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In the modern world of human–computer interaction, notable advancements in human identification have been achieved across fields like healthcare, academia, security, etc. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in scenarios with poor lighting, occlusion, or non-line-of-sight. To overcome these limitations, the utilization of radio frequency (RF) wireless signals, particularly wireless fidelity (WiFi), has been considered an innovative solution in recent research studies. By analyzing WiFi signal fluctuations caused by human presence, researchers have developed machine learning (ML) models that significantly improve identification accuracy. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey of recent advances and practical implementations of WiFi-based human identification. Furthermore, it covers the ML models used for human identification, system overviews, and detailed WiFi-based human identification methods. It also includes system evaluation, discussion, and future trends related to human identification. Finally, we conclude by examining the limitations of the research and discussing how researchers can shift their attention toward shaping the future trajectory of human identification through wireless signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait recognition in the wild has attracted the attention of the academic community. However, existing unimodal algorithms cannot achieve the same performance on in-the-wild datasets as in-the-lab datasets because unimodal data have many limitations in-the-wild environments. Therefore, we propose a multimodal approach combining silhouettes and skeletons and formulate the multimodal gait recognition problem as a multimodal co-learning problem. In particular, we propose a multimodal co-learning distillation network (MCDGait) that integrates two sub-networks processing unimodal data into a single fusion network. Based on the semantic consistency of different modalities and the paradigm of deep mutual learning, the performance of the entire network is continuously improved via the bidirectional knowledge distillation between the sub-networks and fusion network. Inspired by the observation that specific body parts or joints exhibit unique motion characteristics and have linkage with other parts or joints during walking, we propose a spatial-temporal graph reasoning module (ST-GRM). This module represents the parts or joints as graph nodes and the motion linkages between them as edges. By utilizing dynamic graph generator, the module implicitly captures the dynamic changes of the human body. Based on the generated graphs, the independent spatial-temporal linkage feature of each part and the interactive spatial-temporal linkage feature are aggregated simultaneously. Extensive experiments conducted on two in-the-wild datasets demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed method. The average rank-1 accuracy on datasets Gait3D and GREW is 50.90% and 58.06%, respectively. The source code can be obtained from https://github.com/BoyeXiong/MCDGait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraoral scans (IOS) provide precise 3D data of dental crowns and gingival structures. This paper explores an application of IOS in human identification. Methods: We propose a dental biometrics framework for human identification using 3D dental point clouds based on machine learning-related algorithms, encompassing three stages: data preprocessing, feature extraction, and registration-based identification. In the data preprocessing stage, we use the curvature principle to extract distinguishable tooth crown contours from the original point clouds as the holistic feature identification samples. Based on these samples, we construct four types of local feature identification samples to evaluate identification performance with severe teeth loss. In the feature extraction stage, we conduct voxel downsampling, then extract the geometric and structural features of the point cloud. In the registration-based identification stage, we construct a coarse-to-fine registration scheme in order to realize the identification task. Results: Experimental results on a dataset of 160 individuals demonstrate that our method achieves a Rank-1 recognition rate of 100% using complete tooth crown contours samples. Utilizing the remaining four types of local feature samples yields a Rank-1 recognition rate exceeding 96.05%. Conclusions: The proposed framework proves effective for human identification, maintaining high identification performance even in extreme cases of partial tooth loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mass disaster events, forensic DNA laboratories may be called upon to quickly pivot their operations toward identifying bodies and reuniting remains with family members. Ideally, laboratories have considered this possibility in advance and have a plan in place. Compared with traditional short tandem repeat (STR) typing, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be better suited to these disaster victim identification (DVI) scenarios due to their small genomic target size, resulting in an improved success rate in degraded DNA samples. As the landscape of technology has shifted toward DNA sequencing, many forensic laboratories now have benchtop instruments available for massively parallel sequencing (MPS), facilitating this operational pivot from routine forensic STR casework to DVI SNP typing. Herein, we present the commercially available SNP sequencing assays amenable to DVI, we use data simulations to explore the potential for kinship prediction from SNP panels of varying sizes, and we give an example DVI scenario as context for presenting the matrix of considerations: kinship predictive potential, cost, and throughput of current SNP assay options. This information is intended to assist laboratories in choosing a SNP system for disaster preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of locating and identifying missing persons presents a complex challenge that hinges on the collection and comparison of diverse data sets. This commentary offers an overview of some of the difficulties and considerations associated with data management in the context of large‐scale missing person identifications. Such complexities include the uniqueness of each disaster event, the response time to the event, the variable quality and quantity of data, and the involvement of numerous stakeholders, all of which contribute to the intricacies of data management. In addition, the paramount considerations of privacy and ethical standards further compound these challenges, especially when dealing with sensitive information such as genetic data. This commentary describes the integrated Data Management System (iDMS) developed by the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) as one example of a comprehensive, freely available solution for data collection, storage, protection, and analysis in missing person cases. The various advantages of the system are discussed, including the system's interoperability among the diverse array of stakeholders involved. While the iDMS streamlines data management processes and therefore represents a significant advancement in the field of missing person identification, it is concluded that the pending issue extends beyond the software tools to encompass the lack of political will among stakeholders to collaborate there remains a pressing need for all stakeholders involved in the identification process to commit to a mechanism that facilitates compatibility and interoperability if different tools are used in disaster victim identification (DVI) scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental identification is a pillar of disaster victim identification (DVI). Dental identification is accurate, efficient, inexpensive, and accepted in courts of law. The (known) antemortem (AM) dental charts and radiographic images acquired from the dentist of the missing person are evaluated, processed, and compared to post mortem (PM) findings present in the dentition or fragments of the dentition of the deceased individual. These comparisons evaluate and assess individuating restorative dental work, dental anatomical areas of concordance, spatial relationships of teeth one to another, and occasionally calculate the degree of "uniqueness" of either or both of the AM and PM dentition compared to known population databases. In a multiple fatality incident, odontologists may utilize age stratification to assist other means of identification. Computer comparison algorithms using recorded data can indicate possible matches between AM and PM data sets. Following clinical assessment, collection of post mortem tooth specimens for DNA profiling generation may be undertaken. This paper will highlight modern and efficient use of these tools. The framework for how dental identification in these incidents is currently managed is presented. The authors propose a change to this approach that moves away from interpretive subjective assessment toward comparisons based largely on objective data. The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits of minimizing subjective decisions and maximizing objective data in the dental DVI process while simultaneously reducing risk to clinical personnel and minimizing costs by reducing the number of clinicians required onsite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lip print analysis has been proposed as a new human identification technique that allows the estimation of various individual parameters, such as population affinity. However, more consensus among the scientific community regarding this topic is needed. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to gather evidence that might clarify whether cheiloscopy can be used in population affinity estimation. The systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic survey was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, restricted to articles published between 2010 and 2022. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria, and the study data were collected. The risk of bias in each study was assessed and applied as additional inclusion or exclusion criteria. A descriptive approach synthesized the results of the articles eligible for analysis. Out of seven included studies, six demonstrated differences in lip patterns between different population groups, and one obtained inconclusive results. Several methodological flaws in the studies and variations in the collection and analysis methodology applied, which may have conditioned the results obtained, were identified. The data gathered allowed us to conclude that no solid scientific evidence supports the use of cheiloscopy in population affinity estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait recognition has become an increasingly promising area of research in the search for noninvasive and effective methods of person identification. Its potential applications in security systems and medical diagnosis make it an exciting field with wide-ranging implications. However, precisely recognizing and assessing gait patterns is difficult, particularly in changing situations or from multiple perspectives. In this study, we utilized the widely used CASIA-B dataset to observe the performance of our proposed gait recognition model, with the aim of addressing some of the existing limitations in this field. Fifty individuals are randomly selected from the dataset, and the resulting data are split evenly for training and testing purposes. We begin by excerpting features from gait photos using two well-known deep learning networks, MobileNetV1 and Xception. We then combined these features and reduced their dimensionality via principal component analysis (PCA) to improve the model's performance. We subsequently assessed the model using two distinct classifiers: a random forest and a one against all support vector machine (OaA-SVM). The findings indicate that the OaA-SVM classifier manifests superior performance compared to the others, with a mean accuracy of 98.77% over eleven different viewing angles. This study is conducive to the development of effective gait recognition algorithms that can be applied to heighten people's security and promote their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of DNA technology in legal forensic examinations was a pivotal point in the history of the legal justice system. It has helped law enforcement agencies worldwide solve cases such as rape, murder, terrorism and mass disasters. Commonly known as DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, this technology is used to identify individuals and establish relationships by analysing certain segments of DNA and their inheritance patterns. India was an early adopter of forensic DNA testing, which has now become an integral part of the judicial process across the country. Despite the continued success of DNA technology, laboratories across India are struggling to reach the global standards of DNA examination and have an overwhelming backlog of cases. This article reviews the development of human identification forensic DNA technologies and their adoption in India. Future prospects and challenges for the technology have also been elaborated, including a discussion on the recently introduced legal reforms assimilating modern forensic examination in the judicial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the volume and area of sphenoid sinuses of Brazilian individuals' cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images using the beta version of the DDS-Pro™ 2.14.2_2022 software (DPP Systems, Czestochowa, Poland), to assess a potential correlation to sex, age, skin color, and nutritional status, and to evaluate differences between the right and left sides. Three-dimensional volume and area measurements were made with the software using CBCT images of 113 living Brazilian individuals of both sexes (67 females and 46 males). TEM, rTEM, and R were used to assess the reproducibility of inter- and intra-examiner measurements. The measurement means were estimated with 95% confidence intervals according to sex and age group. There were no significant differences between the left and right sides for both volume and area and between the sexes and black and white individuals. Volume and area were significantly higher in 18 years or older (p < 0.05) and in individuals with normal body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). The obtained results do not allow indicating the use of sphenoid sinuses volume and area measurements to estimate sexual dimorphism, and the same occurred for skin color. However, such measures can help to estimate age. Further studies are suggested with a larger sample, especially for the nutritional status variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism has become a preferred genetic marker in forensic genetics due to its low mutation rates and small amplicon sizes. In this study, a 36-InDelplex identification panel, consisting of autosomal 34 InDel loci, 1 Y InDel locus, and amelogenin, was developed, and gene frequencies in the Turkish population were determined. The loci of the InDel panel with global minimum allele frequencies (MAF) ≥ 0.4 were selected from the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data. The amplicon sizes of the loci were designed in the range of 69-252 bp. In the validation study of the developed panel, analysis threshold, dynamic range, sensitivity, stochastic threshold, inhibitor tolerance, and reproducibility parameters were studied by following the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines. The sensitivity studies indicated that complete and reliable InDel profiles could be obtained with 0.25 ng of DNA. A population study was evaluated using 250 samples from Turkey. The mean observed heterozygosity ratio (Ho) of all loci was 0.48. The combined discrimination power (CPD) is 0.999999999990867 and the combined exclusion probability (CPE) was 0.9930. The population comparison was also made using Turkish and the five major populations from the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 populations' data (Africa, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, and America). In conclusion, the results showed that the 36-InDelplex panel is a reliable, sensitive, and accurate system that is suitable for human identification and population genetics purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA analysis plays a crucial role in forensic investigations, helping in criminal cases, missing persons inquiries, and archaeological research. This study focuses on the DNA concentration in different skeletal elements to improve human identification efforts. Ten cases of unidentified skeletal remains brought to the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Timisoara, Romania, underwent DNA analysis between 2019 and 2023. The results showed that teeth are the best source for DNA extraction as they contain the highest concentration of genetic material, at 3.68 ng/µL, compared to the petrous temporal bone (0.936 ng/µL) and femur bone (0.633 ng/µL). These findings highlight the significance of teeth in forensic contexts due to their abundant genetic material. Combining anthropological examination with DNA analysis enhances the understanding and precision of identifying human skeletal remains, thus advancing forensic science. Selecting specific skeletal elements, such as the cochlea or teeth, emerges as crucial for reliable genetic analyses, emphasizing the importance of careful consideration in forensic identification procedures. Our study concludes that automated DNA extraction protocols without liquid nitrogen represent a significant advancement in DNA extraction technology, providing a faster, more efficient, and less labor-intensive method for extracting high-quality DNA from damaged bone and tooth samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The frontal sinus is a well-preserved structure, hence making it a potential site of choice during forensic identification. The coexistence of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) models from imaging has gained interest for forensic usage. Despite the existing comparison between 2D and 3D models, the comparison using frontal sinus within the same patient is yet to be explored. This upsurges a key question on the morphological consistency of 3D over 2D models on the frontal sinus. This pilot study compares the consistency of frontal sinus morphology between 2D and 3D frontal sinus reconstructed models. Methods: The samples comprised 30 digital skull radiographs and CT scans of the same subject. The 3D models of the frontal sinus were reconstructed from CT scans. The 2D and 3D models were superimposed, and the congruence of the morphological features was assessed in a superimposed state using a mix and wipe method. Results: The superimposed frontal sinus morphology on the 2D and 3D models shows a perfect match of 100% in the posteroanterior view. In the lateral view, 77% of the samples failed to match. Conclusion: The 3D frontal sinus model is more recommended to evaluate the frontal sinus region compared to the 2D model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular identification of extremely compromised human remains in forensic field is usually performed from DNA typing of bones, which are a difficult sample to work with. Moreover, autosomal STR profiles do not always result in the identification of the donor due to lack of comparisons or non-hit throughout database searching. An attempt to overcome these issues is represented by fingernails as an alternative DNA source and Y-STRs typing to infer both geographical and familial ancestry of the unknown donor. In this study, we analyzed both 24 autosomal and 27 Y-chromosome STRs from unidentified human remains (UHRs) of five males recovered from the water near the southwestern coast of Sardinia by the Italian Harbor Master's Office. Nail clippings provided an optimal source of autologous DNA for molecular identification in a very short time, producing complete autosomal and Y-STR profiles even under conditions of high body degradation. Unfortunately, no match neither compatibility occurred using autosomal STRs (aSTRs), initially. Upon analyzing the Y-haplotypes, we found out they had already been observed in northern Africa, providing us important investigative leads. This prompted the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) to provide us with references of alleged relatives that were then confirmed to be related. The use of fingernails represents an excellent DNA source especially for genetic identification of decomposed bodies recovered in seawater environment. Notably, DNA extracted from nails gave high-quality Y-STR haplotypes by which predicting paternal ancestry of the unidentified donors may result fundamental