb Cant will be reduced, with this constituting a positive carbon-climate feedback. Here we apply a suite of sensitivity simulations with a comprehensive Earth system model to demonstrate that the surface waters of the shallow overturning structures (spanning 458S-458N) sustain nearly half of the global ocean carbon-climate feedback. The main results reveal a feedback that is initially triggered by warming but that amplifies over time as Cant invasion enhances the sensitivity of surface pCO2 to further warming, particularly in the warmer season. Importantly, this ''heat-carbon feedback'' mechanism is distinct from (and significantly weaker than) what one would expect from temperature-controlled solubility perturbations to pCO2 alone. It finds independent confirmation in an additional perturbation experiment with the same Earth system model. There mechanism denial is applied by disallowing the secular trend in the physical state of the ocean under climate change, while simultaneously allowing the effects of heating to impact sea surface pCO2 and thereby CO2 uptake. Reemergence of Cant along the equator within the shallow overturning circulation plays an important role in the heat-carbon feedback, with the decadal renewal time scale for thermocline waters modulating the feedback response. The results here for 458S-458N stand in contrast to what is found in the high latitudes, where a clear signature of a broader range of driving mechanisms is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of water and carbon dioxide with nanostructured epitaxial (Ba,Sr)TiO3(001) thin film and bulk single crystal SrTiO3(001) surfaces was studied using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and density functional theory (DFT). On both surfaces, XPS and TDS indicate D2O and CO2 chemisorb at room temperature with broad thermal desorption peaks (423–723 K) and a peak desorption temperature near 573 K. A comparison of thermal desorption Redhead activation energies to adsorption energies calculated using DFT indicates that defect surface sites are important for the observed strong adsorbate-surface reactivity. Numerical calculations of the competetive adsorption/desorption equilibria for H2O and CO2 on SrTiO3(001) surfaces show that for typical atmospheric concentrations of 0.038% carbon dioxide and 0.247% water vapor the surfaces are covered to a large extent with both adsorbates. The high desorption temperature indicates that these adsorbates have the potential to impact measurements of the electronic structure of BaTiO3–SrTiO3(001) surfaces exposed to air, or prepared in high vacuum deposition systems, as well as the electrical properties of thin film ATiO3-based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron slowing-down processes in molecular oxygen gas in the subexcitation domain (below the ionization threshold) are studied by using the Spencer–Fano (SF) equation and its simplification, the continuous-slowing-down approximation (CSDA), both in time-dependent and time-independent representations. Compared to the previously studied cases of N2 and CO2, O2 has the special features in its inelastic cross sections of (i) strong delta-function-like peaks in the vibrational excitation cross section below 1.3 eV and (ii) very low energy thresholds of electronic excitation channels. These features provide a stringent test for the CSDA. Indeed, our results clearly show for the first time that the CSDA fails even qualitatively to reproduce the electron degradation spectrum given by the exact SF method over the whole energy regime studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which evaluated the localized electronic density of states at the hydrogenated amorphous silicon/silicon nitride interfaces. Experimental details on the use of transient voltage spectroscopy technique; Deposition of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition; Measurements of the signal amplitude.

SUMMARY In fruit farming, the appropriate time of harvesting high-quality and high-value fruits is determined by comparing the surface color of tree's fruit and a fruit color chart defined for each fruit cultivar. This comparative examination comprises visual inspection by the farmer and a sensory inspection based on sensibility information. Thus, the decision varies across individuals because the decision criterion is not defined quantitatively and is not unified. This study aims to develop a system to determine the appropriate time for harvesting fruit from the tree. In this paper, we used apples to develop a quantitative method for appropriate harvest time. We focused on the HSV and L*a*b* color spaces used by image processing. Consequently, it was found that using the value of H and a* in deciding on the proper harvest time was useful. We also conducted a comparative analysis of apple growth and color and color differences to investigate our quantitative method for determining appropriate harvest time. These results of the procedure show that quantitatively determining the proper harvesting time of fruit is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscular disease caused by a frame-shift mutation in the DMD gene. DMD symptom onset occurs in early childhood (2-3 years old) and is progressive. Long-term clinical trials in a pediatric population are often required to evaluate novel therapies. Biomarkers are important tools to enable understanding disease progression and determining acute pharmacodynamic effect and how the treatment can correlate with clinical efficacy and the success rate of clinical trials. Blood Creatinine Kinase (CK) is widely used as muscle injury marker. However, levels can be confounded by the stress response elicited by blood sampling in pediatric patients. Urine samples are easier to collect and less invasive, therefore allowing for more frequent monitoring of analytes of interest over time. Titin is a muscle cell protein which contributes to muscle relaxation and contraction. Proteomic bioanalysis in urine samples revealed that fragmented titin is significantly elevated in patients with DMD. Here, we investigate whether urine titin can be used as a pharmacodynamic (PD) or progression biomarker for DMD. In mdx mice, a DMD model with a mutation on exon 23 of the DMD gene, we show that urine titin is significantly higher than in WT mice between 7 and 24 weeks of age. Furthermore, mdx mice treated with peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO), a cell penetrating oligomer that triggers exon 23 skipping, demonstrated a dramatic decrease in both blood CK and urine titin. All PPMO-treated mice demonstrated recovery of dystrophin expression, suggesting that decreases in urine titin levels reflect rescue of dystrophin levels. A quantitative immunoassay was developed and demonstrated that urine titin in DMD patients is dramatically higher than in healthy volunteers, and declines slowly with age, even though