Search

The article introduces John T. Jost, a prominent psychologist, who received the SPSSI's Kurt Lewin Award in 2023 for his groundbreaking theoretical contributions challenging established beliefs in psychology and social science. Jost's work on system justification theory and political conservatism has reshaped social psychological thinking, leading to extensive empirical research and significant scholarly impact. His theories have sparked debates and investigations worldwide, highlighting the importance of questioning conventional wisdom and promoting intellectual and experimental honesty in scientific inquiry. Jost's innovative ideas have influenced a new wave of research in political psychology and social cognition, emphasizing the need for critical examination of societal norms and beliefs. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Evidence is mounting that the biopsychosocial paradigm is more accurate and useful than the biomedical paradigm of care. Habits of thought can hinder the implementation of this knowledge into daily care strategies. To understand and lessen these potential barriers, we asked: 1) What is the relative implicit and explicit attitudes of musculoskeletal surgeons towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms of medicine? 2) What surgeon factors are associated with these attitudes? Methods: An online survey-based experiment was distributed to members of the Science of Variation Group (SOVG) with a total of 163 respondents. Implicit bias towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) designed by our team using open-source software; explicit preferences were measured using ordinal scales. Results: On average, surgeons demonstrated a moderate implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm (d-score: -0.21; Interquartile range [IQR]: -0.56 to 0.19) and a moderate explicit preference towards the biopsychosocial paradigm (mean: 14; standard deviation: 14). A greater implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm was associated with male surgeons (d-score: -0.30; IQR: -0.57 to 0.14; P = 0.005). A greater explicit preference towards the biomedical paradigm was independently associated with a European practice location (Regression coefficient: -9.1; 95% CI: -14 to -4.4; P <0.001) and trauma subspecialty (RC: -6.2; 95% CI: -11 to -1.0; P <0.001). Conclusions: The observation that surgeons have an implicit bias favoring the biomedical paradigm might inform strategies for implementation of care strategies based on evidence favoring the biopsychosocial paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of celebrities on microblog browsing behaviours among Chinese college students, specifically analyzing implicit attitudes and recognition processes for both celebrity and non-celebrity microblog pages. Data were collected from 89 Chinese university students using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a recognition scoring test. employing a 2 (frequent users vs. non-frequent users) × 2 (celebrity microblogs vs. non-celebrity microblogs) mixed factorial design. Results indicate a significant preference for celebrity microblog pages, evidenced by more positive implicit attitudes and higher recognition scores compared to those for non-celebrity pages. Furthermore, frequent users demonstrated enhanced recognition, which suggests a significant celebrity effect. The study revealed the underlying automatic preference of college students for celebrities in their microblogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this phenomenological case study was to examine music education majors' lived experience of negotiating cultural differences in an international choral trip from the US to China. Eight music education majors from a music college in the eastern U.S. participated in this study. I collected three types of data describing their cultural exchange experience: participants' daily journals, and the research assistant's observation notes during the trip, and a series of focus group interviews after the trip. Through the process of epoché, phenomenological reduction, horizontalization, and structural synthesis, four themes emerged: (a) Explicit knowledge acceptance by superficial cultural engagement, (b) Elatedness over common musical characteristics, (c) Implicit othering attitude, and (d) Moments of self-reflexivity. In the essence of their cultural interactions, participants experienced dialectic tension between musical similarities and differences, surficial and deep cultural engagement, universal and non-universal consideration, and their centrality toward self and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the language practices maintained by speakers of two minoritised languages: Emilian and Esperanto. Esperanto is seemingly maintaining itself more successfully than Emilian and can therefore serve as an insightful point of comparison. The aim of this study is to quantify spaces of language use and attitudes towards each language to investigate the following: (i) spaces of language use and (ii) explicit language attitudes in the two communities, and (iii) the relationship between spaces, language attitudes and self-reported competence. We administered an online sociolinguistic questionnaire over the summer of 2020, collecting 468 responses for Emilian and 154 for Esperanto. Results from Bayesian linear models suggest that the relationship between language attitudes and competence is modulated by spaces of use: at lower proportions of spaces of use, language attitudes are more positively correlated with language competence, while at higher proportions of spaces of use, the relationship between attitude and competence is reduced. Although Emilian is maintained in fewer spaces than Esperanto, we observe that it is still used in local spaces. We propose that creating spaces for users of minoritised languages like Emilian could engender higher levels of language competence and hence language maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic children are frequently taught in mainstream schools, and in Scotland, policy aims for inclusion. This study investigated Scottish educators’ implicit and explicit attitudes towards autistic children and aimed to understand the relationships between attitudes, knowledge and experience. Seventy primary school educators working in Scotland took part. Participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to assess implicit attitudes. They also completed two explicit attitude measures (openness to autism and cognitive attitudes), and measures of knowledge and level of contact. Overall, participants held positive attitudes in explicit attitude measures. Around half had positive implicit attitudes, but a quarter had either neutral or negative implicit attitudes. There were correlations between explicit attitudes, age and years of experience, with older, more experienced staff having more negative attitudes. Young educators with less experience may have more positive attitudes, perhaps reflecting societal changes in perceptions of autism. In regression analyses, greater autism knowledge predicted more positive cognitive attitudes towards autistic children, suggesting that targeting knowledge may improve attitudes. Scotland’s policies may have the potential to support the effective inclusion of autistic pupils in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Dialogical Self Theory, there is a multiplicity of I-positions within the self in a dialogical relationship. Psychodrama refers to these positions as inner parts within the self. We propose an integration of both to create an intervention centered on unscripted intrapersonal role-playing of the I-positions for the purpose of meaning-making. We want less dominant or silenced I-positions to be heard and included in the dialogue. We illustrate this approach with a group of 24 adult participants who engaged in a reflective dialogue process to potentially change their attitudes and perspectives toward an exemplary topic of technological advancement. A mixed-method approach is applied to investigate the potential benefits of this intervention. In pre-and post-intervention, a questionnaire is used to gather self-reported attitudes with Likert-scale and open-ended