in the forensic investigative context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badly burned skeletal remains are commonly submitted to forensic laboratories for victim identification via DNA analysis methods. Burned skeletal remains present many challenges for DNA analysis as they can contain low amounts of DNA which can also be damaged and degraded, resulting in partial or no STR profiles. Therefore, a simple, but effective screening method that identifies which samples may provide the most successful STR or mtDNA typing results for identification would enable forensic laboratories to save time, money, and resources. One metric that can be used and a screening method is the color of burned bone, as bone color changes with exposure to fire as temperature and length of exposure increase. This research developed a quantitative screening method based on the surface color of burned bone. The different visual bone colors (light brown, dark brown, black, gray, and white) were quantified using the Commission on Illumination L*a*b color space. These values were then compared to DNA yield, STR, and mtDNA profile completeness to identify whether the L*a*b values can predict genotyping success. A Bayesian network was constructed to determine the probability of STR typing success, given a set of L*a*b values. Results demonstrated that samples with an a* value greater than or equal to one and b* value greater than eight (light brown and dark brown burned samples) were the most predictive of STR typing success and mtDNA typing success. A decision tree for processing burned bones was constructed based on the color value thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on stature estimation models for North West Indian populations are limited. The present study attempts to develop stature estimation models for the Indian population using hand and foot dimensions. Materials and Methods: Hand and foot measurements of 280 individuals (140 males and 140 females) were recorded for the estimation of stature in the present study. The stature and nine hand and foot anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods and relevant landmarks. For bilateral and sex differences, independent and paired t-tests were used to statistically analyze the data. Results: The findings showed statistically significant sex differences (P < 0.05) in stature, foot, and hand measurements. However, there were no significant bilateral differences. The Pearson correlation coefficient assessed the association between stature and hand/foot measurements. All the studied parameters in both sexes demonstrated a statistically significant (P < 0.001) and strong positive correlation with stature. Males and females had the strongest correlation coefficients for right-foot length (r = 0.70) and right-hand length (r = 0.64), respectively. Each sex's regression equations were calculated separately. Stature predictions were accurate to within 4.02-6.64 cm. Conclusion: Stature estimated from hand and foot measurements can help in personal identification by creating an individual's biological profile. Morphological differences in feet and hands demonstrate the significance of developing ethnic group-specific models to determine stature. According to the study's findings, the stature of a person belonging to the Indian subcontinent can be estimated using hands and feet for anthropological and forensic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of chronological age is crucial in legal dental identification. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different formulas in estimating the age of a Brazilian subpopulation by analyzing the pulp/tooth ratio of the maxillary canine and mandibular second premolar in panoramic and periapical radiographs. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of panoramic and periapical radiographs of 247 individuals. The file of each radiograph was opened in the Adobe Photoshop CS4® program to outline and obtain values in pixels for calculating the pulp/tooth ratio. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS program, with a significance level set at 5%. (3) Results: The interclass correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer agreement (0.990–0.999). The determination coefficients (R2) suggested that only 30–35% of the actual age results could be explained by the pulp/tooth ratio. The smallest differences were observed with Cameriere's formula for the mandibular second premolar on panoramic radiographs (+4.1 years). The greatest differences were found with the formulas for the mandibular second premolar in panoramic radiographs of the Korean (+12.5 years) and Portuguese (−12.1 years) populations. (4) Conclusions: The equations employed showed little agreement between the actual age and the estimated age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to better health care anticipates that more medical devices can be found alongside skeletal remains. Those employed in oral rehabilitation, with available brands or batch/series, can prove useful in the identification process. A previous study in the Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados Século XXI described macroscopically the dental prostheses. An unusual case of a dental device with chromatic alterations demonstrated to require a more detailed analysis. The individual, a 53-year-old male, exhibited, at both arches, a fixed tooth-supported rehabilitation, with gold colouring classified initially as a gold-palladium alloy. Simultaneously, a green pigmentation deposit was observable in bone and prosthesis. This investigation aimed to verify the elemental composition of the dental prosthesis alloy. Elemental analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence in two regions (labial surface of the prosthetic crown and the root surface of the lower right lateral incisor). Both the spectra and the qualitative results found higher levels of copper and aluminium, followed by nickel, iron, zinc, and manganese. No gold or palladium was detected. The most probable assumption is that a copper-aluminium alloy was used, as its elemental concentration corresponds to those measured in similar devices. Dental prostheses of copper-aluminium alloys have been made popular since the 1980s, particularly in the USA, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Apart from the biographical information, it was also known that the individual's place of birth was an Eastern European country, which highlighted the usefulness of this type of information when dealing with missing people cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to gather evidence to clarify if cheiloscopy can be used in sex estimation and identify the reasons behind the lack of consensus in the scientific community. The systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic survey was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, restricted to articles published between 2010 and 2020. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria, and then the study data were collected. The risk of bias in each study was assessed and applied as additional inclusion or exclusion criteria. The results of the articles eligible for analysis were synthesized using a descriptive approach. In the 41 included studies, several methodological flaws and variations between studies that contribute to the discrepancy in results were identified. The data gathered allowed us to conclude that there is no strong scientific evidence to support the use of cheiloscopy in sex estimation, as there is no specific pattern for each sex, which reduces the criminalistic interest of cheiloscopy in estimating this parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic Odontology (FO) identification compares antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) dental datasets and is widely accepted as a primary identifier. Traditionally, a PM dental examination is undertaken in the same manner as a dental examination conducted for a living patient. Recently, the increased forensic application of computed tomography (CT) offers an alternative source of PM data. While charting from PMCT is widely accepted as less accurate, the impact on reconciliation is unknown. This study aims to determine if reconciliation outcome differs when PM dental data is collected from PMCT, compared with conventional PM examination. PMCT data was reviewed for 21 cases previously completed using conventional PM dental examination. Operators blinded to original identification outcomes charted from CT images before comparing to AM data to form an opinion regarding identity. Opinions formed were compared with original identification outcomes. Differences in PM dental charting between the two methods and the evidentiary value of AM and PM datasets were assessed to determine driving factors of differences in identification outcome. Compared to conventional PM dental examination, PMCT examination resulted in similar or less certain identification outcomes. Discrepancies in outcome were driven by the quality of AM and PM datasets rather than inaccuracies in charting from PMCT. Based on the results of this study, both conventional and PMCT methods of PM dental examination can reach similar identification outcomes. However, operators remained more certain in establishing identity when conducting conventional PM dental examinations especially when AM data was lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common application for intraoral scanners is the digitization of the morphology of teeth and palatal rugae. Palatal scans are most commonly required to fabricate complete dentures and immediate transitional dentures and serve as a reference point for assessing orthodontic results. However, they are also frequently included by accident, even though the main purpose of intraoral scanning is to reconstruct dentition using computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). The literature shows that the identification of disaster victims has frequently involved palatal rugae impressions. As the skull provides sound insulation, the rugae are resistant to heat, chemicals, and stress. Antemortem data might be difficult to find during a forensic inquiry, particularly in disaster victim identification cases. In contrast with DNA and fingerprints, there is a greater likelihood of having a dental record that contains palatal scans. With specialized software, the scans can be exported as open stereolithography (STL) files. Considering that a full case consumes up to about 100 MB of hard drive space, long-term storage should not be an issue compared to a plaster model. Additionally, dentists widely use online databases to exchange data for smile design, implant registration, and orthodontic purposes. This will produce a digital database that grows quickly and is readily usable for forensic investigations. The uniqueness of forensic features is frequently challenged; however, palatal morphology's unique trait could make it possible as it is characteristic of individuals as well as the most distinguishing factor. This review will highlight how rugae, palatal morphology, mirroring, superimposition, and geometrics can serve in forensic identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radar signal has been shown as a promising source for human identification. In daily home sleep-monitoring scenarios, large-scale motion features may not always be practical, and the heart motion or respiration data may not be as ideal as they are in a controlled laboratory setting. Human identification from radar sequences is still a challenging task. Furthermore, there is a need to address the open-set recognition problem for radar sequences, which has not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based approach for human identification using radar sequences captured during sleep in a daily home-monitoring setup. To enhance robustness, we preprocess the sequences to mitigate environmental interference before employing a deep convolution neural network for human identification. We introduce a Principal Component Space feature representation to detect unknown sequences. Our method is rigorously evaluated using both a public data set and a set of experimentally acquired radar sequences. We report a labeling accuracy of 98.2% and 96.8% on average for the two data sets, respectively, which outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques. Our method excels at accurately distinguishing unknown sequences from labeled ones, with nearly 100% detection of unknown samples and minimal misclassification of labeled samples as unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The uniqueness of the human dentition serves its wide acceptance in the identification of individual in forensic science. Aim and Objectives: To estimate the accuracy of age by using modified Kvaal’s formula and coronal pulp cavity index (CPCI) and compare the standard error and establish the technique among the Pune population. Materials and Methods: Four hundred cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were randomly selected with satisfying the established criteria. The second premolar was included in the study and the maximum length of tooth, root, and pulp was measured using modified Kvaal’s method and CPCI by using Planmeca CBCT machine with Romexis‑three‑dimensional imaging software. Results: The results were analyzed using the Chi‑square test and ANOVA. Modified Kvaal’s formula was found to be the better followed by CPCI in the estimation of age among Indians with lesser error in prior. Conclusion: Modified Kvaal’s formula is precise, noninvasive, and most reliable biomarker for age estimation than tooth‑coronal index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is often overlooked in DNA testing due to misconceptions about its DNA content. However, its shock-absorbing qualities may be useful for high-pressure scenarios like bomb blasts. This study aimed to evaluate DNA quality and quantity in adipose tissue affected by blasts compared to that in unaffected tissue. METHODS 10 adipose tissue samples were taken from regions near and far from the blast, representing the blast-exposed and non-blast-exposed groups. The adipose tissue was stored at a low temperature for 5 days, after which an organic extraction method was applied. The purity of the DNA extract was assessed using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer, and its integrity was evaluated using 0.8% concentration gel electrophoresis at 60 V for 90 min. DNA typing was conducted using the GlobalFiler™ kit, and DNA quantity was determined with the Quantifiler™ Trio DNA Quantification kit. RESULTS Of 20 DNA extracts from adipose tissue, all samples demonstrated purity, integrity, and complete typing results. Adequate integrity was found in 90% of samples in both groups. A 50% incidence of allele shifting was observed at the D7S820 locus within the blast-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS DNA from blast-exposed adipose tissue exhibited no significant quality or quantity differences from non-blast-exposed tissue. This suggested adipose tissue's potential as an alternative DNA source in a bomb explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia faces the complex humanitarian challenges of locating approximately 100,000 missing persons and identifying thousands who are deceased. Identification is a difficult task in many cases, because the skeletonized bodies are deteriorated, missing person data are unavailable for comparison, and the provenance of the remains is often totally unknown. Isotopic analysis of human tissues (e.g., bone, hair, nails, and teeth) aid in the identification process of unknown individuals because they can provide valuable information on possible geographic origin. This project evaluated the isotopic variability of carbon (C), oxygen (O), strontium (Sr), and lead (Pb) in modern Colombian teeth according to city, department (a political designation similar to "state" in the US or Mexico), and one of four geographically determined regions of origin; and assessed its utility for human identification in Colombia. Isotopic data (O‐C‐Sr‐Pb) were analyzed from modern Colombians originating from the cities of Bogotá, Cali, and Neiva (n = 95); and these data were compiled with published Colombian data of individuals mainly from the city of Medellín (n = 61). Results indicate a wide range and overlap of O‐C‐Sr‐Pb isotopic distribution according to the defined categories. However, differences between coastal and lowland individuals are observed when using δ18O values, and differences between mountainous regions are observed when using 87Sr/86Sr values. In addition, this study suggests that the usefulness of isotopic analysis for unidentified individuals in Colombia would be with assigning them geographically using the designations of North, Central Andes, Eastern Andes, or Southwest Andes versus making classifications at a city or department level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within anatomical willed body programs and skeletal collections, whole bodies and their disassociated limbs and organs are identified and tracked. However, if these tracking mechanisms fail, DNA recovered from the formalin‐fixed tissues/organs could provide an additional layer of quality assurance. Embalming fluids preserve biological tissues; however, they also damage, fragment, and cross‐link DNA and protein molecules. This project investigated the success of STR‐typing from various soft tissue and bone samples that were fixed with embalming solutions with a range of formaldehyde concentrations. Formalin‐fixed samples dissected from five cadavers, including skin, muscle, bone, heart, and kidney were used in Phase 1 of this study. In Phase 2, an additional 57 tissue samples from various embalmed organs and body parts were collected to demonstrate long‐term fixation and direct applicability within a body donor program. DNA was extracted from the samples using the QIAamp® FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGEN), quantified with the Investigator® QuantiPlex® Pro RGQ qPCR Kit (QIAGEN), and amplified using the Investigator® 24plex and 26plex QS Kits and the Investigator® DIPplex Kit (QIAGEN). The results show the DNA was severely damaged, degraded, and often in low amounts (after one year post‐embalming). Sampling from skin and muscle tissues embalmed with ~2.5%–5% formaldehyde solutions appears to be the best strategy for identification, while also maintaining the preservation of the tissues. The results of this project can provide informative data when determining which genotyping strategy may be best suited for the identification, re‐association, and establishment of a database for the provenance of formalin‐fixed human remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keystroke dynamics is a soft biometric based on the assumption that humans always type in uniquely characteristic manners. Previous works mainly focused on analyzing the key press or release events. Unlike these methods, we explored a novel visual modality of keystroke dynamics for human identification using a single RGB-D sensor. In order to verify this idea, we created a dataset dubbed KD-MultiModal, which contains 243.2 K frames of RGB images and depth images, obtained by recording a video of hand typing with a single RGB-D sensor. The dataset comprises RGB-D image sequences of 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) typing sentences, and each subject typed around 20 sentences. In the task, only the hand and keyboard region contributed to the person identification, so we also propose methods of extracting Regions of Interest (RoIs) for each type of data. Unlike the data of the key press or release, our dataset not only captures the velocity of pressing and releasing different keys and the typing style of specific keys or combinations of keys, but also contains rich information on the hand shape and posture. To verify the validity of our proposed data, we adopted deep neural networks to learn distinguishing features from different data representations, including RGB-KD-Net, D-KD-Net, and RGBD-KD-Net. Simultaneously, the sequence of point clouds also can be obtained from depth images given the intrinsic parameters of the RGB-D sensor, so we also studied the performance of human identification based on the point clouds. Extensive experimental results showed that our idea works and the performance of the proposed method based on RGB-D images is the best, which achieved 99.44 % accuracy based on the unseen real-world data. To inspire more researchers and facilitate relevant studies, the proposed dataset will be publicly accessible together with the publication of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A difficulty associated with forensic applications is the detection of degraded biological materials. Due to the large amplicon sizes of short