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Space–time adaptive processing (STAP) based on sparse recovery achieves excellent clutter suppression and target detection performance, even with a limited number of available training samples. However, most of these methods face performance degradation due to grid mismatch, which impedes their application in bistatic clutter suppression. Some gridless methods, such as atomic norm minimization (ANM), can effectively address grid mismatch issues, yet they are sensitive to parameter settings and array errors. In this article, the authors propose a data and model-driven algorithm that unfolds the iterative process of atomic norm minimization into a deep network. This approach establishes a concrete and systematic link between iterative algorithms, extensively utilized in signal processing, and deep neural networks. This methodology not only addresses the challenges associated with parameter settings in traditional optimization algorithms, but also mitigates the lack of interpretability issues commonly found in deep neural networks. Moreover, due to more rational parameter settings, the proposed algorithm achieves effective clutter suppression with fewer iterations, thereby reducing computational time. Finally, extensive simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in clutter suppression for airborne bistatic radar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy and safety of the novel immunotherapy method, intra‐cervical lymphatic immunotherapy (ICLIT), need to be investigated. Comparing it with subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), we clarified the long‐term efficacy and safety of intra‐cervical lymphatic immunotherapy on allergic rhinitis (AR), and investigated the improvement of clinical efficacy of the booster injection at 1 year after ICLIT treatment. Methods: Ninety adult patients with dust mite allergy were randomly divided into 3 groups: 30 in the SCIT group, 30 in the ILCLIT group, and 30 in ICLIT booster group. Changes in total symptom score (TSS), nasal symptom score (TNSS), ocular symptom score (TOSS) and total medication score (TMS) were evaluated in the three groups. Adverse reactions were recorded, and serum dust mite specific IgE (sIgE) and specific IgG4 were assessed in the ICLIT group and ICLIT booster group. Results: TSS, TNSS, TOSS, and TMS scores were significantly lower in the three groups at 36 months after treatment (p < 0. 05). And at 36 months the ICLIT‐booster group showed results similar to SCIT and superior to ICLIT (p < 0. 05). Serum specific IgE decreased in all three groups at 12 and 36 months after treatment, p < 0.01. The ICLIT group and the ICLIT booster group showed a significant increase in sIgG4, p < 0.01. None of the patients in the three groups had any serious systemic adverse effects during the 3‐year follow‐up. Conclusion: The ICLIT treatment is effective and safe on AR. One booster injection of allergens at 1 year can greatly improve its long‐term efficacy. Trial Registry: Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR1800017130. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In our large‐scale study, the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) related to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and cardiac autonomic dysfunction was assessed by standard polysomnography (PSG). Cardiac autonomic dysfunction was evaluated by the measurement of heart rate variability (HRV). The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was determined using the cross‐sectional prevalence of CVD and its overall 10 year risk according to the Framingham risk score (FRS). 4152 individuals were included in the study. A higher apnea–hypopnea index during REM sleep (AHIREM) was correlated with increased CVD risk. The adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for CVD prevalence and its high 10 year risk in participants having severe OSA during REM sleep (AHIREM ≥30 events/h) were 1.452 (1.012–2.084) and 1.904 (1.470–2.466) in the demographic adjusted model and 1.175 (0.810–1.704) and 1.716 (1.213–2.427) in the multivariate adjusted model, respectively, compared with the group with a AHIREM of <5 events/h. Fully adjusted multivariate linear regression models showed the independent association between AHIREM and a more elevated ratio of low‐frequency and high‐frequency (LF/HF) and LF in normalised units [LF (n.u.)] (P = 0.042, P = 0.027 in all participants and P = 0.033, P = 0.029 in participants with AHI during non‐REM sleep <5 events/h, respectively). Mediation analysis demonstrated that OSA during REM sleep and CVD risk was significantly mediated by LF/HF and LF (n.u.). OSA during REM sleep may be a marker behind CVD risk because it promotes cardiac autonomic dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study risk factors for central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) using the Chinese Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (C-TIRADS). We retrospectively