questions to assess explicit attitudes and perspectives related to our exemplary case. We used a statistical test and thematic analysis to compare the results before and after the intervention. The qualitative results show a shift in perspectives. However, the quantitative results do not show statistical significance regarding attitude change. Furthermore, integrating quantitative and qualitative results shows a convergence of the findings in one group of participants while divergence in the other. Despite these results, the proposed interventional approach promises various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of e‐cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short‐ and long‐term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e‐cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e‐cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e‐cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e‐cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E‐cigarette use was predicted by e‐cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention–behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e‐cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e‐cigarettes or control over using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between three types of norms, two types of green purchase attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and the intention to visit green hotels. An integrated theoretical framework was used in this study based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of 409 questionnaires were collected for analysis followed by subsequent empirical testing of the postulated hypotheses, which was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The results suggest that subjective norm positively influences personal norm, implicit attitude, explicit attitude, and intention. Personal norm, implicit attitude, explicit attitude, and PBC positively influence intention, respectively, while descriptive norm negatively influences intention. Furthermore, personal norm, implicit attitude, and explicit attitude were shown to partially mediate the relationship between subjective norm and intention to visit green hotels. This study expanded the TPB model by incorporating descriptive norm, intrinsic attitude, extrinsic attitude, and personal norm in the model to provide a better understanding of green hotel selection. The expanded TPB model will assist in clarifying the roles of the different types of attitudes and norms, and helps to determine the direct and indirect effect of each variable on customers' decision to visit green hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work on implicit attitude measures has become increasingly rich and nuanced, with much theoretical development emanating from investigations of the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude measures. However, various facets of implicit-explicit discrepancies (IEDs) remain underexplored – particularly, how prevalent the potentially distinct categories of IEDs are. Existing models speak mainly to discrepancies that occur because explicit attitudes are less prejudiced than implicit attitudes and tends to assume other possible categories are trivial. Using data from two large samples, this study provides a descriptive analysis of the different ways IEDs exist regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. Results suggest IEDs exist largely in line with traditional theories, but there is substantial variation yet to be understood. These results were robust across a variety of measures, although decision-making in the construction of measures can be consequential. Future research should consider this variation in theory development regarding implicit versus explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most sports are constitutive of the masculine identity, and these explicit gender perceptions influence sport participation. Less is known about implicit gender perceptions in sport, which may be instrumental in redefining the narrative of gender stereotypes and sport participation. This study explored gender differences in the implicit and explicit perceptions of sport. A total of 187 adults (45.45% female; Mage = 32.62 years, SDage = 13.07 years) completed an implicit association task by sorting sport words from the Canadian Women and Sport 'She's Got It All' campaign into gendered categories. Participants self-reported their explicit attitudes towards 10 campaign posters. Using independent sample t-tests, a moderate effect was observed for gender differences in implicit attitudes for sport. Men demonstrated significantly stronger implicit attitudes linking sport to masculine characteristics compared to women. Men reported significantly lower explicit positive attitudes for liking the posters, feeling motivated by them, and perceived relevance. Men and women did not differ on levels of uneasiness and self-consciousness. Results suggest that men maintain implicit gendered attitudes towards sport and report lower positive explicit attitudes to intentional gender equity media. Understanding the counterproductive role that men can play when enforcing stereotypical gendered sport beliefs is vital for advancing girls' and women's engagement in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative attitudes/beliefs surrounding osteoarthritis, pain, and activity contribute to reduced physical activity in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). These attitudes/beliefs are assessed using self-report questionnaires, relying on information one is consciously aware of and willing to disclose. Automatic (ie, implicit) assessment of attitudes does not rely on conscious reflection and may identify features unique from self-report. We developed an implicit association test that explored associations between images of a person moving/twisting their knee (activity) or sitting/standing (rest), and perceived threat (safe vs dangerous). We hypothesised that people with KOA would have greater implicit threat-activity associations (vs pain-free and non-knee pain controls), with implicit attitudes only weakly correlating with self-reported measures (pain knowledge, osteoarthritis/pain/activity beliefs, fear of movement). Participants (n = 558) completed an online survey: 223 had painful KOA(n = 157 female, 64.5 ± 8.9 years); 207 were pain free (n = 157 female, 49.3 ± 15.3 years); and 99 had non-KOA lower limb pain (n = 74 female, 47.5 ± 15.04 years). An implicit association between "danger" and "activity" was present in those with and without limb pain (KOA: 0.36,95% CI 0.28-0.44; pain free: 0.13,95% CI 0.04-0.22; non-KOA lower limb pain 0.11, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.24) but was significantly greater in the KOA group than in the pain free (P < 0.001) and non-KOA lower limb pain (P = 0.004) groups. Correlations between implicit and self-reported measures were nonsignificant or weak (rho = -0.29 to 0.19, P < 0.001 to P = 0.767). People with painful KOA hold heightened implicit threat-activity associations, capturing information unique to that from self-report questionnaires. Evaluating links between implicit threat-activity associations and real-world behaviour, including physical activity levels, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proteus effect is a phenomenon found in over 60 studies where people tend to conform behaviorally to their avatars' identity characteristics, especially in virtual reality. This study extends research on the Proteus effect to consider organization-representing avatars and misogynistic behavioral outcomes. Male participants (N = 141) in a lab experiment embodied a set of pretested avatars which varied in level of association with a university mascot (i.e., color and body type) in a bespoke virtual reality simulation designed to elicit misogynistic behavior. Namely, participants were directed to place a hand on virtual agents' body parts, including the buttocks (i.e., a transgressive misogynistic act). Time delay in complying with directions to touch the agents' buttocks served as an implicit measure of resistance to this misogynistic behavior. Results suggest that within moderately masculine body-size avatar users, those who