urine creatinine levels do not change. The results from this study, along with previous data, suggest that urine titin may be a useful disease progression marker and PD marker for therapies designed to restore dystrophin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine patients are particularly prone to develop medication overuse headache (MOH). However, the risk factors for the transformation of migraine to MOH are still not clear. We investigated gene polymorphisms, personality traits, and characteristics of headache and lifestyle in 47 migraine patients (aged 36.4 ± 10.3) and 22 MOH patients (aged 39.6 ± 9.9) who progressed from migraine and made a scoring system for a predictive index (PI) of the onset of MOH in patients with migraine. By multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis, type of migraine, regular and sufficient dietary intake, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T (rs1801133) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) C939T (rs6275) polymorphisms were selected as significant factors that contribute independently to the development from migraine to MOH ( P < 0.05). The regression coefficients (β) of these four selected factors were approximated and scored. The PI score in MOH patients (7.32 ± 1.60) was significantly higher than that in migraine patients (4.62 ± 1.83, P < 0.001). The proposed scoring system should in the future be the object of larger studies to confirm its validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Charge propagation dynamics for the excitation and de-excitation of samarium doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Sm) were observed by an electric measurement technique, namely, the phase response of complex impedance to step-function UV irradiation. The probing frequency for the impedance measurement was widely changed, and a critical frequency that emphasizes a specific charge propagation path was found. Above the critical frequency of 1kHz the transitions from the photo-excited state to ground state progressed via a rapid, and a slow charge propagation path. Through a comparison of the frequency responses obtained under continuous UV light (photo-excited state) and in the dark (ground state), the rapid path was assigned to charge recombination in a defect-dopant complex in TiO2:Sm, which is consistent with the persistence of luminescence observed in conventional optical measurements. The slow path that is not associated with the optical transition was explained by a dissipation of excited charges. Similar path consistent with the charge dissipation explanation was confirmed below the critical frequency <1kHz. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A three day-old Japanese black calf was admitted with a history of abdominal distension and absence of defecation. Dilated loops of the small intestine and hypoplasia of the colon and rectum was observed upon a contrast radiographic examination in the standing position. At necropsy atresia coli with undeveloped rectum and patent anal opening was found. We conclude that a contrast radiograph in the standing position is useful for diagnosing atresia coli in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate to severe migraine attacks are treated with triptans. However, about 25% of migraineurs fail to respond to triptans. We investigated the involvement of gene polymorphisms, personality traits and characteristics of headache, and made a scoring system for prediction of clinical response to triptans in patients with migraine. Gene polymorphisms including serotonin (5-HT) receptor G861C and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) C939T, personality traits and characteristics of headache were investigated in 46 consistent responders and 14 inconsistent responders to triptans. The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that age, periorbital/deep orbital pain and C/C genotype carrier at DRD2 C939T were significant factors that contributed independently to the negative response to triptans in patients with migraine. Their odds ratios were 6.329 (40-69 vs. 20-39 years, 95% CI 1.441-27.778), 6.772 (no vs. yes, periorbital/deep orbital pain, 95% CI 1.159-39.580) and 14.085 (non-C/C vs. C/C genotype at DRD2 C939T, 95% CI 1.253-166.667), respectively. The predictive index (PI) of clinical response to triptans in patients with migraine was calculated using these three factors. The score in inconsistent responders (1.6 ± 0.6) was significantly higher than that in consistent responders (0.8 ± 0.7, P < 0.001). Sensibility of low-score (RI = 0) group was 100%, and specificity of high-score (PI ≥ 2) group was 87%. The proposed scoring system should in the future be the object of larger studies to confirm its validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans are major components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix in the brain. Both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate are unbranched highly sulfated polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. During their biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus, these glycosaminoglycans are highly modified by sulfation and C5 epimerization of glucuronic acid, leading to diverse heterogeneity in structure. Their structures are strictly regulated in a cell type-specific manner during development partly by the expression control of various glycosaminoglycan-modifying enzymes. It has been considered that specific combinations of glycosaminoglycan-modifying enzymes generate specific functional microdomains in the glycosaminoglycan chains, which bind selectively with various growth factors, morphogens, axon guidance molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. Recent studies have begun to reveal that the molecular interactions mediated by such glycosaminoglycan microdomains play critical roles in the various signaling pathways essential for the development of the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Axon-dendrite polarity of neurons is essential for information processing in the nervous system. Here we studied the functions of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in neuronal polarization using cultured dissociated hippocampal neurons. Immunohistochemical analyses of early cultured neurons indicated the distribution of these glycosaminoglycans to be quite different. While CS epitopes were accumulated in the focal contacts present in axons and cell bodies, those of HS were detected ubiquitously on the cell surface including on dendrites and axons. Treatment with chondroitinase (CHase) ABC, which degrades CS, and knockdown of a CS sulfotransferase, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (4,6-ST), which is involved in the biosynthesis of oversulfated structures, induced the formation of multiple axons in hippocampal neurons. Time-lapse recordings revealed the multiple axons of CHase ABC-treated