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In visual search for a pop-out target, responses are faster when the target dimension from the previous trial is repeated than when it changes. Currently, it is unclear whether these across-dimension switch costs originate from processes that guide attention to the target or from later processes (e.g., target identification or response selection). The present study tested two critical predictions of a response-selection account of across-dimension switch costs—namely, (1) that switch costs should occur even when visual attention is guided by a completely different feature and (2) that changing the target dimension should affect the speed of responding, but not the speed of eye movements to the target. The results supported both predictions, indicating that changes of the target dimension do not affect early processes that guide attention to the target but, rather, affect later processes, which commence after the target has been selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  In parasites of the order Kinetoplastida, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, glycolysis is carried out by glycolytic enzymes in glycosomes. One of the glycolytic enzymes is triosephosphate isomerase (TIM), which in T. brucei is localized exclusively in glycosomes, whereas in T. cruzi, the localization of TIM has not been fully ascertained. In the present work, we made a monoclonal antibody (mAb 6-11G) against recombinant T. cruzi TIM (rTcTIM). Incubation of T. cruzi epimastigotes with the mAb inhibited parasite survival. Western blotting showed that the mAb recognized rTcTIM and a 27 kDa band in T. cruzi lysates that corresponded to TcTIM. Sera from patients with Chagas disease recognized rTcTIM and cross-reacted with human recombinant TIM. The cross reactivity between parasite and human TIM possibly contributes to the autoimmune pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Electron microscopy of T. cruzi epimastigotes with the mAb showed that TIM was located within glycosomes, in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the kinetoplast. Collectively, the data shed new light on T. cruzi TIM and opens perspectives for drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven typical cases of dementia with motor neuron disease (D-MND) are reported. Among 1,000 dementia cases, D-MND was more frequent than Pick’s disease, Lewy body disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. D-MND accounted for 30.4% of all forms of frontal lobe dementia (FLD) including FLD and Pick’s disease. These data support that this combined syndrome may be more frequent than previously reported. As the subcortical neuropathology of D-MND is identical with MND, D-MND is rather the cortical manifestation of MND than a new disease entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]