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Electric micromobility vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in urban transport because they can reduce the high dependency on cars as a means of passenger transport, which contributes to increased levels of air pollution and congestion in many cities and on major transport routes. While e-mobility alternatives reduce negative environmental impacts, some studies have shown that this depends on the mode of transport that users choose to change. While these sustainable means of transport have clear benefits, most European countries are still struggling to integrate electric scooters into the transport ecosystem. Given the difficulties with integration mentioned above, our exploratory research aimed to find out whether and to what extent there is a significant correlation between the place of living and the use of electric scooters. We also investigated whether the use of electric scooters is affected by the availability of other micromobility devices in the area. The results demonstrate that neither the location of living space nor the availability of other mobility devices significantly influences user decisions to use electric scooters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use the five principal dimensions of the 2020 International Digital Economy and Society Index (I-DESI) to measure digital development, but instead of using the European Commission's subjective scoring model to rank countries, we apply objective grouping methods from decision theory and multivariate statistics. The grouping is done using the Tiered Data Envelopment Analysis (TDEA) approach, the stepwise Pareto efficiency approach (via the Hasse diagram) and finally the k-means clustering algorithm. The results of these three methods are then evaluated using Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficients. The TDEA and Hasse methods produce essentially identical results, but the clusters are not too dissimilar either. Hungary's position is best according to the k-means clustering, which places it in the middle of the pack, but the other methods place it in the bottom half, along with other members of the V4 group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors present a firm-level digital development indicator inspired by the European Commission’s Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). This index was developed using an entropy-based objective weighting method based on a representative survey of 2500 firms. The index comprises five principal dimensions with the aim to evaluate the digital applications used by companies, their access to digital tools and infrastructure and the related skills (devices and network access; ICT skills and knowledge; general/external applications; specific/internal applications; use of digital public services). In addition to presenting the main dimensions, subdimensions and their entropy-based weights, the authors also analyse the relationships between firm size and digital dimensions using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Their results show that the effect of firm size will be significant for ICT skills and knowledge, general external applications and specific internal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analysed the scientific performance of Hungarian researchers in economics and management, based on freely available data from the Scopus and SciVal databases. The study had three foci. First, it aimed to determine the linear statistical relationship between the available criteria taken from the databases and reduce the number of criteria. The issue was decided by examining the extent to which researchers’ publications are included in economic journals through multicollinearity, correlation calculation, and principal component analysis. Second, it aimed to establish the causal relationship between performance variables from the two databases through partial correlation calculation. Third, it revealed the typical groups of researchers so that Hungarian economics researchers could be characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University rankings in the world were created with the aim of measuring the performance and quality of higher education institutions. These lists provide support for applicants to the higher education market and can be important sources of information for decision-makers in individual states on how each country's institutions are performing in the field of international scientific competitiveness. In this study, the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2021 is selected by the authors to examine the ranked universities based on statistical variables that are obtained from Elsevier's Scopus and SciVal databases. Thus, their aim is not ranking but the multivariate statistical analysis of the ranking criteria and the QS-ranked universities' statistical variables. The results show that Scopus/SciVal data can be used to examine not only researchers but also universities. The results also show a high degree of similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to benchmark the digital development of Hungary vis-à-vis other countries of the European Union, using the five principal dimensions of the digital economy and society index (DESI), but replacing the European Commission's subjective scoring model (which is built on an arbitrary weighting system) with more objective ranking methods that are based on the statistical properties of the dataset. The countries are ranked with DEA-type composite indicators and TOPSIS (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) methods of decision theory, and the two rankings are compared, with a particular emphasis on the place of Hungary amongst the countries of the European Union. The main advantage of these ranking methods over the traditional data envelopment analysis is that they do not require data transformation, even if data only contain output criteria (to be maximised). According to the authors' results, Hungary is ranked among the second tertile of the countries in the European Union, and can be considered a medium performing country in terms of its digital development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the publication performance of economics and management researchers in Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia) based on their 2009-2018 publications included in the Scopus database. It seeks to answer two questions: What does the Central and Eastern European economic research community consider to be the key factors of a successful publishing strategy? What criteria can be used to group researchers in terms of their publication performance? Using a 449-item dataset, six analyses are performed to examine the relationships between the seven variables that characterize publication performance. The results shed light on the criteria of excellence in the publication performance of Central and Eastern European economics and management researchers, as well as their ranking position. According to the authors, the bridge to global competition in higher education is already 'visible', however, it still appears to be too