tandem repeat alleles, valid genotyping results cannot be obtained from degraded biological materials. Recently, insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphisms have been used in forensic applications for their widespread distributions in the human genome, short amplicon sizes, and low mutation rates. Purpose: Human identification InDel panels have mostly been designed for European populations. Therefore, our laboratory independently developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system with 35 polymorphic InDel loci to be used for human identification in China. Forensic validation studies were conducted on this novel 35-InDel multiplex PCR system. Methods: The 35 InDel loci were screened in the database, and then used with the traditional PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis platform combined with five-color fluorescence parallel detection technology. Validation studies were performed on this novel panel, including accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility, species specificity, sensitivity, stability, forensic case sample detection, and mixture studies. In addition, forensic efficiency assessments were conducted in populations from different continents. Results: The data of validated studies indicated that the novel 35-InDel panel was accurate, stable, and efficient for forensic purposes. For human identification, the cumulative power of discrimination values for the these 35 InDel loci in East Asian, South Asian, European, American, and African populations were 0.999999999999995, 0.999999999999995, 0.999999999999971, 0.9999999999999960, and 0.999999999998166, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, a set of 35 InDel loci were conducted in a multiplex amplification system for human identification of degraded DNA sample, and this new assay was efficient and stable. The present results suggested that the 35-InDel panel was a reliable tool for forensic use and could be efficiently used for human identification in the East Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos are secondary identifiers that can be used to provide a presumptive identity and provide information about a deceased individual to a case. Additional information may be available through the analysis of the visual presentation of tattoos. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological changes of tattoos during the decomposition of a human donor in an Australian environment. Using time-lapse cameras recording for 16 months, stills were extracted and tattoos were quantified using ImageJ. A full analysis was completed on three tattoos, while a fourth tattoo was partially analysed. The tattoos showed the most change in area during the bloat stage of decomposition, staying relatively constant in size for the remainder of the study. The detailed shape of the outlines showed the morphological effect of desiccation as part of decomposition and continued to change until the tattoo was no longer visible. Of the tattoos fully analysed, two became redundant as secondary identifiers on day 294, the other on day 333, all due to lack of visibility. This information is useful during investigations of unknown deceased persons; in this case, the stage of decomposition influenced the presentation of the tattoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait recognition is a biometric recognition technology, where the goal is to identify the subject by the subject's walking posture at a distance. However, a lot of redundant information in gait sequence will affect the performance of gait recognition, and the most existing gait recognition models are overly complicated and parameterized, which leads to the low efficiency in model training. Consequently, how to reduce the complexity of the model and eliminate redundant information effectively in gait have become a challenging problem in the field of gait recognition. In this paper, we present a residual structure based gait recognition model, short for ResGait, to learn the most discriminative changes of gait patterns. To eliminate redundant information in gait, the soft thresholding is inserted into the deep architectures as a nonlinear transformation layer to improve gait feature learning capability from the noised gait feature map. Moreover, each sample owns unique set of thresholds, making the proposed model suitable for different gait sequences with different redundant information. Furthermore, residual link is introduced to reduce the learning difficulties and alleviate computational costs in model training. Here, we train the network in terms of various scenarios and walking conditions, and the effectiveness of the method is validated through abundant experiments with various types of redundant information in gait. In comparison to the previous state-of-the-art works, experimental results on the common datasets, CASIA-B and OUMVLP-Pose, show that ResGait has higher recognition accuracy under various walking conditions and scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean War claimed approximately 36,500 American service member casualties in its 3 years, of which nearly 7600 are still unaccounted for. The Korea 208 (K208) Project began in 2011 to more strategically address the highly commingled nature of 208 boxes of human remains that were repatriated from North Korea to the United Nations Command in the early 1990s and subsequently turned over to the Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii (now Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency [DPAA]) for analysis and identification. The K208 was further expanded by the recovery of remains from Joint Recovery Operations (JROs) in North Korea between 1996 and 2005, which revealed, among other issues, the presence of non-U. S. casualties and crossover of elements between these two assemblages. More recently, 55 boxes of human remains (known as the K55) were repatriated from North Korea in 2018 with many of the same commingling and assemblage crossover issues originally presented by the K208. Additionally, there has been an increased push to disinter more than 800 unknown Korean War service members buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (also known as the Punchbowl) in Honolulu, which represent casualties recovered from both North and South Korea that had undergone prior analysis in the 1950s and 1960s. Subsequent examination has revealed that many Punchbowl remains are commingled despite being thought to have been originally buried as discrete individuals. Because of these developments, the K208 Project has grown in complexity and scope, thus changing its name to the Korean War Identification Project (KWIP) in 2017. Now under its purview are the original accessions from the K208 and JROs as well as the K55 and Punchbowl, representing the largest identification project within the DPAA. A robust and defensible identification process begins with an initial triage of the remains, followed by a systematic process of segregation, consolidation, and corroboration leading to identification. This unique case of highly commingled human remains, involving thousands of missing persons from varied proveniences, highlights the challenges and successes of a multi-disciplinary approach involving historians, anthropologists, odontologists, and DNA and isotope specialists at the forefront, while also working with family members towards resolution. As of December 31, 2020, the KWIP has identified a total of 591 service members and continues to seek ways to innovate and improve both the quantity and quality of its work. This article is categorized under: Forensic Anthropology > Anthropology in Mass Disaster & War Crime Contexts Forensic Biology > Forensic DNA Technologies Forensic Medicine > Historical Perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resolution of unidentified human remains (UHR) and long-term missing persons (LTMP) cases is paramount for administrative, legal, and humanitarian reasons. There are various forensic profiling methods for human identification; however, their utility is dependent on several factors. First, UHR can be found in different stages of decomposition, so the availability and diversity of post-mortem (PM) information will differ. Second, the availability and totality of the LTMP's ante-mortem (AM) information will differ. Therefore, the suitability of existing methods will be dependent on the quality and quantity of PM and/or AM data available for comparison. Visual recognition is the simplest and quickest method, but typically not practiced or possible, owing to the altered, fragmented, or skeletonized state of UHR. Primary forensic profiling methods involve the comparison of fingerprint, dental, DNA, and medical data. Secondary forensic profiling methods from anthropology, radiology, geochemistry, and anatomy disciplines can provide supplementary evidence to support comparative identification approaches. Emerging forensic molecular technologies such as genomics, microbiomics, epigenetics, and proteomics, together with individual digital footprints from personal devices, offer new investigative leads for establishing identity. However, despite the success of these individual methods, their limitations must be considered when used in isolation. Through the development of a guiding forensic examination framework, this review endorses an interdisciplinary response to unidentified and missing persons investigations, where various forensic specialists collaboratively examine UHR using a suite of contemporary forensic profiling methods to produce multiple and/or different lines of evidence to link them effectively, efficiently, comprehensively, and systematically to LTMP. This article is categorized under: Forensic Science in Action/Crime Scene Investigation > Special Situations and Investigations Forensic Biology > DNA Testing in Disaster Victim and Missing Persons Identification Forensic Medicine > Medicolegal Death Investigation Systems Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Interdisciplinary Collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary lip prints have been studied by several researchers. However, the literature shows no consensus among the scientific community regarding this topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to gather evidence to clarify whether the surface structure of lip prints is hereditary and, consequently, if a familial relationship between individuals can be established through the analysis of lip prints. The systematic review was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A bibliographic survey was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, restricted to articles published between 2010 and 2020. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria, and then the study data were collected. The risk of bias of each study was assessed and applied as additional inclusion or exclusion criteria. The results of the articles eligible for analysis were synthesized by a descriptive approach. In the seven included studies, methodological variations, including the definition of similarity, that contribute to the heterogeneity of results were identified. The data gathered allowed to conclude that there is no strong scientific evidence to support the hypothesis of the existence of heredity in the surface structure of lip prints, since it was not proven that similarities between parents and children occur systematically in all families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Blood-fed mosquitoes found at crime scenes can provide human blood traces for genetic analysis that aid in forensic investigations. Because a mosquito can obtain its blood meal from two or more sources, this study aims to determine whether it is possible to obtain a human DNA profile from the blood meal of a single Culex pipiens mosquito experimentally fed on mixed blood of human male-female or human-mice. Twenty-four human STR loci were amplified over a complete digestion profile post-feeding. Data revealed that full, complete, and partial STR profiles could be obtained from all blood meal types up to 12, 24, and 36 h post-feeding, respectively. The mixed human–animal blood maximized the DNA degradation and, thus, impaired STR identification beyond 36 h until they became poorly detectable at 48 h post-feeding. These results indicate that human DNA can be obtained from mosquito blood meals, even if it is mixed with non-human blood, for up to 36 h post-feeding. Mosquito vectors captured at a crime scene are forensically valuable since they feed on human blood, and hence, human DNA can be recovered to help identify the victim and/or the suspect. This study investigated the validity of obtaining the human short tandem repeats (STRs) profile from mixed blood meals of the mosquito, Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae). Thus, mosquitoes were membrane-feed on blood from six different sources: a human male, a human female, mixed human male-female blood, mixed human male-mouse blood, mixed human female-mouse blood, and mixed human male-female-mouse blood. DNA was extracted from mosquito blood meals at 2 h intervals up to 72 h post-feeding to amplify 24 human STRs. Data showed that full DNA profiles could be obtained for up to 12 h post-feeding, regardless of the type of blood meal. Complete and partial DNA profiles were obtained up to 24 h and 36 h post-feeding, respectively. The frequencies of STR loci decreased over time after feeding on mixed blood until they became weakly detectable at 48 h post-feeding. This may indicate that a blood meal of human blood mixed with animal blood would contribute to maximizing DNA degradation and thus affects STR identification beyond 36 h post-feeding. These results confirm the feasibility of human DNA identification from mosquito blood meals, even if it is mixed with other types of non-human blood, for up to 36 h post-feeding. Therefore, blood-fed mosquitoes found at the crime scene are forensically valuable, as it is possible to obtain intact genetic profiles from their blood meals to identify a victim, a potential offender, and/or exclude a suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) analyzed a set of 1036 samples representing four major US population groups (African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic) with 94 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used for individual identification (iiSNPs). The compact size of iiSNP amplicons compared to short tandem repeat (STR) markers increases the likelihood of successful amplification with degraded DNA samples. Allele frequencies and relevant forensic statistics were calculated for each population group as well as the aggregate population sample. Examination of sequence data in the regions flanking the targeted SNPs identified additional variants, which can be combined with the target SNPs to form microhaplotypes (multiple phased SNPs within a short-read sequence). Comparison of iiSNP performance with and without flanking SNP variation identified four amplicons containing microhaplotypes with observed heterozygosity increases of greater than 15% over the targeted SNP alone. For this set of 1036 samples, comparison of average match probabilities from iiSNPs with the 20 CODIS core STR markers yielded an estimate of 1.7 × 10−38 for iiSNPs (assuming independence between all 94 SNPs), which was four orders of magnitude lower (more discriminating) than STRs where internal sequence variation was considered, and 10 orders of magnitude lower than STRs using established capillary electrophoresis length-based genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important pieces of evidence to find the suspect of a sexual assault are semen stains. It has been observed that suspects do not use condoms in many cases and transfer seminal fluids over the body of the victim, to their clothes, to bed linen, or to other objects in the environment. However, in many cases, it has been seen that the suspects or the victims tend to clean their bodies and clothes because of psychological conditions such as fear, panic, and anxiety. This study aims to determine whether human identification can be accomplished from washed semen stains by evaluating the quantity of extracted DNA obtained from washed clothes. In this study, both cotton- and nylon-blended fabrics were stained with semen samples taken from 10 volunteers and washed with detergent at 40 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C. After stains were made re-visible using an ultraviolet (UV) light source, DNA was extracted using two different extraction methods (phenol–chloroform and spin-column). As a result, DNA extraction methods, washing conditions, and obtained DNA quantity from different washed fabrics were compared. It was shown that DNA could be obtained from all samples and that these DNA amounts could be used to perform identification. This study gives hope to the victims who have not been able to go to the judicial units immediately after the incident for fear or any other reasons and who think that they cannot get results because they have washed the laundry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable carbon isotope analysis has proven utility for reconstructing dietary information in humans in past populations. The usefulness of stable carbon for forensic geolocation has been little investigated, largely because of the globalization of the human diet seemingly rendering it inconsequential. This study queried this assumption at a country‐wide level on a known sample group. Stable carbon isotope values were obtained from human enamel with known biographical and geographical information to determine whether stable carbon, when paired with stable oxygen isotope values, could differentiate Canadians from non‐Canadians. Samples originating outside of Canada were separated into three regions, and a linear discriminant analysis was used to generate discriminant functions that best separate the regions according to the stable carbon and oxygen isotope values. The results revealed two functions, where the first function explained 92.1% and the second 7.9% of the variance. Although some overlap in stable carbon and oxygen values was observed for individuals from both the United States and Canada, differences were observed between those from Canada and other geographical regions. This study demonstrated that pairing the dietary isotope carbon with the geolocator stable oxygen isotope, produced an interesting separation geographically, one that might well be helpful when attempting a geolocation query on unknown human remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palatal rugae patterns can be useful for forensic identification purposes. However, some doubts persist in concerning the pattern singularity in twins. The purpose of this study was to assess palatal rugae pattern singularity in a sample of twins. To do this, the palatal rugae patterns of 19 pairs of monozygotic twins and 47 pairs of dizygotic twins were studied. Our results showed that in monozygotic twins, no statistical significant differences were found, either in the form or number of palatal rugae. However, in dizygotic twins, differences were found in the number or shape of all palatal rugae (except for the shape of the first two right ones), suggesting that the palatal rugae pattern can be useful for identification purposes of dizygotic, but not of monozygotic, twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acetabulum presents as a well-preserved evidence, resistant to taphonomic degradation changes and can thus aid in the age estimation process. A CT-based examination of the acetabulum can further help simplify the process of age estimation by overcoming the time-consuming process of maceration and by doing away with the interference resulting from tissue remnants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the acetabulum for age estimation in an Indian population through a CT-based examination, using principal component analysis and regression models. CT images of 400 individuals aged 10 years and above were evaluated according to the features defined in the San-Millán-Rissech method of age estimation. Five of the seven morphological features defined by San-Millán-Rissech were appreciable on CT scans, and, to enable further statistical analysis, a cumulative score was computed using these five features. A significant correlation of 0.835 and 0.830 for the right and left acetabulum, respectively, was obtained between computed cumulative scores and chronological age of individuals. No significant sex differences were observed in the scoring of different age-related morphological changes. Regression models were generated using individual features and cumulative scores. Regression models derived using the cumulative score yielded inaccuracy values of 9.67 years for the right acetabulum and 9.15 years for the left acetabulum. Inaccuracy