neurons to be highly unstable, extending and retracting, repeatedly. CHase ABC-treatments suggested that CS is involved in the formation of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase-positive focal contacts. Thus, CS may enhance integrin signaling in the nascent axons, supporting axon specification. On the other hand, when neurons were treated with heparitinases that specifically degrade HS, neurons with a single axon increased. The axons of HSase-treated neurons extended steadily and showed almost no retraction. These results suggest that CS stabilizes and HS destabilizes the growth of axons in an opposing manner, contributing to early neuronal polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When selecting patients who are at high risk for lymph node metastasis, the detection of lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) is important. We investigated LVI detected by D2-40 staining as a predictor of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer. Clinicopathological factors including LVI were investigated in 136 patients who underwent colectomy with lymph node dissection for T1 colorectal cancer. We used immunostaining with monoclonal antibody D2-40 to detect LVI. Lymph node metastases were found in 18 patients (13.2%), and LVI were detected in 45 (33%); lymph node metastasis was more frequently observed in LVI-positive groups (13/45 vs 5/91, p < 0.001). Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that LVI detected by D2-40 and a poorly differentiated histology at the invasion front were independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis. LVI detected by D2-40 is important for the prediction of lymph node metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Many studies report the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in wound healing, but few describe local VEGF administration to the digestive tract. Leakage from colonic anastomoses, including those due to ischemia, represents a major complication causing increased mortality and morbidity. Angiogenesis is crucial to anastomotic healing and restoration of blood supply, and VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor showing improved healing in various models of reconstruction and anastomosis. Here, we examine the effects of local VEGF-A165 administration on postoperative rabbit colon anastomosis. Methods: Two colotomies per animal were made in the sinistral colon on opposite sides of the mesentery. Randomly assigned VEGF (10 μg/0.1 ml) or saline (0.1 ml) was injected into the muscularis propria on both sides of each colonic anastomosis before closing the access laparotomy using single-layer sutures. On postoperative days 3, 4 and 7, the bursting pressure of partially healed anastomoses was measured. On postoperative day 4, anastomotic tissues were examined for the following: hydroxyproline; histopathologically for inflammatory infiltrate and tissue organization and immunohistochemically for capillary proliferation and density; vessel density of midzone collaterals around anastomoses by microangiography. Results: Compared to saline, VEGF administration significantly improved bursting pressure (p = 0.014, paired t test) and increased hydroxyproline (p = 0.027, paired t test) on postoperative day 4. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast proliferation were prominent, and submucosal capillary vascular counts were significantly higher for VEGF. Conclusions: Administration of VEGF to colonic anastomosis accelerates wound healing and strengthens the anastomosis by increased angiogenesis. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Forced convective subcooled boiling flow experiments were conducted in a vertical upward annular channel. Water was used as the testing fluid, and the tests were performed at atmospheric pressure. A high-speed digital video camera was applied to capture the dynamics of the bubble nucleation process. Bubble departure frequencies were obtained from the video for a total of 58 test conditions. The non-dimensional analysis was performed on the current data as well as available data from literature. Existing models and correlations were compared with the experimental data of bubble waiting time, growth time, and departure frequency. The correlations developed for pool boiling flow do not work well for forced convective subcooled boiling flow, while the models proposed for subcooled boiling flow cannot predict the bubble departure frequency in wide experimental ranges. Dimensionless bubble departure frequency is correlated with non-dimensional nucleate boiling heat flux. The new correlation agrees reasonably well with existing experimental data at lower wall superheat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Homozygous mutant klotho (KL(-/-)) mice exhibit various characteristics resembling those of human aging, including emphysema. However, age-related changes of lungs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the structural, functional, biochemical, and cell kinetic alterations of lungs in KL(-/-) mice at 2-12 weeks of age. Homogeneous airspace enlargement and decreased lung elastic recoil were observed in KL(-/-) mice with aging. The apoptotic cells in airway walls in KL(-/-) mice were approximately 6 times greater than those in wild-type (KL(+/+)) mice at 2 weeks of age. However, lipid peroxidation and elastase activity of lungs were not increased in KL(-/-) mice. Western blotting suggested that protein levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase were decreased in KL(-/-) mice. These data suggest that significantly increased apoptosis of airway cells via inhibition of the EGF-dependent pathway may be involved in the development of the aging lungs in KL(-/-) mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of aminopeptidase A in hypertension is important, given its ability to cleave the N-terminal aspartic acid of potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, the role of aminopeptidase A in hypertension has received limited attention. Because we have succeeded in producing recombinant human aminopeptidase A, the effect of aminopeptidase A on systolic blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat was examined. Aminopeptidase A of 0.016 mg/kg was administrated intravenously to spontaneously hypertensive rats and blood pressure was monitored for 72 h. For repeated administration, aminopeptidase A doses of 0.016 mg/kg and 0.1-mg/kg doses of candesartan (an angiotensin II receptor 1 subtype blocker) were administrated daily in spontaneously hypertensive rats and blood pressure was monitored for 5 d. Bolus intravenous injection of aminopeptidase A at a dose of 0.016 mg/kg significantly decreased systolic blood pressure for 36 h in spontaneously hypertensive rats. A comparison of the antihypertensive effects of aminopeptidase A versus candesartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats showed that the effective dose of aminopeptidase A was about one-tenth that of candesartan. These results suggest the novel approach of utilizing aminopeptidase A to treat hypertension by degrading circulating angiotensin II before it binds to the receptor 1 subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For RF wireless applications, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) microwave power filters are desired to satisfy the requirements of higher power handling capability, lower intermodulation distortion (IMD), and dimensions that are more compact. In this report, we propose a 5GHz HTS band bandpass filter (BPF) that has 2 dual-mode resonators using TM11-mode microstrip-disk (MD) resonators and waveguide line for electromagnetic (EM) coupling between the MDs. The BPF sample with YBCO films on both sides of an MgO (100) substrate was fabricated, and their RF characteristics of the S parameters, the power, and 3rd IMD (IMD3) were examined. The filter sample exhibited an IMD3 value less than −70dBc at 10W input power, and was estimated the half volume of a conventional 4-pole MD BPF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a potentially treatable dementia and gait disorder with abnormal CSF dynamics. To investigate and characterize the changes in motor symptoms and CT and MRI features of iNPH before and after a shunt operation using specific evaluation criteria. We studied 17 definitive iNPH patients, diagnosed according to the clinical guidelines of both the Japanese Society of NPH and the International NPH Consultant Group, with ventricular enlargement (Evan’s index > 0.3) and narrowed CSF spaces at the high convexity on CT scan and /or MRI. The pre- and post-operative evaluation criteria for the gait and motor disturbances included the Japanese NPH Grading Scale-Revised (JNPHGSR), the Timed “Up and Go” test and the motor sections of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. For cognitive impairments, the JNPHGSR, Mini Mental State Examination, Frontal Assessment Battery and Trail Making Test were used. White matter lesions were rated from the CT and/or MRI using a validated visual rating scale. All patients showed specific CT and MRI findings, consisting of diffusely-dilated Sylvian fissure, as well as narrowed CSF space at the high convexity. Fifteen patients (88 %) showed white matter lesions on their CT or MRI images. These signs were ameliorated in all patients after the shunt operation. Evan’s index and the mean total scores on the visual scale for white matter lesions also improved significantly. Clinically, the patients had frequent parkinsonism (71 %), but relatively few had a history of either small-vessel diseases (29 %), hypertension (41 %) or diabetes (35 %). All patients showed gait disturbances, and these symptoms, including postural instability and body bradykinesia, improved significantly after the operation. Over half also showed signs of cognitive impairment and urinary incontinence, and all such symptoms and signs improved significantly. iNPH often appears as a shunt-responsive type of parkinsonism and reversible white matter lesions among the geriatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work concerns deeply bound charge centers in ultra thin high-k films. Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy was used to simultaneously image topology and electric force data arising from unscreened fixed charges. These charges were produced using synchrotron radiation to pump Si L and K shell transitions. Defect charging then results from electron transfer between a defect state and a core hole state. We were able to demonstrate the local detection of x-ray absorption spectra using the probe tip. This enabled us to establish a possible link between film morphology, electronic defects and local stoichiometry in ultra thin high-k films on the nm scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Observations show both a pronounced increase in ocean heat content (OHC) over the second half of the 20th century and substantial OHC variability on interannual-to-decadal time scales. Although climate models are able to simulate overall changes in OHC, they are generally thought to underestimate the amplitude of OHC variability. Using simulations of 20th century climate performed with 13 numerical models, we demonstrate that the apparent discrepancy between modeled and observed variability is largely explained by accounting for changes in observational coverage and instrumentation and by including the effects of volcanic eruptions. Our work does not support the recent claim that the 0- to 700-m layer of the global ocean experienced a substantial OHC decrease over the 2003 to 2005 time period. We show that the 2003–2005 cooling is largely an artifact of a systematic change in the observing system, with the deployment of Argo floats reducing a warm bias in the original observing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A mechanistic model which considers the mechanical non-equilibrium is described for two-phase choking flow. The choking mass flux is obtained from the momentum equation with the definition of choking. The key parameter for the mechanical non-equilibrium is a slip ratio. The dependent parameters for the slip ratio are identified. In this research, the slip ratio which is defined in the drift flux model is used to identify the impact parameters on the slip ratio. Because the slip ratio in the drift flux model is related to the distribution parameter and drift velocity, the adequate correlations depending on the flow regime are introduced in this study. In this mechanistic modeling approach, the choking mass flow rate is expressed by the function of pressure, quality and slip ratio. The developed model is evaluated by comparing with the air–water experimental data to eliminate the thermal effect. The comparison of predicted choking model for mechanical non-equilibrium with other experimental data in high quality region (up to 80%) is quite reasonable with a small error. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To investigate the electronic states of surface electron-trapping centers, Kelvin force microscopy with an X-ray source (X-KFM) was developed. An X-KFM signal with respect to the X-ray photon energy represents the X-ray absorption spectrum in a specific sample-bias condition, minimizing secondary electrons from bulk. The X-KFM signal is generated by photoionization of the surface trapping center under the probe, and this bias condition emphasizes the local information. The absorption spectrum of a trapping center on a Si wafer with native oxide was explained from a structural model proposed in a previous study: the trapping center is Si with insufficient O termination at the atomic step edge. The X-KFM image emphasized the electronic states intrinsic to the trapping center, enabling the chemical states on the sample surface to be mapped. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The mechanistic model, which considers the mechanical and thermal non-equilibrium, is described for two-phase choking flow. The choking mass flux is obtained from the momentum equation with the definition of choking. The key parameter for the mechanical non-equilibrium is a slip ratio. The dependent parameters for the slip ratio are identified. In this research, the slip ratio which is defined in the drift flux model is used to identify the impact parameters on the slip ratio. Because the slip ratio in the drift flux model is related to the distribution parameter and drift velocity, the adequate correlations depending on the flow regime are introduced in this study. For the thermal non-equilibrium, the model is developed with bubble conduction time and Bernoulli choking model. In case of highly subcooled water compared to the inlet pressure, the Bernoulli choking model using the pressure undershoot is used because there is no bubble generation in the test section. When the phase change happens inside the test section, two-phase choking model with relaxation time calculates the choking mass flux. According to the comparison of model prediction with experimental data shows good agreement. The developed model shows good prediction in both low and high pressure ranges. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Differences in cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in hepatitis C virus infection may account for the outcome of interferon monotherapy. To investigate this hypothesis, we analysed the response of peripheral CD8+ T cells that recognized epitopes presented by HLA-A*2402. We synthesized HLA/β2-microglobulin/peptide complexes using two epitopes. Production of interferon-γ by CD8+ T cells in response to plastic-bound monomeric HLA/peptide complex was observed frequently in sustained virus responders (SVR) ( n = 13) against all the peptides, NS31296–1304 (the percentage of responding patients, 61·5%) and core 129–137 (53·8%), while no interferon-γ production was observed in non-responders (NR) ( n = 13) for any of the peptides. Tetramer-staining showed the presence of CD8+ T cells specific for all the peptides except NS31296–1304 in two SVR at the end of interferon monotherapy, although hardly any such cells were found in four NR. Specific killing was observed against peptides NS31296–1304 (3/4) and core 129–137 (1/4) in sustained responders but none in non-responders. These results suggest that the responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced during interferon therapy in these patients and that interferon-γ production by CD8+ T lymphocytes against HCV NS31296–1304 and core 129–137 are well maintained in patients with SVR compared with those with NR. These findings emphasize the importance of the CD8+ T cell response in controlling HCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the hypothesis that lower serum sodium levels are associated with cardiovascular sequelae in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). We used the database of the 16th nationwide survey of KD in Japan. We investigated the distribution of serum soditmi levels and the relationship between serum sodium levels and cardiovascular sequelae. Of the reported cases, serum sodium levels were reported in 13.569 patients (89%). The proportion of patients with serum sodium levels 130 mEq/L or less, was greater in complete cases than in incomplete cases. The proportion of patients with serum sodium levels 130 mHq/L or less was increased with age. The largest proportion of patients with serum sodium levels 130 mEq/L or less was found in the category of 3–5 days since onset of illness. A serum sodium of level 135 mEq/L or less was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular sequelae (odds ratio, 1.79, 95% confidence interval, 1.42–2.26). Among patients with KD, there are significant differences in serum sodium levels between diagnostic categories, age, and days since the onset of illness. The sodium level may be a simple predictor of cardiovascular sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We encountered four patients with overt primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) which were histologically classified into stage 2 or 3. We examined the expression of stem cell factor (SCF), a ligand of c-kit, in injured bile ducts by immunohistochemistry, and mast cells were identified by immunohistochemistry using anti-HMCT (human mast cell tryptase) and anti-c-kit antibodies to clarify their relation with portal fibrosis coincident with destroyed bile ducts. SCF was detected in the epithelia of most bile ducts in PSC, and many HMCT- and c-kit-positive mast cells were found in portal tracts. Image analysis showed more significant numbers of c-kit-positive mast cells per area of portal tract in PSC than in chronic hepatitis C, and they might increase from stage 2 to 3. c-Kit-positive cells infiltrated into the portal tracts with SCF-positive destroyed bile ducts, and c-kit mast cells should be investigated in detail to make a role for portal fibrosis in PSC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawaterwere made in the Southern Ocean south of Australia during four cruises in January to February 1969, December 1983 to January 1984, December 1994 to January 1995 and January 2002. The spatial distribution offor the four cruises showed the same pattern north of the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), while year-to-year changes were noted south of the SAF. We evaluated the long-term trend of therepresentative of the zone between oceanographic fronts by taking into account changes in the seasonal variation inand the long-term increase of the sea-surface temperature (SST) of the Southern Hemisphere. The observed growth rate ofwas 0.7± 0.1μatm yr−1 at its minimum, which was observed at the SST of 15°C north of the Subtropical Front (STF), 1.0± 0.5μatm yr−1 in the Sub-Antarctic Zone (SAZ) between STF and SAF, 1.5± 0.4μatm yr−1 in the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) between SAF and the Polar Front (PF) and 1.8± 0.2μatm yr−1 in the Polar Zone (PZ) between PF and 62°S, determined as the northern edge of the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone (SSIZ) on the basis of surface salinity and satellite images. These increases were caused by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 as well as variations in the thermodynamic temperature effect, ocean transport and biological activity. In the SSIZ between 62 and 66.5°S, we could not clearly evaluate the long-term trend ofdue to the remarkable CO2 drawdown due to biological activity in January 2002. The relatively low growth rates ofclose to the STF and in the SAZ are probably associated with the formation of Subtropical Mode Water and Sub-Antarctic Mode Water in their respective zones. Between the north