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Keywords: horse; fracture; scintigraphy; standing surgery; racehorse EN horse fracture scintigraphy standing surgery racehorse 255 257 3 04/06/20 20200501 NES 200501 The case report by Cillán-García and colleagues published in this issue (Cillán-García I et al i . Conversely, the identification of a fracture on repeat radiography may have necessitated travelling the horse for surgical treatment at this later date, at which stage catastrophic fracture progression would be more likely. Treatment of the reported fracture by internal fixation is optimal to provide rigid stabilisation, interfragmentary compression and to minimise the risk of fracture propagation and secondary tarsometatarsal osteoarthritis. Fracture configuration, temperament of the animal, a surgeon experienced in fracture repair and a competent surgical team are all vital components of successful standing fracture repair. [Extracted from the article]

The interferons (IFN) are one of the body's natural defensive responses to such foreign components as microbes, tumors, and antigens. The IFN response begins with the production of the IFN proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma), which then induce the antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory actions of IFN. Recent advances have led to Food and Drug Administration approval of five clinical indications for IFN. Interferon alfa is approved for hairy-cell leukemia, condyloma acuminatum, Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and non-A, non-B (type C) viral hepatitis. Interferon gamma has properties distinctive from those of IFNs alpha and beta and is approved as an immunomodulatory treatment for chronic granulomatous disease. Promising clinical results with IFNs have also been reported for basal cell carcinoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, early human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B, and laryngeal papillomatosis. Future clinical uses of IFNs may emphasize combination therapy with other cytokines, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, hyperthermia, or hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]