and bias values were computed for each individual feature, as well as for each decade, using mean point ages established within the original study. Amongst the various features, acetabular rim porosity was seen to have the lowest values of inaccuracy (11.50 years) and bias (2.32 years) and activity on outer edge of acetabular fossa the highest (inaccuracy and bias values of 22.36 years and 21.50 years, respectively). Taking into consideration this differential contribution towards age estimation, weighted coefficients and mean point ages for different morphological features were determined using principal component analysis. Subsequently, summary age models were generated from the obtained weighted coefficients and mean age values. Summary age models derived in the present study yield lower estimates of inaccuracy of 7.60 years for the right acetabulum and 7.82 years for the left acetabulum. While regression models derived in the present study allow for age estimation using even a single appreciable feature, summary age models take into account the contribution of each feature and generate more accurate estimates of age. Both statistical computations yield reduced error rates and thus can render greater applicability to the acetabulum in forensic age estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to select the best mandibular morphological identifiers. One-hundred eighty-five panoramic radiographs were retrospectively collected, in which four landmarks were located on the mandible: the most superior point of the condyle right/left (CONR/L), of the coronoid right/left (CORR/L), of the mandibular lingula right/left (LINR/L), and the most mesial point of the mental foramen right/left (MMFR/L). Five linear measurements, 6 angles, and 10 ratios were measured bilaterally. Three groups of statistics were considered: (1) mean potential set; (2) inter-observer agreement quantified by intra-class correlation (ICC) and within-subject coefficient of variation (WSCV); and (3) Spearman correlation. Parameters were selected for a step-by-step cascade. In a univariate approach, the following parameters proved to have the best identifying capacity: ratio 3 right (between lines CONR — CORR and LINR — MMFR) with mean potential set 13%, ICC 0.90, and WSCV 4.8%; ratio 4 (between lines CONR/L — CORR/L and MMFR — MMFL) with mean potential set 13%, ICC 0.92, and WSCV 8.9%; and angle 4 left (between landmarks LINL, MMFL, and MMFR) with mean potential set of 18%, ICC 0.91, and WSCV 1.2%. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.01 to 0.33. In a multivariate approach, the identifying capacity improved drastically, with all ratios combined as the strongest identifier (mean potential set 1.29%). In conclusion, a single ratio or a single angle already narrows down the set of potential matches, but the mean potential set remains relatively large. Combining all ratios drastically increases the certainty of the match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to select the best dental morphological identifiers for human identification. Sixty-two panoramic radiographs were collected retrospectively, in which six measurements were performed on all seven mandibular left permanent teeth: tooth length (TL), crown length (CL), root length (RL), crown width (CW), cervical width (CEJW), and root width (RW). Nine length–width ratios were then calculated using these measurements. Three groups of statistics were considered: (1) inter-observer reliability quantified by intra-class correlation (ICC); (2) mean "potential set"; and (3) Spearman correlation. A step-by-step cascade was then established based on selected parameters. In a univariate approach, the following parameters were the best identifiers: TL/CW for tooth 36 (ICC 0.82; mean potential set 13.7%), TL/CEJW for tooth 35 (ICC 0.87; mean potential set 15.2%), and TL/RW for tooth 32 (ICC 0.89; mean potential set 16.0%). The correlations between these three parameters ranged from 0.24 to 0.47. In a multivariate approach, the following parameters had the best identifying capacity: all parameters combined for tooth 31 (mean potential set 8.1%), for tooth 35 (mean potential set 11.9%), and for tooth 32 (mean potential set 16.3%). In conclusion, a single ratio in a specific tooth narrows down the potential set of matches, but the mean potential set remains relatively large. Combining all ratios of a single specific tooth increases the certainty of the match. In particular, tooth 31 was the strongest identifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to answer the question, "Are paranasal measurements obtained with multislice computed tomography able to accurately estimate sex?" This PROSPERO‐registered systematic review included six databases and gray literature. Meta‐analysis of linear and volumetric data was performed using a random‐effects model, mean differences (MDs), and inverse variance. The QUADAS‐2 tool‐related risk of bias (RoB) and certainty evidence (GRADE approach) were assessed. A total of 1651 articles were initially selected from the main electronic databases for title and abstract screening. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 18 studies were eligible for the meta‐analysis. The screened studies included 2507 computed tomography of non‐pathologic paranasal sinuses of adults aged between 18 and 40 years. Frontal sinus (FS) width (−4.89 mm; p < 0.00001) and maxillary sinus (MS) height (−3.73 mm; p < 0.00001) showed the greatest MD between females and males. Regarding volume, the MD was significant (p < 0.00001) in both paranasal sinuses (−3.01 and −1.04 cm3, respectively). The best sensitivity (ability to identify males) and specificity (ability to identify females) were found for the anteroposterior (72.3%) and intermaxillary (69%) MS distances, respectively. In general, all studies exhibited low RoB and applicability concerns. The certainty of the evidence was categorized as very low to moderate. Both paranasal sinuses were shown to be dimorphic structures, which could be valuable tools for forensic identification using the FS width and MS anteroposterior distance measurements. However, heterogeneity among studies must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to use behavioral biometric features of bioelectric signals for classifying and identifying people. This paper describes the development of a high-predictive-accuracy Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based human recognition system. When four participants make seven separate finger/wrist movements, their bioelectric signals are captured and recorded by the bio-armband sensor. The developed CNN model is used to generate features from EMG signals and to classify humans. The model's success is assessed in two cases in the study. In the first case, separate human classification is made for seven different movements. In the second case, the human classification performance is tested using the entire dataset, regardless of the movement type. It is observed that the average accuracy of 98.833%, 99.166%, 98.333%, 100%, 99.708%, and 99.791% is reached for seven different subcases in Case 1, respectively. It is observed that the network model developed for Case 2 has 100% accuracy in human classification/identification, 100% recall, 100% sensitivity, and 100% F1-score performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex estimation is essential for human identification within bioarchaeological and medico-legal contexts. Amongst the sexually dimorphic skeletal elements commonly utilised for this purpose, the pelvis is usually preferred because of its direct relationship with reproduction. Furthermore, the posterior part of the innominate bone has proven to have better preservation within degraded contexts. With the aim of investigating the potential of the vertical acetabular diameter as a sex marker, 668 documented individuals from three different Iberian skeletal collections were randomly divided into training and test samples and eventually analysed using different statistical approaches. Two traditional (Discriminant Function Analysis and Logistic Regression Analysis) and four Machine learning methodologies (Support Vector Classification, Decision Tree Classification, k Nearest Neighbour Classification, and Neural Networks) were performed and compared. Amongst these statistical modalities, Machine Learning methodologies yielded better accuracy outcomes, with DTC garnering highest accuracy percentages of 83.59% and 89.85% with the sex-pooled and female samples, respectively. With males, ANN yielded highest accuracy percentage of 87.70%, when compared to other statistical approaches. Higher accuracy obtained with ML, along with its minimal statistical assumptions, warrant these approaches to be increasingly utilised for further investigations involving sex estimation and human identification. In this line, the creation of a statistical platform with easier user interface can render such robust statistical modalities accessible to researchers and practitioners, effectively maximising its practical use. Future investigations should attempt to achieve this goal, alongside examining the influence of factors such as age, on the obtained accuracy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether deciduous upper molars and lower canines have sexual dimorphic features, exploring these teeth' dimensions and the presence of Zuckerkandl's tubercle and Carabelli's cusp on the first and second upper molars. We analyzed 64 pairs of dental plaster casts from 34 females and 30 males aged between 3 and 12 years. We measured the first and second deciduous upper molars and the lower deciduous canines (maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual length), and we registered the presence of the Zuckerkandl's tubercle and the Carabelli's cusp on the first and second upper molars, respectively. Regarding the differentiation between sexes using Carabelli's cusp and Zuckerkandl's tubercle, the classification was not independent of Carabelli's cusp presence only for tooth 65 (p = 0.035). In all other teeth, whether for Carabelli's cusp or Zuckerkandl's tubercle, their presence was similar for both sexes. There were statistically significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05) for the buccolingual measurements of both upper second molars, the first right upper molar, and the right canine. The developed model allowed for a 64.1% accuracy in sex estimation. The study