embodied a university-color-associated avatar exhibited more misogynistic behaviors (i.e., faster buttocks-touching). Unexpectedly, this effect of avatar color was not apparent within the hypermasculine body-size avatars, and within the university-associated color condition, hypermasculine body-type was associated with less misogynistic behavior. These findings suggest that organization-representing avatars may induce behavioral conformity to implicit attitudes associated with the organization, such as misogyny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic discrimination is a complex phenomenon. How should it be investigated? Evidential pool is of key importance. In this paper, we present specific conceptual and methodological challenges in the study of linguistic discrimination, with a focus on linguistic discrimination resulting from implicit attitudes and the steadily growing research on biases and structural approaches to social injustice. We conclude by proposing that a productive and comprehensive way to investigate linguistic discrimination rooted in implicit attitudes should seek to incorporate first-person perspectives and testimonies from the linguistically harmed individuals, and discuss some arguments in support of this view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women drivers engage in fewer risky behaviors and have a lower involvement in traffic accidents than men, there is a commonly held stereotype that they are bad drivers. To understand this perception, various psychosocial factors related to sexism have been studied. However, very little is known about sexist attitudes towards women drivers, especially when studied through implicit attitude models. The aim of this study was to understand implicit and explicit sexist attitudes towards women drivers. A sample of N = 104 participants from Mar del Plata, Argentina, completed a stimulus classification task using response times to measure implicit attitudes, and three self-reporting measures of explicit attitudes, ambivalent sexism, and control of prejudices. The results indicated more positive implicit attitudes and low explicit antipathy towards women drivers. No age differences were found, but gender differences were observed (i.e., women showed more positive implicit and explicit attitudes towards their own group). Implicit and explicit attitudes showed a moderate correlation with each other and were not associated with a concern with acting prejudiced scale. Hostile sexism was a predictor of sexist driving attitudes. The results are discussed in the context of previous evidence on sexism in driving and implicit attitude models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA lot of research into the relationship between explicit grammatical understanding and literacy development in L1 contexts has focused on writing. A lot less is known, however, about the interconnectedness of explicit grammatical understanding and reading. This study investigated the relationship between grammatical understanding and reading comprehension in Finnish 9th grade students. Using national assessment data (N = 6,044) and multilevel quantitative analyses, the study found that explicit grammatical understanding accounted for a significant portion of the variance in reading skills, even after controlling for various background factors such as school, family socioeconomic status, homework and book reading habits, attitudes towards studying L1, and writing ability. The findings suggest, without implying causality, that understanding language structure and making explicit metalinguistic observations are closely connected to reading comprehension. The study encourages further research on the benefits of explicit grammar teaching for reading comprehension using different study designs. Additionally, it highlights the need to investigate how grammar instruction can be linked to reading, as well as explore the effectiveness of such instruction in different educational and linguistic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine differences on the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test (SI-IAT) by history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), in a test-retest design, to examine short-term temporal stability of SI-IAT scores. Treatment-seeking participants (N = 113; 58% female; 89% White; Mage = 30.57) completed the SI-IAT and self-report measures at two time points (MTimeframe = 3.8 days). Data suggested NSSI (51% of the sample endorsed lifetime NSSI) was related to Time 1 (T1) identity and attitude, and affected stability of scores. T1 and T2 SI-IAT identity and attitude were more strongly related for participants with NSSI history. NSSI characteristics (recency; number of methods) affected stability. The short-term test-retest reliability of the SI-IAT is strong among those with NSSI history from T1 to T2. However, the SI-IATs use with participants without a history of NSSI was not supported beyond its established ability to differentiate between groups by NSSI history. This test may provide clinically-relevant assessment among those with a history of NSSI. Participants with vs. without NSSI history respond differently on the SI-IAT Temporal stability of SI-IAT performance is strong in a short timeframe Results supported the test-retest reliability of the SI-IAT in the target group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political finance in liberal democracies is often regarded as a source of pathology accompanied by demands for reform. But on what principles and values should political finance reform be grounded? The existing scholarship provides no more than sketchy advice on such matters. To address this gap, this paper presents a normative framework to evaluate political finance rules, which proposes (a) that the design of such rules should take account of the party system in which the financing rules will operate; (b) that both political finance rules and party systems should be evaluated in terms of three normative dimensions of partisanship (collegiality, systemic voice, and systemic accountability); and (c) that political finance reforms ought to counterbalance the pathologies inherent to different party systems. A set of political finance rules that satisfies these three conditions is an instantiation of what we describe as the 'civic model of political finance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different stimuli can potentially activate overlapping populations of neurons in the brain. How does the brain maintain information about multiple items? Here, we describe a new theory: neurons might switch back and forth between encoding each item across time. Recent statistical advances have allowed neurophysiology studies to probe for such activity fluctuations, generating support for this theory and opening intriguing new research directions. Many open questions remain, such as the time scale of activity fluctuations, the manner in which they are coordinated across (and read out from) neural ensembles, and the implications for perceptual binding, neural oscillations, and cognitive processes like attention, memory, and thought. Our ability to perceive multiple objects is mysterious. Sensory neurons are broadly tuned, producing potential overlap in the populations of neurons activated by each object in a scene. This overlap raises questions about how distinct information is retained about each item. We present a novel signal switching theory of neural representation, which posits that neural signals may interleave representations of individual items across time. Evidence for this theory comes from new statistical tools that overcome the limitations inherent to standard time-and-trial-pooled assessments of neural signals. Our theory has implications for diverse domains of neuroscience, including attention, figure binding/scene segregation, oscillations, and divisive normalization. The general concept of switching between functions could also lend explanatory power to theories of grounded cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of emotions in the work of special educators and proposes a framework called OPEN for using emotions as data to support professional practice. Special educators often experience a range of emotions in their interactions with students and colleagues, which can impact their work. By recognizing and reflecting on their emotional experiences, special educators can use emotional data to advocate for professional supports and improve relationships with students. The framework encourages educators to observe their emotions, see patterns, engage with the meanings of these patterns, and navigate towards change. The article emphasizes the importance of educators recognizing and understanding their emotions to enhance their professional practice and support students' social and emotional well-being. It also highlights the value of expanding emotional vocabulary, observing patterns without judgment, addressing biases, and seeking support from trusted colleagues. Overall, the article underscores the significance of emotions in education and the potential for emotional reflection to enhance both educators' and students' experiences. [Extracted from the article]