analysed patients who underwent PTC surgery and central lymph node dissection at First People's Hospital of Foshan City. The clinical and ultrasonic data of the patients from 1150 cases were analysed by multivariate regression to evaluate the correlation between grayscale ultrasound (US) features, C-TIRADS score, and the classification of thyroid nodules and CLNM of PTCs. The C-TIRADS score was 3.0±1.0 in the CLNM group, which was higher than that in the non-CLNM group (p<0.001). Sex (male) (OR=1.586, 95% CI 1.232–2.042, p<0.001), age (≤45 years) (OR=1.508, 95% CI 1.184–1.919, p=0.001), location of nodes (lower pole) (OR=2.193, 95% CI 1.519–3.166, p<0.001), number (multifocal) (OR=2.204, 95% CI 1.227–2.378, p<0.001), microcalcification (OR=1.610, 95% CI 2.225–4.434, p=0.002), extrathyroidal extension (OR=2.204, 95% CI 1.941–3.843, p<0.001), maximum diameter of nodule (≥20 mm) (OR=3.211, 95% CI 2.337–4.411, p<0.001), and C-TIRADS score (OR=1.356, 95% CI 1.204–1.527, p<0.001) were PTC in independent risk factors for CLNM. The C-TIRADS score of PTC combined with the location, number, size, and ultrasound features of the lesion and the patient's sex and age are important in predicting whether they present with CLNM and provide a reference basis for the clinical formulation of a reasonable surgical treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices has grown substantially over the past two decades, lead-related vascular issues are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome due to pacemaker leads is an uncommon complication. Anticoagulation remains the mainstay of therapy to restore some degree of patency and relieve swelling. However, there are limited clinical trials on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Case presentation: We report a case of an 80-year-old man who developed SVC syndrome after transvenous pacemaker implantation with symptoms of obstruction that were significantly relieved after four months of DOACs. His symptoms had completely resolved nine months later. Conclusions: DOACs are effective in the treatment of SVC syndrome after pacemaker implantation, representing an important new approach. It is a very good choice for patients who do not want to undergo interventional therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored whether a new combination of eye mask sleep position therapy (SPT) and oral appliance therapy (OAT) was more effective at treating positional obstructive sleep apnea (POSA) than was the use of either device alone. In this randomized controlled trial, 60 POSA subjects diagnosed by standard polysomnography (PSG) were divided into three groups (ratio 1:1:1): SPT, OAT, and SPT combined with OAT (SOT). Participants underwent hospital-based follow-ups during months 1 and 6 after beginning treatment. The primary outcome was the decline in the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) at month 6. The secondary outcomes were changes in oxygen-derived parameters and the curative effect at month 6. After 6 months of treatment, PSG showed that SPT, OAT, and SOT all improved the AHI and oxygen-derived parameters. The AHI decline was significantly better in the SOT group than in the OAT or SPT group (71.58% [50.56–84.84%] for SOT, 44.42% [21.23–67.52%] for OAT, and 33.24% [19.03–54.62%] for SPT at 6 months) (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001 for the comparisons of SOT with OAT and SOT with SPT, respectively). In terms of oxygen-derived parameters, only the sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden (SASHB) improved more in the SOT group (76.89% [57.43–85.91%]) than in the other groups (44.73% [32.38–72.69%] for OAT and 41.82% [15.40–65.24%] for SPT, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001 for the comparisons of SOT with OAT and SOT with SPT, respectively). The efficacies of SPT, OAT, and SOT were 36.84%, 50%, and 80% at 6 months; the SOT group evidenced the highest value (rate ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.78 (1.05–3.03), P = 0.048 and 2.17 (1.16–4.07), P = 0.010, for the comparisons of SOT with OAT and SOT with SPT, respectively). The combination of SPT and OAT was better than either treatment alone and may represent a good option for the treatment of POSA. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=42,852 ; No. ChiCTR1900025584. • Novel sleep position therapy and oral appliance therapy were effective for positional obstructive sleep apnea. • The combination of these two devices was better than the use of either alone in improving AHI and SASHB. • The combination of the two methods may represent a good option for the treatment of positional obstructive sleep apnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular senescence is a ubiquitous process with roles in tissue remodelling, including wound repair and embryogenesis. However, prolonged senescence can be maladaptive, leading to cancer development and age-related diseases. Cellular senescence involves cell-cycle arrest and the release