of the STF and the PZ, the growth rate of total dissolved inorganic carbon was calculated to be about 0.5–0.8μmol kg−1 yr−1 via the buffer factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The luminescence property of Ce-doped oxide glass having B and Li with large absorption coefficient for neutron was investigated by optical transmittance, alpha particle, and neutron irradiation. The light output of the B2O3–Li2O:CeO2 glass system increased with the increase in B2O3 and CeO2. It was observed that the decay time which showed composition dependence varied in the range 30–45ns. Although the light output by neutron irradiation is 9.2% of Li-glass, low density and high neutron absorption with short decay time make this new boron-based glass scintillator useful for neutron detection. (c) 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children 6 years and older and to determine whether age is a risk factor for cardiovascular abnormalities. METHODS: Patients who had KD and were reported between 1999 and 2000 in the 16th nationwide survey of KD in Japan (n = 15,314) were analyzed. Patients who were aged 6 years or older (older group) were matched with patients who were aged 6 months to 3 years and were treated at the same hospital (younger groups). The total number of analyzed patients was 1498 (749 matched pairs). RESULTS: The proportion of complete KD in the older group was similar to that in the younger group. Recurrent cases in the older group were significantly more common than those in the younger group (9% vs 2%). The proportion of patients who were treated with intravenous gamma-globulin in the older group was significantly lower than that in the younger group (82% vs 87%). The proportion of older group patients who were treated with intravenous gamma-globulin at or after 7 days of illness was significantly higher than that in the younger group (35% vs 14%). There was a higher prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in the older group than in the younger group (20% vs 15%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular sequelae (odds ratio: 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.46). CONCLUSIONS: In children older than 6 years, age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular sequelae in KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium tetraborate single crystal doped with Cu seems to be a promising new material for neutron detection. With the presence of Li and B, both having large cross section for neutron capture, efficient neutron detection is expected with high-energy deposits. In the present work, we chose 14 different dopants from Ia, Ib, IIIa, IVa and Va groups in the periodic table besides the rare earth Ce ion. The crystals were grown to a size of 20 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length by vertical Bridgman method. The grown crystals were characterized by optical transmittance and excitation–emission studies. Transmittance and emission characteristics of Ce-doped lithium borate glass are also reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An adiabatic, air–water, co-current, vertically downward bubbly flow was studied to gain a better understanding of interfacial structures and flow characteristics. The experimental test sections were round pipes with internal diameters of 25.4 and 50.8 mm. Flow regime map was obtained using characteristic signals obtained from an impedance void meter, and a neural network-based identification methodology to minimize the subjective judgment in determining the flow regimes. A four-sensor conductivity probe was used to measure the local two-phase flow parameters that characterize the interfacial structures. The parameters measured were: void fraction, interfacial area concentration, bubble velocity, and bubble Sauter mean diameter. Furthermore, a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) system was used to measure local axial liquid velocity and turbulence. The local profiles of these parameters as well as their axial development revealed the nature of the interfacial structures and the bubble interaction mechanisms occurring in the flow. Based on previous study of interfacial area transport for upward flows, the interfacial area transport equation applicable to downward flow was developed with certain modifications in bubble interaction terms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, a pathway for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation, is reviewed with special emphasis on the biochemistry of CO2 fixing enzymes in Acidianus brierleyi, a thermophilic and acidophilic archeon. In the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, two enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase, catalyze CO2 fixation. It has been shown in A. brierleyi, and subsequently in Metallosphaera sedula, that acetyl-CoA carboxylase is promiscuous, acting equally well on acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. The subunit structure of the acyl-CoA carboxylase was shown to be α4β4γ4. Gene cloning revealed that the genes encoding the three subunits are adjacent to each other. accC encodes the β-subunit (59 kDa subunit, biotin carboxylase subunit), accB encodes the γ-subunit (20 kDa subunit, biotin carboxyl carrier protein), and pccB encodes the α-subunit (62 kDa subunit, carboxyltransferase subunit). Sequence analyses showed that accC and accB are co-transcribed and that pccB is transcribed separately. Potential biotechnological applications for the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of human saliva on the antimicrobial effect of a tissue conditioner containing an antibiotic agent, silver–zeolite. Samples of each tissue conditioner with or without silver–zeolite were prepared and a plastic disk was used as a control. Candida albicans and nosocomial respiratory infection-causing bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Streptococcus milleri group ( S. constellatus and S. intermedius), were selected as test microorganisms. Antimicrobial effects of samples after water or saliva immersion for 28 days were evaluated by counting the number of viable cells [colony forming unit (CFU)] in each microbial suspension (100 μL). All data were statistically analysed by one-way anova and Bonferroni's test ( P < 0·05). The antimicrobial effects of samples with silver–zeolite immersed in saliva against C. albicans, S. aureus and MRSA were observed while CFU of P. aeruginosa indicated no significant difference from that of the control. As for the S. milleri group, its CFU after saliva immersion showed the significantly smaller value than that of the control. It is concluded that the antimicrobial effects of samples containing silver–zeolite against all tested microbes except for P. aeruginosa and the S. milleri group are not influenced by saliva immersion for 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of the simplified