far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation of small and medium-sized enterprises is an important topic in literature, and a large number of publications have examined their characteristics from various aspects. This study analyses the extent to which buyers (consumers) are able to integrate environmental factors into their purchasing activities. A lot of similar papers discuss this topic; however, they mainly focus on the characteristics of large companies. The authors' purpose is to explore the differences between the practice of small and medium-sized enterprises and that of large companies. Their analysis is based on a domestic questionnaire survey database. First, VIF (variance inflation factor) is used to filter out the collinear variables and then factor analysis is performed for the remaining ones. Finally, the relationships between the variables are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the five principal dimensions of DESI (digital economy and society index) published by the European Commission, with multivariate statistical methods. Firstly, the linear relations between the dimensions are examined through simple Pearson and partial correlation analyses and factor analysis, and their possible causal relations are evaluated. Then using cluster analysis and MDS (multidimensional scaling), the EU member states are grouped based on their DESI data. Finally, the five dimensions of DESI are reduced to one (to be displayed on a number line) with MDS to rank the EU countries and compare the results with the European Commission's ranking. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the dimensions of DESI have not yet been systematically investigated in the literature by mathematical-statistical methods, hence their study attempts to fill this gap. The results allow one to evaluate the robustness of the official DESI-based country ranking and verify the European Commission's assertion that the five principal dimensions of DESI are 'not isolated areas that contribute separately to digital development but are in fact interconnected'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striving for sustainable development has become one of the defining issues of today. Over the impending years, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will confront the reality that their responsiveness to sustainability issues plays a pivotal role in their competitiveness and enduring viability. Understanding the stakeholders and transforming their needs is a critical part of the corporate sustainability strategy. In our questionnaire-based research, we explore the potential relationship between sustainability pressures emanating from six scrutinized stakeholders within SMEs. Respectively, our investigation seeks to delineate variable groups based on perceived sustainability pressures. Considering the results of the optimal scaling and the multidimensional scaling, the stakeholders exert pressure on SMEs to various degrees and in different ways, facilitating their categorization. Strategic prioritization by company managers becomes imperative, differentiating between those emphasizing legal compliance, social values, and considerations of the competitive landscape and financial decisions. Our results provide a basis for Hungarian SMEs to determine which stakeholders' sustainability pressure is the most effective and relevant for their company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each discipline's leaders are responsible for determining the milestones of the scientific careers in that certain discipline; during this work the measurement is just as important as the discourse surrounding the results. Statisztikai Szemle has recently opened an academic discussion in determining the requirements for publishing in domestic habilitation processes in economics. In the study, a method of mathematical statistics is used to process previous publications of those who have habilitated in Hungary and comparison between international higher education practices also takes place. The opinions of the leaders of Hungarian doctoral economic schools regarding habilitation are considered to closely examine the policy and regulatory environment, and the scientific performance of the Central and Eastern European regions. The future of the institutions of habilitation is determined based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Hungarian higher education in social sciences, and within that in business and management sciences, business informatics, and economic sciences, researchers and lecturers being in their 40s show a strong habilitation demand. Professors of the future apply to the doctoral schools one after the other to initiate a habilitation procedure. However, the explicit habilitation requirements, especially the minimum publication and citation criteria, have been set so far only in a few doctoral schools. The paper reviews the habilitation regulations (the publication requirements) of the Hungarian universities having doctoral programs, and examines the results in the international context. Such knowledge may help in the field of economic and management sciences to elaborate a competitive assessment methodology that is based on international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents and empirically tests a special repetitive trust game. The game distinguishes three trust-related terms: trust, trustworthiness, and reliability. Both trust and trustworthiness are interpreted as a flow type of concepts that can be captured and investigated through the specific movements and actions made by the partners in the game. Reliability is conceptualized as a stock type phenomenon and reflects the perceived level of the trustor toward his/her partner, the trustee. The authors’ special repetitive trust game consists of ten iterations. Anonymous pairs are created, and the perceived level of reliability is directly measured through 10 rounds of the game. The game is also featured by its cumulative character. It means that through the 10 rounds, the amount of the previous iterations can be reinvested. This game design is used for testing the core hypothesis: the actions of the partners of a pair in the game - and the related level of trust and trustworthiness (flow concepts) - depend on the perceived levels of reliability (stock). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to examine the mathematical statistics foundations of dyadic data analysis. In a former study, it was investigated whether the dyadic data analysis significantly contributes to traditional statistical analysis and provides surplus in understanding statistical phenomenon, or not. Further, the authors try to correct some of the mathematical structures of dyadic data analysis. The theoretical critics are supplemented by empirical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the results of a work team assigned by the Doctoral Council of the Corvinus University of Budapest in the spring of 2015. In the paper, the authors, who were charged with laying down the minimum scientific requirements for a possible beginning of a habilitation procedure, investigate the scientific results of formerly habilitated and active scholars at the Corvinus University of Budapest. To do so, methods of multivariate statistical analysis such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the results of a work team assigned by the Doctoral Council of the Corvinus University of Budapest in the spring of 2015. In the paper, the authors, who were charged with laying down the minimum scientific requirements for a possible beginning of a habilitation procedure, investigate the scientific results of formerly habilitated and active scholars at the Corvinus University of Budapest. To do so, methods of multivariate statistical analysis such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Network Readiness Index (NRI) is an aggregate index that measures countries' digital development and the economic and social impact of digital transformation. This study aims to characterise the relationships between the 12 sub-pillars of the NRI using multivariate statistical tools. First, we perform a simple correlation analysis on the sub-pillars to identify linear relationships between variables. We then perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to map our data into a lower dimensional space and analyse the causal relationships among the sub-pillars using partial correlation coefficients. After examining the variables, we use cluster analysis to form homogeneous groups of the 130 countries in the database. The results of our tests show that the 12 sub-pillars are highly correlated, and their information content can be reproduced with relatively little loss of information using only two latent variables. The cluster analysis results show significant differences in digital development and competitiveness among EU member states, with the Nordic and Western countries at the global forefront, while the Balkan countries are more in line with middleincome and (better performing) developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management decisions often have an environmental effect not just within the company, but outside as well, this is why supply chain context is highlighted in literature. Measuring environmental issues of supply decisions raise a lot of problems from methodological and practical point of view. This inspires a rapidly growing literature as a lot of studies were published focusing on how to incorporate environmental issues into supplier evaluation. This paper contributes to this stream of research as it develops a method to help weight selection. In the authors' paper the method of Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) is used to study the extension of traditional supplier selection methods with environmental factors. The selection of the weight system can control the result of the selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, with the development and extensive spreading of the internet and digitalization, society is experiencing positive effects that influence all aspects of life. The study analyses a ‘young’ Olympic sport, using new data that could not have been imagined before. It is of utmost importance for the sport, since finding a sport novelty is essential for its subsistence and development. Thanks to digitalisation, we have examined the results of (n=125) wall climbers who used the revolutionised Clift smart climbing wall system in different climbing gyms. The measured data of the smart climbing wall are stored in the secure Clift Cloud. The collection of data was effected from this data base. Statistical tests (SPSS 26) examined the role and importance of variables from the aspect of the sport development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyse the dimensions of the international digital and society index (I-DESI) prepared by the European Commission using multivariate statistical methods. The distinction between EU (European Union) member states and non-EU countries states is examined through discriminant analysis and the means are compared by analysis of variance. Correlation between dimensions is studied by Pearson and partial correlation coefficients, and the relationships between dimensions are plotted on a causal chain. The five dimensions are traced back to two main components using factor analysis, and interpreted compared to the previous year's data. Outliers are rated with Mahalanobis distances. Countries are then grouped using a hierarchical cluster analysis. The results support the European Commission's view of the close link between the dimensions of the digital economy and no evidence of a significant difference is found between EU member states and non-EU actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our paper, we benchmark the digital development of Russia against the countries of the European Union, based on the five principal dimensions of the International Digi- tal Economy and Society Index (I-DESI). We analyse the relationships and redundancy between these dimensions and group the 29 countries in our data set with multivariate statistical methods, highlighting the position of Russia. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to reveal two latent components and causal relationships between our five main dimensions are examined with partial correlation analysis. Then cluster analysis is used to group the 29 countries and their position on the plane of the two components is explored with multidimensional scaling (MDS). According to our results, although Russia is a moderately developed country in terms of its digital development, its development path seems to stand out from that of its EU counterparts, owing to its unique geographic and economic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology is unlocking unprecedented growth opportunities in the sports industry, offering the chance to bring competitors and fans closer to the world of sport through innovative and personalised experiences. The sporting landscape is undergoing a particularly rapid and bold transformation through digital technology, and the rise of smartphones and tablets can contribute to the evolution of sport. However, to fully exploit the potential, sports organisations, sports managers and sports professionals will need a digital switchover. Digital analytics will enable a better understanding of sports services, attracting fans, engaging sponsors, sharing information and developing business models. Our research investigates the characteristics of the development of a new Olympic sport in the field of wall climbing among young adults, an innovation that will move sport services in a new direction and on a new footing by developing an innovative training methodology. New performance indicators such as climbing speed and research on active-passive climbing time will contribute to a more efficient and faster development path for athletes. Special Clift grip sensors, which can be installed under the artificial grips on the back of the wall, can measure both the time and length of the grip, as well as distinguish the load of the grip from the touch. The results of the research put the Clift wall climbing service at the forefront of sports development worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]