of inflammatory cytokines with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Senescent cells also exhibit morphological alterations, including flattened cell bodies, vacuolization and granularity in the cytoplasm and abnormal organelles. Several biomarkers of cellular senescence have been identified, including SA-βgal, p16 and p21; however, few markers have high sensitivity and specificity. In addition to driving ageing, senescence of immune and parenchymal cells contributes to the development of a variety of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the kidney, senescence might have beneficial roles during development and recovery from injury, but can also contribute to the progression of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Therapies that target senescence, including senolytic and senomorphic drugs, stem cell therapies and other interventions, have been shown to extend lifespan and reduce tissue injury in various animal models. Early clinical trials confirm that senotherapeutic approaches could be beneficial in human disease. However, larger clinical trials are needed to translate these approaches to patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and respiratory arousal threshold (ArTH) of Chinese patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea (POSA) according to the Cartwright Classification (CC) and Amsterdam Positional Obstructive Sleep Apnea Classification (APOC).Methods: A large-scale cross-sectional study was conducted in our sleep center from 2007 to 2018 to analyze the clinical and polysomnography (PSG) data of Chinese POSA patients. Low ArTH was defined based on PSG indices.Results: Of 5,748 OSA patients, 36.80% met the CC criteria, and 42.88% the APOC criteria, for POSA. The prevalence of POSA was significantly higher in women than men (40.21% and 46.52% vs. 36.13% and 42.18% for CC and APOC, respectively). Chinese POSA patients had a lower apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and lower oxygen desaturation index, shorter duration of oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 90%, and a higher mean SaO2 and higher lowest SaO2 value compared to subjects with non-positional OSA (NPOSA). More than 40% of the POSA patients had a low ArTH; the proportion was extremely high in the supine-isolated-POSA (si-POSA) group and APOC I group. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, higher mean SaO2 and lower AHI during sleep were positive predictors of POSA.Conclusions: According to the CC and APOC criteria, more than 1/3 of our Chinese subjects with OSA had POSA. Chinese POSA patients had less severe OSA and nocturnal hypoxia. Compared to NPOSA patients, significantly more patients with POSA had a low ArTH. A low ArTH may be an important endotype in the pathogenesis of POSA, especially in patients with si-POSA and APOC I. Further studies are necessary to develop personalized management strategies for POSA patients.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn ; No. ChiCTR1900025714 (retrospectively registered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively separate the valuable minerals in ludwigite, this study investigated the mineralogy of ore, particle-size distribution and mineral liberation characteristics. Most of the magnetite was intergrown with ascharite and serpentine. Nearly half of the serpentine existed in a dense, massive body. Most of the ascharite was encased in magnetite, and a small amount was embedded in the serpentine phase. After the microwave radiation, some intergranular and through cracks were formed to improve mineral liberation during the grinding process. The mass fractions for the +75 μm range decreased from 43.16 wt% for untreated samples to 24.31 wt% for treated samples with a microwave power of 3 kW for 40 s. By contrast, the mass fractions of particles in the −75 μm range increased from 56.84 wt% for untreated samples to 75.69 wt% for treated samples. D50 decreased from 53.54 µm for the untreated sample to 21.58 µm for the treated sample. The liberation degrees after the treated samples clearly improved and increased by 26.64% for magnetite, 18.92% for ascharite and 14.10% for serpentine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an organ-restricted autoimmune disease mainly caused by circulating autoantibodies against podocyte antigens, including the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and thrombospondin domain-containing 7A (THSD7A). Antibodies against PLA2R are present in 70%-80% and against THSD7A in 2% of adult patients, which provides a paradigm shift in molecular diagnosis and management monitoring. Both antigens share some similar characteristics: they are expressed by podocytes and have wide tissue distributions; they are bound by autoantibodies only under nonreducing conditions, and the subtype of most autoantibodies is IgG4. However, the factors triggering autoantibody production as well as the association among air pollution, malignancy, and the pathogenesis of MN remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the similarity between the pathological mechanisms triggered by disparate antigens and their associated diseases. Furthermore, we demonstrated the possibility that PM2.5, malignancy, and gene expression specifically induce exposure of these antigens through conformational changes, molecular mimicry, or increased expression eliciting autoimmune responses. Thus, this review provides novel insights into the pathological mechanism of MN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional sparse recovery (SR) space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms are greatly affected by grid mismatch, leading to poor performance in airborne bistatic radar clutter suppression. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes an SR STAP algorithm for airborne bistatic radars based on atomic selection under the Bayesian framework. This method adopts the idea of atomic selection for the process of Bayesian inference, continuously evaluating the contribution of atoms to the likelihood function to add or remove atoms, and then using the selected atoms to estimate the clutter support subspace and perform sparse recovery in the clutter support subspace. Due to the inherent sparsity of clutter signals, performing sparse recovery in the clutter support subspace avoids using a massive number of atoms from an overcomplete space-time dictionary, thereby greatly improving computational efficiency. In airborne bistatic radar scenarios where significant grid mismatch exists, this method can mitigate the performance degradation caused by grid mismatch by encrypting grid points. Since the sparse recovery is performed in the clutter support subspace, encrypting grid points does not lead to excessive computational burden. Additionally, this method integrates out the noise term under a new hierarchical Bayesian model, preventing the adverse effects caused by inaccurate noise power estimation during iterations in the traditional SR STAP algorithms, further enhancing its performance. Our simulation results demonstrate the high efficiency and superior clutter suppression performance and target detection performance of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positional OSA (POSA) is a recognized subtype of OSA that exhibits distinct endotypic characteristics when compared with nonpositional OSA (NPOSA). The basis for the disparity in endotypes between these subtypes remains poorly understood. (1) Do individuals with NPOSA and POSA have different underlying OSA endotypes? (2) Which endotypic characteristics are critical in determining NPOSA and POSA severity? Within the Shanghai Sleep Health Study cohort, individuals with OSA were recruited and classified as having POSA or NPOSA. Endotypes were calculated using polysomnography. Endotype analysis was conducted in 1,036 individuals with OSA. Compared with individuals with NPOSA, those with POSA had lower loop gain calculated during all sleep stages and all sleep positions (0.55; interquartile range [IQR], 0.46-0.66 vs 0.68, IQR, 0.52-0.90; P <.001), lower arousal threshold calculated during all sleep stages and all sleep positions (ArTH All) (138.67; IQR, 118.94-180.87 percentage of the eupneic ventilation [%Veupnea] vs 189.00; IQR, 129.71-257.76 %Veupnea; P <.001), lower pharyngeal collapsibility calculated during all sleep stages and all sleep positions (Vpassive All) (91.85; IQR, 83.13-95.15 %Veupnea vs 76.38; IQR, 23.77-92.08 %Veupnea; P <.001), and higher muscle compensation calculated during all sleep stages and all sleep positions (6.50; IQR, −6.77 to 16.39 %Veupnea vs 3.65; IQR, −10.47 to 12.14 %Veupnea; P =.003). Logistic regression analyses indicated that higher Vpassive All was associated with increased odds of POSA vs NPOSA. In NPOSA, fully adjusted linear regression analyses indicated that Vpassive All (β = −0.55; 95% CI, −0.68 to −0.42; P <.001) and lower loop gain calculated during all sleep stages and all sleep positions (β = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08-0.30; P <.001) were significant independent predictors of the apnea hypopnea index, with Vpassive All being the most critical factor. In contrast, in POSA, collapsibility appeared to be less influential (β = −0.09; 95% CI, −0.21 to 0.03; P =.138). Nonanatomic endotypic characteristics (LG All : β = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.41; P <.001; arousal threshold in all sleep stages and all sleep positions: β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.01-0.28; P =.031; muscle compensation in all sleep stages and all sleep positions: β = −0.21; 95% CI, −0.29 to −0.12; P <.001) were significant in determining the severity of POSA, with loop gain being the most crucial factor. This study highlights the differences in endotypes between NPOSA and POSA. In Chinese individuals, anatomic factors were more significant in determining the severity of NPOSA, whereas nonanatomic traits were more likely to determine the severity of POSA. Future research should focus on developing personalized management strategies for individuals with NPOSA and POSA based on their endotypes. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; No.: ChiCTR1900025714; URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/indexEN.html. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively separate and recover the valuable elements iron and boron from ludwigite, this study investigated the magnetic properties and the magnetic separation efficiency. And the reactivity of boron component in the B-bearing tailing was studied. The results indicated that the saturation magnetization of ore samples was increased with the increase of microwave power and heating time. Under condition of 40 s with 4 kW, the saturation magnetization of ore samples increased from 12.73 emu/g for the raw ore to 24.70 emu/g for the treated ore, an increased of 94.03%. After magnetic separation, the grade and recovery rate of iron in the iron concentrate and the boron grade in the tailing for the treated sample with 4 kW for 40 s were increased by 19.74%, 31.46% and 86.46% in comparison with those of the untreated ore. The sample was heated to 600 °C at 4 kW and held for 20 min, the reactivity of boron component in the B-bearing tailing reached 86.68 wt%, which increased by 34.01% compared with that of the raw ore and 4.43% compared with that of the optimal traditional roasting value at 700 °C for 2 h, indicating that the roasting temperature and time were obviously decreased and the reactivity was significantly improved by the microwave radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Definitive diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) depends on the histological analysis of the pleural biopsy sample. Ultrasound (US)-guided sampling is now standard practice in the clinical setting. However, determining a suitable needle size and sampling times to improve the efficacy and safety of the biopsy remains challenging. Here, we compared the efficacy between 16- and 18-gauge core biopsy needles in US-guided percutaneous transthoracic biopsy for PPLs on histological diagnosis and procedure-related complications.Materials and Methods: In total, 1169 patients (767 men, 402 women; mean age, 59.4 ± 13.2 years) who received biopsy for PPLs between September 2011 and February 2019 were included. The propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to adjust the baseline differences, and the rate of successful specimen assessment and complications were compared between the 16-gauge (249 patients) and 18-gauge (920 patients) groups. The number of pleural surfaces crossed (NOPSC) was defined as the number of times the visceral pleural surface was transgressed. Stratified analysis was performed based on NOPSC.Results: The overall success rate was 92.0% (1076/1169). The overall complication rate was 9.6%, including pneumothorax, hemorrhage, and vasovagal reaction, which occurred in 2.5% (29/1169), 6.6% (77/1169), and 0.5% (6/1169) of the patients, respectively. When NOPSC was 1 or > 2, the success and complication rates in the 16-gauge group were comparable to those of the 18-gauge group (all P > 0.05). When the NOPSC was 2, the success rate in the 16-gauge group was significantly higher than that in the 18-gauge group (P = 0.017), whereas the complication rate was comparable (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Higher success rate could be achieved using a 16-gauge than an 18-gauge core biopsy needle in the US-guided percutaneous transthoracic biopsy for PPLs when the NOPSC was 2. We recommend using 16-gauge needles with 2 times of needle passes in biopsy for PPLs in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) contributes largely to low back pain. Recent studies have highlighted the exacerbating role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in IVDD, mainly due to the influence of hyperglycemia (HG) or the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) newly assumed a distinct impact in nonvascular tissues through mitophagy regulation. However, the combined actions of HG and AGEs on IVDD and the involved role of VEGFA remain unclear. We confirmed the potential relation between VEGFA and DM through bioinformatics and biological specimen detection. Then we observed that AGEs induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cell degeneration by upregulating cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and HG further aggravated ROS level through breaking AGEs-induced protective mitophagy. Furthermore, this adverse effect could be strengthened by VEGFA knockdown. Importantly, we identified that the regulation of VEGFA and mitophagy were vital mechanisms in AGEs-HG-induced NP cell degeneration through Parkin/Akt/mTOR and AMPK/mTOR pathway. Additionally, VEGFA overexpression through local injection with lentivirus carrying VEGFA plasmids significantly alleviated NP degeneration and IVDD in STZ-induced diabetes and puncture rat models. In conclusion, the findings first confirmed