boiling water reactor (SBWR-1200) is characterized by utilizing fully passive safety systems. The emergency core cooling is realized by the gravity driven core cooling system, and the decay heat removal is done by the passive containment cooling system and isolation condenser system. All of the systems have multiple units and could be partially failed. The objective of this paper is to analyze the system response under the multiple malfunctions of passive safety systems in the SBWR-1200.The chosen accident scenario is a small break loss of coolant accident with one of three gravity driven core cooling system drain lines blocked and one of three passive containment cooling system condensers disabled. An integral test has been carried out in the PUMA facility for 16 h. The facility is designed for low pressure, long term cooling operation with the multiple safety related components; therefore, it has the flexibility to demonstrate the asymmetric or multiple-failure effects with the combination of disability of safety systems. The test initial conditions at 1 MPa (150 psi) are obtained from RELAP5/MOD3.2 code simulation for the SBWR-1200 with appropriate scaling considerations.Comparisons have been first made between the multiple-failure test and a single-failure test preformed previously. It shows that the core has been covered with liquid coolant during all of accident transient even though there is an apparent coolant inventory reduction in the multiple-failure test. The decay heat removal has no significant difference because the remaining two passive containment cooling condensers increase their cooling capacities, and even the drywell pressure is slightly lower due to the cold water injection from the suppression pool. Comparisons have also been made between the scaled-up test data and the code simulation at the prototypic level. The prototypic simulation is done by RELAP5/MOD3.2. Agreements between the code simulation and the scaled-up test data confirm the code applicability and the facility scalability for this accident scenario. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

t. c. vessoni penna, m. ishii, o. cholewa and l.c. de souza. 2004. The thermal stability of isolated and extracted recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) was evaluated by analysing the loss of fluorescence intensity. GFPuv was expressed by Escherichia coli, extracted by the three-phase partitioning method and purified by elution through an hydrophobic interaction column. The collected fractions were further diluted in Tris–HCl–EDTA (pH 8.0) and subjected to continuous heating at set temperatures (45–95°C). From a standard curve relating fluorescence intensity to GFPuv concentration, the loss of fluorescence intensity was converted to denatured GFPuv concentration ( μg ml−1). To determine the extent of the thermal stability of GFPuv, decimal reduction times ( D-values), z-value and energy of activation ( Ea) were calculated. For temperatures between 45 and 70°C, extracted native GFPuv activity decreased from 11 to 75% relative to initial native protein concentration above 70°C, the average decrease in GFPuv fluorescence was between 72 to 83%. The thermal stability of GFPuv provides the basis for its potential utility as a fluorescent biological indicator to assess the efficacy of the treatment of liquids and materials exposed to steam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. To elucidate the determining factors for elimination pathways of sulfate and glucuronide metabolites of xenobiotics, a single-pass perfusion of 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) or p -nitrophenol (pNP) was performed with an isolated rat liver preparation. 2. Without bovine serum albumin in the perfusion system, clearance calculated based on the unbound concentration in the liver clearly showed that the net efflux clearances (CL eff ) of sulfates from the sinusoidal membrane were much higher than those of glucuronides and that the biliary excretion clearances (CL b ) of glucuronides were approximately two times larger than those of sulfates. 3. The ratios of CL eff to CL b were much higher for sulfates than those for glucuronides. The bile-oriented elimination of glucuronides or sinusoidal efflux-oriented elimination of sulfates was observed even using the perfusate including 3% bovine serum albumin, but the sinusoidal efflux of sulfates was extensively enhanced by bovine serum albumin in the perfusate. The mechanisms behind this stimulatory effect remain to be elucidated. 4. For both compounds, CL b of glucuronide was comparable with CL b of sulfate, meaning that CL b is not responsible for the biliary excretion of glucuronides at extensively higher rate than sulfates. 5. Higher concentration of glucuronides in the liver, partly caused by much lower CL eff of glucuronides than that of sulfates, is likely responsible for the bile-oriented excretion of glucuronides. The extensive sinusoidal efflux of sulfates, leading to the urine-oriented excretion, is attributed to the substantially higher CL eff than CL b . 6. In conclusion, the sinusoidal efflux is an important factor for determining elimination pathways of both sulfates and glucuronides, although further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of the sinusoidal efflux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium tetra borate (Li2B4O7, LBO) single crystals with Cu as dopant have been grown by the vertical Bridgman method. A special crucible arrangement with three separate crucibles welded together was used for the crystal growth. Cu2O was added at different concentrations varying in the range 0.0025–0.1 wt%. The grown crystals were cut and polished for observation under optical and scanning electron microscopes. Optical micrograph showed presence of voids, which propagate along the growth direction. Scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer showed segregation of Cu in these voids, which might be due to constitutional supercooling. Optical transmittance measured across 5 mm thick samples indicated that the absorption around 240 nm increased with the increase in Cu concentration. Excitation–emission measurement was carried out to estimate peak emission and excitation wavelengths. The dependence of Cu concentration in LBO on the emission intensity has also been evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In developing hard disk drives, it is necessary to keep lubricant as thick as possible during operations. For this purpose, we studied lubricant loss under different-shape contact-sliders on thin-film magnetic disks by using transparent-pin sliding tests with a built-in ellipsometer. We compared sliding pins with spherical, flat circle, flat square, and double-flat-rail surfaces.We found that lubricant loss was smaller under flat pins than under the spherical pin, and the smallest under the double-flat-rail pin among flat sliders. The