We introduce the test difficulty concept from classical test theory to tackle the issue of low predictive power of implicit association tests (IATs). Following classical test theory, we argue that IATs of moderate difficulty (defined as mean IAT scores of zero) have more predictive power than IATs of extreme difficulties (defined as mean IAT scores deviating strongly from zero). Furthermore, we assume this relationship to be mediated by the true-score variance in IAT scores, with moderate difficulty resulting in more true-score variance. To test our hypotheses, we used nonexperimental (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental designs (Study 3). In Studies 1 and 2, we compared IATs of different test difficulties with regard to their ability to predict direct attitude measures, drawing on the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences study. In Study 1, a subset of 95 attitude IATs (n = 127,259) was analyzed using multilevel structural equation models. As expected, IAT test difficulty strongly moderated the predictive power of IATs, and this effect was mediated by IAT true-score variance. In Study 2, we replicated the results with the same analyses but a different subset of 95 identity IATs (n = 43,745). In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated the IAT test difficulty. In total, three IATs (n = 480) were analyzed using multigroup structural equation models. Again, the IAT closer to moderate difficulty had more true-score variance and predictive power than the IATs of extreme difficulty. Accordingly, for correlational research, we recommend developing moderately difficult IATs to maximize IAT true-score variance and provide suggestions on how to achieve that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Perceptions of pedestrian safety interacting with self- vs. human-driven vehicles. • Deception experiment to measure implicit attitudes (Autonomy Bias). • Autonomy Bias exists, is negative on average, and varies widely across individuals. • Autonomy Bias is more related to technological orientation than socio-demographics. • Implicit and explicit attitudes are strongly related but distinct. Ensuring comfort and safety for pedestrians is essential to the responsible introduction of automated or self-driving vehicles (SDV). Few studies have attempted to isolate the effect of vehicle automation on perceptions of pedestrian interactions with SDV, separate from the potentially confounding effects of vehicle operation or appearance, and we still have limited understanding of the explicit and implicit attitudes mediating those perceptions. The objectives of this study are to determine 1) if there is an "Autonomy Bias" in the population of British Columbia, Canada (i.e., whether people perceive pedestrian-SDV interactions as inherently more or less comfortable and safe than otherwise equivalent interactions with human-driven vehicles or HDV), and if so, 2) which personal attributes influence Autonomy Bias. We isolate the effect of vehicle autonomy on perceptions using a novel deception-based experiment in which 1,133 participants rate 8 video clips of pedestrian interactions in a crosswalk; all clips show HDV, but a random half of the videos for each participant are described as SDV. Results show that Autonomy Bias varies widely across the population, with a small but significantly (p < 0.05) negative mean value (i.e., SDV interactions are perceived as less comfortable and safe). To ensure that an average person is as comfortable crossing with SDV as they currently are with HDV (i.e., to offset their Autonomy Bias), SDV must allow at least 0.4 s additional passing time at crosswalks; at least 3.7 s additional time is needed to ensure equivalent comfort for 85 % of the population. The implicit attitude of Autonomy Bias is strongly related to but distinct from explicit, self-reported attitudes toward technology and SDV, and may improve with SDV familiarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Goffman’s frame theory, this study examines the attitudes of nine Chinese university teacher translators in translating rainbow works, ranging from hesitancy to resistance. The primary objective is to uncover the frames of stigmatization inherent in their negative attitudes toward rainbow works translation. The research clarifies the identities of perpetrators and victims in these frames leading to stigmatization. Findings indicate that various stigmatization events in rainbow works translation share a common feature—an unfavorable depiction of rainbow culture and related elements, encompassing the rainbow community, works, and translators. Perpetrators and victims vary across events, demonstrating diversity. The research interprets stigmatization in rainbow works translation at individual, institutional, and sociocultural levels. Providing a unique Chinese perspective, the study contributes to international understanding of stigmatization in a heteronormative society. It challenges traditional Chinese norms, advocates reevaluating identity labels for the rainbow community, and underscores the importance of addressing translators’ circumstances in translating rainbow works within specific societal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodResultsConclusionIn high-income countries, people with low socio-economic status (SES) engage in less leisure-time physical activity (PA) than those with higher SES. Beyond a materialistic account of this difference, the role of motivational precursors—among which attitudes are emblematic—remains poorly understood, particularly when it comes to dissociating the automatic vs. deliberative components of attitudes. This pre-registered study aimed to examine the associations between SES (i.e. income and educational attainment) and motivational precursors of PA (i.e. explicit and implicit attitudes), and whether gender and age may moderate these relationships.We used data from 970 adults (64% of women; mean age = 33 ± 12 years) from the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences (AIID) study.Results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that participants with the highest level of income (>150,000$ per year) reported more positive explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA than those with lower income. Exploratory analysis further showed that women reported weaker explicit attitudes towards PA, while both explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA became weaker at age increases. In contrast, educational attainment was not significantly associated with those attitudes, and there was only mixed evidence for a moderating role of participants’ gender on the pattern of associations.Our findings suggest that both the explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA may be socially patterned. Future intervention studies should examine whether these attitudinal differences could be reduced, and whether such a reduction could help buffer the unequal participation in PA behaviors across social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-esteem is an important psychological concept that can be measured explicitly (reflective processing) and implicitly (associative processing). The current study examined 1) the association between childhood