suggests that while Carabelli's cusp and Zuckerkandl's tubercle in upper deciduous molars don't consistently differ between sexes, tooth size, particularly the buccolingual measurements of certain teeth, including upper deciduous molars and lower canines, may provide a more reliable criterion for sex estimation. The developed model depicted moderate accuracy, underscoring the need for a multifactorial approach when estimating sex from skeletal remains. It suggests that while dental features can contribute to sex estimation, they should be used in conjunction with other skeletal or molecular markers to improve accuracy. • Carabelli's cusp in the upper left second molar is a sexual dimorphic feature. • Zuckerkandl's tubercle in the first upper molar doesn't show sexual dimorphism. • The buccolingual dimension shows more sexual dimorphism than the mesiodistal one. • All measurements in the upper second deciduous molar showed sexual dimorphism. • Our model allowed for 64.1% of correct sex classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Methods: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Results: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Conclusion: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Clinical relevance statement: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Key Points: Computer vision (CV) mimics human vision, enabling computers to automatically compare radiological images from recent examinations with a large image database for unique identification, crucial in emergency scenarios involving unknown patients or deceased individuals. This study aims to extend a CV-based personal identification method from orthopantomograms (OPGs) to computed tomography (CT) examinations using single CT slices.The study analyzed 819 cranial computed tomography (CCT) examinations from 722 individuals, focusing on single CT slices from six anatomical regions to explore their potential for CV-based personal identification in 69 procedures. CV automatically identifies and describes interesting features in images, which can be recognized in a reference image and then designated as matching points. In this study, the number of matching points was used as an indicator for identification.Across six different regions, identification rates ranged from 41/69 (59%) to 69/69 (100%) across over 700 possible identities. Comparison of images from the same individual achieved higher matching points, averaging 6.32 ± 0.52% (100% represents the maximum possible matching points), while images of different individuals averaged 0.94 ± 0.15%. Reliable matching points are found in the teeth, maxilla, cervical spine, skull bones, and paranasal sinuses, with the maxillary sinuses and ethmoidal cells being particularly suitable for identification due to their abundant matching points.Unambiguous identification of individuals based on a single CT slice is achievable, with maxillary sinus CT slices showing the highest identification rates. However, metal artifacts, especially from dental prosthetics, and various head positions can hinder identification.Radiology possesses a multitude of reference images for a CV database, facilitating automated CV-based personal identification in emergency examinations or cases involving unknown deceased individuals. This enhances patient care and communication with relatives by granting access to medical history.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database.Unknown individuals in radiology or forensics pose challenges, addressed through automatic CV-based identification methods.A single CT slice highlighting the maxillary sinuses is particularly effective for personal identification.Radiology plays a pivotal role in automated personal identification by leveraging its extensive image database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental measurements have been proposed as parameters for stature estimation for at least 85 years. The scientific literature on the topic, however, is controversial regarding the performance of the method. This systematic literature review of observational cross-sectional studies aimed to compile evidence to support decisions in the forensic practice regarding the use of dental measurements for stature estimation. Embase, LILACS, MedLine (via PubMed), SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, DansEasy and Open Access Thesis and Dissertations (OATD) were searched. Data regarding the rate of correct stature classifications were extracted. A meta-analysis with a Random Intercept Logistic Regression model and a Logit Transformation was conducted. The search led to 10.803 entries, out of which 15 were considered eligible (n = 1486 individuals). The studies were published between 1990 and 2020 and were authored by South American (n = 7) and Asian (n = 8) research teams. Dental measurements were predominantly (93.34 %) performed on dental casts or via intraoral inspection. The overall rate of correct classifications based on stature was 68 %. Excluding outliers, the overall accuracy of the method decreased to 64 % (95 %CI: 54–73 %). Significant heterogeneity was detected (I² = 72.4 %, τ2 = 0.24, H = 1.91, p < 0.001). Egger's test (p = 0.94) and the funnel plot did not reveal publication bias. Dental measurements are not reliable for stature estimation in the forensic field. • The search found 10.803 entries out of eight databases. • Fifteen studies were eligible, combining 1486 individuals. • The overall rate of correct stature classifications was 64 % (95 %CI: 54–73 %). • High heterogeneity was detected (I² = 72.4 %, τ2 = 0.24, H = 1.91, p < 0.001). • Egger's test (p = 0.94) and the funnel plot did not reveal publication bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass disaster events can result in high levels of casualties that need to be identified. Whilst disaster victim identification (DVI) relies on primary identifiers of DNA, fingerprints, and dental, these require ante-mortem data that may not exist or be easily obtainable. Facial recognition technology may be able to assist. Automated facial recognition has advanced considerably and access to ante-mortem facial images are readily available. Facial recognition could therefore be used to expedite the DVI process by narrowing down leads before primary identifiers are made available. This research explores the feasibility of using automated facial recognition technology to support DVI. We evaluated the performance of a commercial-off-the-self facial recognition algorithm on post-mortem images (representing images taken after a mass disaster) against ante-mortem images (representing a database that may exist within agencies who hold face databases for identity documents (such as passports or driver's licenses). We explored facial recognition performance for different operational scenarios, with different levels of face image quality, and by cause of death. Our research is the largest facial recognition evaluation of post-mortem and ante-mortem images to date. We demonstrated that facial recognition technology would be valuable for DVI and that the performance varies by image quality and cause of death. We provide recommendations for future research. • Conducted the largest facial recognition evaluation for post-mortem identification. • Facial recognition can return a correct match in the top 20, 71 % of the time. • Cause of death can impact facial recognition performance. • Taking suitable images improves facial recognition enrolment and matching performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental comparison has been a trusted primary method of human identification for centuries, with its processes evolving with advances in knowledge and technology. However, the scientific validity of the processes has never been rigorously tested. Recent publications have examined the validity of various forensic science opinion disciplines which have highlighted the need for the profession to conduct robust scientific studies of the methods of dental identification. This study explores variation in the processes employed throughout the entire workflow of dental identification, and the opinions of Australian practitioners regarding the current application of and need for validation. Current practitioners and those undergoing postgraduate training in forensic odontology were asked to complete a survey of 26 questions. Twenty-four participants with varying levels of experience and current involvement in dental identification completed the survey. Results show variation in radiographic technology used as well as differing reliance on various comparison techniques. Opinions on reporting statistics and the use of a dental pattern database provide interesting insight into potential applications in the validation of dental identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontal sinus radiographs are frequently used to identify human remains. However, the method of visually comparing antemortem (AM) to postmortem (PM) cranial radiographs has been criticized for being a subjective approach that relies on practitioner experience, training, and judgment rather than on objective, quantifiable procedures with published error rates. The objective of this study was to explore the use of ArcMap and its spatial analysis tool, Similarity Search, as a quantifiable, reliable, and reproducible method for identifying frontal sinus matches from cranial radiographs. Using cranial radiographs of 100 individuals from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, the frontal sinuses were digitized to create two-dimensional polygons. Similarity Search was evaluated on its ability to identify the correct AM radiograph using three variables: the number of scallops and the area and perimeter values of the polygons. Using all three variables, Similarity Search correctly identified the true match AM polygon in 58% of the male groups and in 62% of the female groups. These results indicate that ArcMap can be used with frontal sinus radiographs. However, further analysis of the three variables revealed that scallop number did not provide sufficient information about frontal sinus shape to increase the accuracy of Similarity Search, and area and perimeter only captured the size of the frontal sinus polygons, not shape. This research is a first step in developing a user-friendly, quantifiable frontal sinus comparison method for the purpose of positive identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]