results show that the horizontal and vertical shapes of sliders must carefully be selected for contact recording systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examined the effects of a ten-session cognitive-behavioural stress management/expressive supportive therapy (CBSM+) intervention on adherence to antiretroviral medication. Although the intervention was not designed to influence adherence, it was theorized that improved coping and social support could enhance adherence. Women with AIDS (N = 174) in Miami, New York and New Jersey, USA, were randomized to a group CBSM+ intervention or individual control condition. Participants were African American (55%), Latina (18%) and Caribbean (18%) with drug (55%) and/or alcohol (32%) histories. Participants were assessed on self-reported medication adherence over seven days, HIV-related coping strategies and beliefs regarding HIV medication. Baseline overall self-reported adherence rates were moderate and related to coping strategies and HIV medication beliefs. Low adherent (80%) participants in the intervention condition increased their mean self-reported medication adherence (30.4% increase, t44 = 3.1, p < 0.01), whereas low adherent women in the control condition showed a non-significant trend (19.6% increase, t44 = 2.0, p > 0.05). The intervention did not improve adherence in this population; conditions did not differ significantly on self-reported adherence. Low adhering intervention participants significantly decreased levels of denial-based coping (F1,88 = 5.97, p < 0.05). Results suggest that future interventions should utilize group formats and address adherence using coping and medication-knowledge focused strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a companion paper, mechanistic models of major fluid particle interaction phenomena involving two bubble groups have been proposed. The prediction of interfacial area concentration evolution using the one-dimensional two-group transport equation and evaluation with experimental results are performed in the paper. These evaluations are based on solid databases for a 2-inch air–water loop with sufficient information on the axial development and the radial distribution of the local parameters. Model evaluation strategies are systematically analyzed. The predictions for the interfacial area concentration evolution demonstrate satisfactory accuracy. The proposed model predicts a smooth transition across the bubbly-to-slug flow regime boundary and demonstrates mechanisms for the generation and development of the cap/slug bubble group. The two-group interfacial area transport equation covers a wide range from bubbly, slug, to churn turbulent flow regimes for adiabatic air–water upward flow in moderate diameter pipes. The generality of the interfacial transport model is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prediction of the dynamical evolution of interfacial area concentration is one of the most challenging tasks in two-fluid model application. This paper is focused on developing theoretical models for interfacial area source and sink terms for a two-group interfacial area transport equation. Mechanistic models of major fluid particle interaction phenomena involving two bubble groups are proposed, including the shearing-off of small bubbles from slug/cap bubbles, the wake entrainment of spherical/distorted bubble group into slug/cap bubble group, the wake acceleration and coalescence between slug/cap bubbles, and the breakup of slug/cap bubbles due to turbulent eddy impacts. The existing one-group interaction terms are extended in considering the generation of cap bubbles, as well as different parametric dependences when these terms are applied to the slug flow regime. The complete set of modeling equations is closed and continuously covers the bubbly flow, slug flow, and churn-turbulent flow regimes. Prediction of the interfacial area concentration evolution using a one-dimensional two-group transport equation and evaluation with experimental results are described in a companion paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reports that bioluminescence sensor systems were developed for monitoring environmental mercury contamination. How the biological mercury measurement sensor systems were constructed by DNA recombination technique; Use of a bacterial mercury-resistant operon (mer operon) from Pseudomonas sp. K-6y4 and a bacterial bioluminescence operon (lux operon) from an ocean bacterium Vibrio fischeri which were fused in a vector plasmid.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between the plasma levels of soluble forms of the selectin family and the incidence of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods: Thirty-three patients with KD, including group A patients (n = 22) who had no CALs and group B patients (n = 11) who had CALs, as well as age-matched febrile (n = 10) and afebrile controls (n = 11), were studied.Results: Peak plasma E-selectin levels (172.0 +/- 58.6 ng ml(-1)) occurred during the acute phase of KD, while peak plasma P-selectin levels (260.3 +/- 43.2 ng ml(-1)) occurred during the subacute phase of the illness (p<0.05). Plasma L-selectin levels (1757.3 +/- 244.3 ng ml(-1)) during the convalescent phase tended to be higher than in either the acute or the subacute phase (not significant). Before intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, the plasma levels of E- (225.1 +/- 46.8 ng ml(-1)) and P-selectin (259.4 +/- 76.2 ng ml(-1)) of patients with CALs (n = 11) were significantly higher than those of patients (n = 22) with no CALs (E-selectin, 131.6 +/- 36.9 ng ml(-1); P-selectin, 184.9 +/- 84.6 ng ml(-1); p < 0.05). When a plasma E-selectin value before immunoglobulin treatment of >184.7 ng ml(-1) was used as the cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity for the incidence of CALs were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the relationship between plasma levels of selectins and disease severity of Kawasaki vasculitis.Conclusion: Higher plasma levels of E-selectin may have potential as a predictor of the incidence of coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfacial structure of the two-phase flows is of great importance in view of theoretical modeling and practical applications. In the present study, the focus is made on obtaining detailed local two-phase flow parameters in the air–water bubbly flow in an adiabatic rectangular vertical duct using the double-sensor conductivity probe. The characteristic wall peak is observed in the profiles of the interfacial area concentration and the void fraction. The development of the interfacial area concentration along the axial direction of the flow is studied in view of the interfacial area transport and bubble interactions. The experimental data is compared with the drift flux model with C0=1.35. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]