trauma (CT) and both explicit and implicit self-esteem, and 2) whether self-esteem mediated the association between CT and depression/anxiety. In 1479 adult participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, CT was assessed with a semi-structured interview, depression/anxiety symptoms with self-report questionnaires and explicit and implicit self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Implicit Association Test, respectively. ANOVAs and regression analyses determined the association between CT (no/mild/severe CT), its subtypes (abuse/neglect) and self-esteem. Finally, we examined whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety. Participants with CT reported lower explicit (but not lower implicit) self-esteem compared to those without CT (p <.001, partial η2 = 0.06). All CT types were associated with lower explicit self-esteem (p =.05 for sexual abuse, p <.001 for other CT types), while only emotional neglect significantly associated with lower implicit self-esteem after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (p =.03). Explicit self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms (proportion mediated = 48–77 %). The cross-sectional design precludes from drawing firm conclusions about the direction of the proposed relationships. Our results suggested that the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms can at least partly be explained by explicit self-esteem. This is of clinical relevance as it points to explicit self-esteem as a potential relevant treatment target for people with CT. • Individuals with CT reported lower explicit self-esteem compared to those without CT. • All CT types were (significantly) associated with lower explicit self-esteem. • CT severity was not associated with lower implicit self-esteem. • Explicit self-esteem mediated the association between CT and depression/anxiety. • Explicit self-esteem could be a relevant treatment target for individuals with CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self‐report) attitudes toward violence and self‐reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE‐IAT), a personalized VE‐IAT (P‐VE‐IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self‐report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self‐report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE‐IAT and P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 and for P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE‐IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Can the application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) help predict heterosexual parents' disclosure of donor conception to their children? SUMMARY ANSWER Parents with a stronger will to act in accordance with social norms favoring disclosure were more likely to start the disclosure process within the next 5–9 years. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In contrast to single mothers by choice and same-sex couples, heterosexual couples need to make an active decision to disclose their use of donor conception to their child. While disclosure at an early age is encouraged by international guidelines, many heterosexual-couple parents struggle with this. A previous study has found an association between parental scores of TPB factors and disclosure intention, but so far, no study has applied the TPB to predict parents' disclosure behavior. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The present study is based on the fourth and fifth waves of data collection (T4 and T5) in a nation-wide longitudinal study. Participating parents had conceived through identity-release oocyte donation (n = 68, response rate 65%) and sperm donation (n = 62, response rate 56%) as part of a heterosexual couple. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The present study is part of the prospective longitudinal Swedish Study on Gamete Donation (SSGD). Consecutive recruitment of couples starting oocyte or sperm donation treatment was conducted at all seven fertility clinics providing gamete donation in Sweden during a 3-year period (2005–2008). Participants were requested to complete postal surveys at five time points. The present study includes heterosexual-couple parents following oocyte or sperm donation who participated at the two latest time points when their children were 7–8 years old (T4), and 13–17 years old (T5). At T4, participants completed the study-specific TPB Disclosure Questionnaire (TPB-DQ) measuring attitudes and intentions to disclose the donor conception to the child, and disclosure behavior was assessed at both T4 and T5. Data from those participants who had not yet disclosed at T4 were analyzed using survival analysis with Cox regressions. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Forty participants had not disclosed the donor conception to their children at T4 and, out of these, 13 had still not disclosed at T5. We found a significant association between scores of the TPB factor Subjective norms at T4 and their subsequent disclosure behavior at T5 (HR = 2.019; 95% CI: 1.36–3.01). None of the other factors were significantly associated with disclosure behavior. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The present study concerns heterosexual-couple parents with children conceived following treatment with gametes from open-identity donors, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other groups and contexts. Other limitations include the risk of systematic attrition due to the longitudinal study design and decreased statistical power due to few participants. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings highlight the importance of perceived subjective norms for parents' disclosure behavior and indicate that the co-parent's opinion about disclosure is of particular relevance in this regard. Counselors should focus on supporting prospective parents to initiate and maintain a healthy and open dialogue about concerns around building a family with donor conception. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council. The authors have no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing studies confirm that some video games can change players' attitudes. However, since we do not know the specific elements responsible for attitude change, the potential of video games to achieve desired educational or behavioural outcomes often remains unfulfilled. Objectives: To fill the research gap, our study examined whether the perspective‐taking game mechanic in the serious game Czechoslovakia 38–89: Borderlands, which had previously been shown to affect attitudes, would have the same effect on another sample of players with different characteristics. Methods: We have assessed the effect of a historical video game using a perspective‐taking mechanic on players' explicit and implicit attitudes. Explicit attitude changes were measured at a general level, meaning a broad evaluation of a depicted historical event, and at a specific level, meaning a more detailed evaluation of specific aspects of the event. Simultaneously, we measured the effect of players' perceived attitude importance on attitude change. The study used a sample of 137 young adults. Results and Conclusions: This study's results indicate a significant pretest‐posttest explicit attitude change on the general level and on a specific level in comparison to the control group. Perspective‐taking game mechanics is particularly important for explicit attitude change. No change was found in implicit attitudes. The effect of the perceived attitude importance on attitude change was not confirmed. Takeaways: As one of the first to focus on the effects of specific game mechanics on attitudes, this study confirmed that perspective‐taking has stable, short‐term effects on attitude change even across different research samples. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: It is unclear why some video games can change players' attitudes while others do not.Several studies confirm video games' effect on explicit, but not on implicit, attitudes.Research on the effects of game mechanics on attitude changes is in its infancy.Very few studies focus on what role player characteristics play in their attitude changes. What our paper adds to this: Perspective‐taking as game mechanics changes explicit attitudes across populations.Perceived importance of players' attitudes towards topics not necessarily affects attitude changes.We show that only some facets of attitudes are influenced by the video game. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Particular game mechanics seem to be essential for attitude changes in players.Attitude importance and other player characteristics need further research in the video game context.DIF‐C analysis can provide more detailed information on changes in more complex explicit attitude concepts.Video games can affect the way we interpret the world around us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides support for the theory that individual shame prevents individuals from recognizing their implicit racial biases. Participants across two studies in multiple conditions took the Race IAT, received feedback about their implicit racial bias, and then completed the Shame IAT. We created various conditions either to attribute their implicit racial bias to the self or to create an alternative explanation. The results demonstrated that when individuals attributed their implicit racial bias to themselves vs. an alternative attribution, they subsequently expressed higher levels of interpersonal shame, through increased associations between self-referential and shameful words. The need for positive self-esteem or the avoidance of a negative emotion such as shame may lead participants to avoid examining their own implicit racial biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored how gender portrayals in video games affect gender-related attitudes. Two hundred participants from the United Kingdom and Malaysia participated across three experiments, where the appearance and behaviour of video game characters were manipulated with regard to target (enemy) gender (Study 1), sexually explicit attire (Study 2) and level of character agency (Study 3). We found minimal evidence that exposure to gender-stereotyped content resulted in differential gender-related attitudes (implicit associations, hostile and benevolent sexism, or rape myth acceptance). However, Study 1 findings showed that individuals who played a first-person shooter with male enemies showed lower endorsement of some (benevolent) sexist attitudes (cf. control) and showed difference in game behaviour (cf. female enemies). Together, our results suggest that short-term exposure to video games containing female characters (sexualised, passive, or otherwise) does not consistently lead to the endorsement of negative gender attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop the first implicit association test (IAT) to measure general implicit extremist attitudes in Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. We find that implicit extremist attitudes are positively but weakly correlated with existing explicit measures. This indicates that implicit measures capture different parts of the population, for example, cases in which associations are based on automated cognitive processes instead of conscious thought. Further results show that particularly the higher-educated and nonreligious respondents score higher on the implicit than on the explicit extremism measures. Our results highlight the importance of studying implicit attitudes of political extremism. We further provide novel insights into how to develop IATs for abstract concepts such as democracy and extremism, for the study of which we cannot use readily available images or concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the role of affect in U.S. potential white jurors' experiences with implicit bias and how affect manifests in their sensemaking of jury instructions. Using interviews with 30 potential jurors from a Midwestern state, we found that implicit bias operates as a linguistic alibi that allows people to talk about racism while evading the accountability and intensity of the term. Further, when engaging in the linguistic proxy of implicit bias, participants use amplifying and tempering orientations to navigate affective intensities. These orientations inform how potential white jurors make sense of implicit bias instructions. We propose a framework to explain how people communicatively navigate intense topics that can serve as referent to engage in other affectively unpredictable terrains.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Implicit Association Test (IAT), like many behavioral measures, seeks to quantify meaningful individual differences in cognitive processes that are difficult to assess with approaches like self-reports. However, much like other behavioral measures, many IATs appear to show low test-retest reliability and typical scoring methods fail to quantify all of the decision-making processes that generate the overt task performance. Here, we develop a new modeling approach for IATs based on the geometric similarity representation (GSR) model. This model leverages both response times and accuracy on IATs to make inferences about representational similarity between the stimuli and categories. The model disentangles processes related to response caution, stimulus encoding, similarities between concepts and categories, and response processes unrelated to the choice itself. This approach to analyzing IAT data illustrates that the unreliability in IATs is almost entirely attributable to the methods used to analyze data from the task: GSR model parameters show test-retest reliability around.80-.90, on par with reliable self-report measures. Furthermore, we demonstrate how model parameters result in greater validity compared to the IAT D-score, Quad model, and simple diffusion model contrasts, predicting outcomes related to intergroup contact and motivation. Finally, we present a simple point-and-click software tool for fitting the model, which uses a pre-trained neural network to estimate best-fit parameters of the GSR model. This approach allows easy and instantaneous fitting of IAT data with minimal demands on coding or technical expertise on the part of the user, making the new model accessible and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of implicit bias, which refers to unconscious attitudes and stereotypes that influence our beliefs, actions, and decisions. It explains that while Freudian psychoanalysis introduced the concept of the unconscious mind, cognitive psychologists developed the idea of implicit bias. The article highlights the significance of understanding implicit bias in psychodynamic theory and clinical practice, as well as its relevance to diversity, equity, and inclusion in society. It also acknowledges the presence of implicit bias in the legal system and its real-world consequences. The text further explores how early experiences and societal factors contribute to the development of racial bias. It suggests that denial and repression can serve as defense mechanisms that contribute to implicit bias. Additionally, the article discusses how implicit bias can manifest in therapy sessions and emphasizes the importance of therapists being aware of their own biases. It concludes by emphasizing the need for psychoanalysis to adapt and incorporate social, cultural, and racial factors to remain relevant in today's world. [Extracted from the article]

The UK's abundant municipal water supply has resulted in slow progress with the uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems within the home. Research has indicated that exploring public preferences for domestic RWH are necessary for increasing demand. Here, we use explicit and implicit tests to investigate public perceptions of RWH for non-potable uses, and compare perceptions of respondents with and without domestic RWH systems. RWH is perceived positively by most respondents indicating an openness and acceptance of this technology (and/or lack of strong negative attitudes). Implicit attitudes are generally more positive than explicit, especially in respondents with RWH systems, implying that the positivity is deep-seated in their subconsciousness. We also reveal differences between subconscious (implicit) beliefs and practical difficulties (explicit opinions). Outdoor uses of rainwater are preferred, hence, more work in promoting indoor uses is needed to maximise the resource potential of UK rainfall and uptake of RWH systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand how teachers' attitudes are contributing to or hindering the educational inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Implicit and explicit measurement of the attitudes of fifty pre-service teachers towards ASD before and after a short-term training on Autism is presented. The explicit measure used was a Likert-type questionnaire, while the implicit measure was a Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT). After statistical analysis of the data, it was found that prospective teachers' explicit attitudes were positive before the short-term training, and they were significantly better after it. Conversely, participants' implicit attitudes were neutral before the short-term training, and no significant difference was found after it. Additionally, no statistically significant relation was obtained between explicit and implicit attitudes, either before or after training, which suggests that the used instruments measure different attitudinal constructs. According to the remaining findings, it is concluded that explicit attitudes may be more prone to social desirability bias than implicit ones, implying that future attitudes research regarding sensitive topics such as the educational inclusion of students with Autism should combine both measures. Moreover, implicit attitudes seem more difficult to change than explicit ones. Some implications for pre-service teacher education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveDesignStudy sampleResultsConclusionTo investigate older and younger adults’ perceptions of older and younger adults who wear hearing aids.Participants completed two Implicit Association Tests: One with images of older adults (OA-IAT) and one with images of younger adults (YA-IAT), either wearing or not wearing hearing aids. Participants also rated age, attractiveness, and intelligence of younger and older adults pictured with or without a hearing aid.Thirty older adults (M age = 70 years, SD = 4.38) and 30 younger adults (M age = 23 years, SD = 3.01) who reported not having hearing aids or a diagnosed hearing impairment.For both IATs, older and younger participants responded faster and more accurately when images of individuals wearing hearing aids were paired with negative words in comparison to positive words. Photo ratings did not vary in relation to the presence or absence of hearing aids for either age group.Although the photo rating tasks indicate neutral explicit attitudes towards individuals who wear hearing aids, our interpretation of the IAT results indicates that younger and older adults may hold negative implicit attitudes towards both older and younger hearing aid users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have attracted extensive attention worldwide for their huge potential to revolutionize urban cities. The diffusion of AVs in cities will largely depend on public acceptance of AVs. But many studies revealed that people hold a high level of concern about AVs. This study aims to enrich our understanding of public acceptance of AVs in China, both at the explicit level and at the implicit level. We also attempt to enhance people's positive attitudes toward AVs by Evaluative Conditioning (EC). Study 1 found that participants recognized the benefits of AVs, but were also concerned about them. Moreover, participants showed only moderate trust in AVs. In Study 2, it was observed that participants mainly showed positive implicit attitudes toward AVs and there was no significant correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward AVs. In Study 3, EC offered an alternative way to change implicit attitudes. Specifically, implicit attitudes toward AVs were positively increased through EC, whereas explicit attitudes did not change significantly. This research provides several theoretical and practical implications. The findings support the notion that explicit and implicit attitudes involve independent psychological processes, and that implicit attitude can be changed through EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the mid-1980s, scientific psychology underwent a revolution – the implicit revolution – that led to the development of methods to capture implicit bias: attitudes, stereotypes, and identities that operate without full conscious awareness or conscious control. This essay focuses on a single notable thread of discoveries from the Race Attitude Implicit Association Test (RA-IAT) by providing 1) the historical origins of the research, 2) signature and replicated empirical results for construct validation, 3) further validation from research in sociocognitive development, neuroscience, and computer science, 4) new validation from robust association between regional levels of race bias and socially significant outcomes, and 5) evidence for both short- and long-term attitude change. As such, the essay provides the first comprehensive repository of research on implicit race bias using the RA-IAT. Together, the evidence lays bare the hollowness of current-day actions to rectify disadvantage experienced by Black Americans at individual, institutional, and societal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Introduction: Implicit Bias in the Context of Structural Racism," explores the concept of implicit bias and its relationship to structural racism. The authors discuss how social scientists have contributed to our understanding of inequality based on race and other socially constructed differences. They highlight the persistence of racial and other biases, even as overt expressions of racism have declined. The article also examines the evidence for implicit bias, its connection to structural inequality, and the challenges of addressing it through interventions and mitigation strategies. The authors emphasize the need for broader institutional, legal, and structural reforms to effectively counter implicit bias. [Extracted from the article]

Adults and young people without a migrant background attribute lower competencies and performances to persons with a Turkish migrant background, the largest migrant group in Germany. To what extent such (negative) implicit attitudes are already present among elementary school children in the fourth grade is unclear and was tested within this study. Furthermore, it was examined whether children with a Turkish migrant background and without a migrant background differ in their attitudes. It was also analyzed whether the variables social integration, perceived discrimination and identification with country of residence as well as the country of origin were related with the extent of implicit attitudes. Data came from 240 fourth graders (44.6% female, 18.3% with a Turkish migrant background). To measure implicit attitudes, the children worked on an implicit association test. Furthermore, they answered questions about variables of interest. It turned out that fourth-graders hold negative implicit attitudes (d = 0.21). In contrast to children with a Turkish migrant background, children without a migrant background had on average negative implicit attitudes (d = 0.39). For the whole sample it was found that a higher identification with Germany (ß =.14), the country of residence, was associated with negative implicit attitudes (R2 =.03). The results are discussed in terms of content and methodological aspects. Implications for research and practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media coverage on terrorism can lead to negative attitudes toward Muslims. We theorize that undifferentiated news—i.e., not explicitly distinguishing Muslims from terrorists—can accelerate these negative effects. In a quota-based 2 (news differentiation: differentiated and undifferentiated) × 2 (expert interviewee source: Muslim and non-Muslim) between-subjects experiment (N = 291), participants read news about Islamist terrorism. A control group received news unrelated to terror. Building on the concept of news differentiation and extending this line of research, we analyzed effects on explicit and implicit attitudes toward Muslims. Drawing on social identity, self-categorization and mediated intergroup contact theories, findings revealed that undifferentiated news increased hostile attitudes toward Muslims and attitudinal undifferentiation. However, undifferentiated news did not activate implicit attitudes. We also found that undifferentiated news had the strongest negative effects when coming from sources that are perceived as similar (i.e., non-Muslim). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review explores the concept of unconscious gender bias within the maritime industry, focusing specifically on seafarers. Unconscious bias refers to implicit stereotypes and attitudes that influence decision-making processes without conscious awareness. In the context of seafaring, where diverse crews operate in confined spaces for extended periods, understanding and addressing unconscious bias becomes crucial for fostering inclusive and harmonious shipboard environments and mitigating gender bias. The review begins by examining theoretical frameworks related to unconscious bias, drawing from psychological, organizational behavior, and maritime literature. Various models, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and social cognitive theories, are explored to provide a foundation for understanding how biases develop and manifest among seafaring populations. The maritime industry's unique characteristics, including hierarchical structures, cultural diversity, and isolation during voyages, are analyzed to identify specific factors that may contribute to the emergence of unconscious biases. Additionally, the review delves into studies addressing the impact of biases on decision-making, communication, and overall team dynamics within the maritime context. Furthermore, the review explores interventions and best practices proposed in the literature to mitigate unconscious bias among seafarers. Training programs, diversity initiatives, and cultural awareness campaigns are examined for their effectiveness in promoting a more inclusive and equitable maritime workplace. Based on this review, we conceptualize unconscious gender bias as a socio-technical problem and propose a theoretical framework that offers a combination of technological, organizational, and societal approaches as well as three main propositions to possibly mitigate the biased effects. Lastly, this paper considers future research on the management of unconscious gender bias in the organizational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that what speakers mean or express can be determined by their implicit or unconscious states, rather than explicit or conscious states. Further, on this basis, I show that the sincerity conditions for utterances can also be fixed by implicit states. This is a surprising result, which goes against common assumptions about speech acts and sincerity. Roughly, I argue that the result is implied by two plausible and independent theories of the metaphysics of speaker meaning and, further, that this is a robust basis on which to make an inference, with a fair degree of confidence, about the relationship between expression and implicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research found that when people are instructed to smile toward liked objects and show negative facial expressions toward disliked objects, their facial response is faster and more intense than when they are required to smile toward disliked objects and express negative facial response toward liked objects. The present research tested a technologically innovative indirect evaluation measure that was based on that finding. Participants completed an implicit association test (IAT)—a common indirect measure of evaluation, responding with their emotional facial expressions, rather than by pressing response keys. In two web studies, using emotional facial expression detection through a webcam, we found that the Facial Response IAT (FR-IAT) is a reliable and valid measure of evaluations, comparable to the keyboard IAT. Because facial responses provide more information than key responses, pursuing future improvements of the FR-IAT's methodology, software, and data analysis is a promising direction for enhancing the quality of indirect evaluation measurement. The same methodology and technology may also enhance other indirect measures of evaluation and cognitive tests related to emotion and judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the role of implicit and explicit associations between harm and COVID‐19 vaccines using a large sample (N = 4668) of online volunteers. The participants completed a brief implicit association test and explicit measures to evaluate the extent to which they associated COVID‐19 vaccines with concepts of harmfulness or helpfulness. We examined the relationship between these harmfulness/helpfulness COVID‐19 vaccine associations and vaccination status, intentions, beliefs, and behavior. We found that stronger implicit and explicit associations that COVID‐19 vaccines are helpful relate to vaccination status and beliefs about the COVID‐19 vaccine. That is, stronger pro‐helpful COVID‐19 vaccine associations, both implicitly and explicitly, related to greater intentions to be vaccinated, more positive beliefs about the vaccine, and greater vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conceptualize and measure right‐wing populism (RWP) as a three‐dimensional concept, explicitly and implicitly, based on online surveys and implicit association tests (IATs) in Germany and Switzerland. Confirmatory factor analyses show that explicit populism, nativism, and authoritarianism establish the latent RWP‐construct and that they are each related to their respective implicit counterpart. However, RWP ideology does not exist as an equally robust construct in the implicit realm as it does in the explicit realm. Resulting implicit‐explicit incongruence is psychologically meaningful in that it is moderated by willingness to comply with perceived social norms: For participants who perceive that their own political views differ from their social environment and who conceal their diverging opinions, implicit attitudes differ more strongly from explicit attitudes. This supports our rationale that explicit expression of RWP‐ideology is subject to social‐compatibility concerns. Hence, corresponding implicit attitudes are useful to fully assess the RWP potential within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People can predict their scores on the Implicit Association Test with remarkable accuracy, challenging the traditional notion that implicit attitudes are inaccessible to introspection and suggesting that people might be aware of these attitudes. Yet, major open questions about the mechanism and scope of these predictions remain, making their implications unclear. Notably, people may be inferring their attitudes from externally observable cues (e.g., in the simplest case, their demographic information) rather than accessing them directly. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that, in past work, predictions have been obtained only for a small set of targets, attitudes toward which are demonstrably possible to infer. Here, in an adversarial collaboration with eight preregistered studies (N = 8,011), we interrogate implicit attitude awareness using more stringent tests. We demonstrate that people can predict their implicit attitudes (a) across a broad range of targets (many of which are plausibly difficult to infer without introspection), (b) far more accurately than third-party observers can based on demographic information, and (c) with similar accuracy across two different widely used implicit measures. On the other hand, predictive accuracy (a) varied widely across individuals and attitude targets and (b) was partially explained by inference over nonintrospective cues such as demographic variables and explicit attitudes; moreover, (c) explicit attitudes explained considerably larger portions of variance in predictions than implicit attitudes did. Taken together, these findings suggest that successful predictions of one's implicit attitudes may emerge from multiple mechanisms, including inference over nonintrospective cues and genuine introspective access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]