that VEGFA protects against AGEs-HG-induced IVDD, which may represent a therapeutic strategy for DM-related IVDD. • VEGFA expression of NP tissues was significantly downregulated in DM condition. • HG aggravates AGEs-induced NP cell degeneration which can be reversed by hVEGFA. • VEGFA maintained mitophagy through regulating mTOR-related signal pathway in NP cells. • VEGFA protects against AGEs-HG-induced NP cell degeneration and IVDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively separate the valuable minerals in ludwigite, this study investigated the grinding fineness behaviour and liberation characteristics. The results indicated that the particle yield of −75 μm with a microwave power of 4 kW for 40 s was increased by 18.22% in comparison to that of raw ore. The D(50) and D(90) raw-ore grinding products reached 53.52 and 215.16 μm, both of which were larger than microwave-treated samples. The particle-size distribution of the grinding products for treated ore was more uniform, and the amount of coarse and over-ground particles decreased significantly. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the large particles were effectively increased after microwave heating, which improved the crushing and grinding characteristics of the grinding products by lowering the relevant mechanical properties. The monomer liberations of magnetite, ascharite and serpentine of microwave-treated ore samples were 55.33%, 35.48% and 74.98%, respectively, which represented an increase of 12.06%, 9.37% and 6.22% in comparison to untreated ore samples. The bonding characteristics among different minerals were altered through microwave treatment to weaken the bonding force and reduce the proportion of interlocked minerals, which allows these complex minerals to easily liberate after secondary grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extend the service life of MgO‐C bricks used as linings in vanadium extraction converters, their corrosion mechanism was investigated using stationary immersion and rotary crucible methods at 1673 K. The effects of oxides in vanadium slag were studied using the slag invasion method. The results showed that a decarburization layer was formed but was not effectively sintered under vanadium extraction conditions, resulting in it having a loose structure and poor binding strength. When slag‐splashing technology was applied to protect the converter, the decarburization layer and slag‐splashing layer easily fell off due to scouring by the molten pool. Consequently, the poor strength of the decarburization layer was the main reason for the poor anti‐erosion performance of the MgO‐C bricks and the weak effect of slag‐splashing technology. In addition, higher contents of SiO2 and TiO2 in vanadium slag could form low melting point compounds and increase the thickness of the decarburization layer, thereby accelerating the MgO‐C brick corrosion rate. Higher contents of FeO in the vanadium slag not only formed low melting point compounds but also caused a decarburization reaction with the MgO‐C bricks. However, with increases of V2O3 in the slag, the formation of high melting point compounds decreased the corrosion rate and corrosion depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarize the published literature on thermal ablation for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of thermal ablation as a novel treatment strategy. Two authors carried out the literature search using four databases independently, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis included prospective and retrospective data that compared post-ablative outcomes to pre-ablative values. The primary outcomes were parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium and volume of the parathyroid gland (VPG). From the 184 original articles, five studies (4 retrospective studies and 1 prospective study) examining 84 patients met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed significant reduction of PTH at 3 (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.09, 95% confidence index (CI) = −1.42 to −0.76, p < 0.001) and 6 months (SMD = −1.13, 95% CI = −1.46 to −0.80, p < 0.001) after thermal ablation. Serum calcium level was significantly reduced at 3 (mean difference (MD) = −0.31, 95% CI = −0.50 to −0.12, p = 0.001) and 6 months (MD = −0.31, 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.17, p < 0.001) after thermal ablation. There was no significant difference between pre-ablative VPG and that of 6 months after ablation (MD = −0.30, 95% CI = −0.70 to 0.09, p = 0.13). The most common complications were transient dysphonia and subcutaneous edema. No major complications or death occurred. Thermal ablation is effective and safe for treatment of PHPT. PTH and calcium levels were reduced significantly at 3 and 6 months after thermal ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty‐two novel genipin derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). As a result, compound 13a bearing ligustrazine moiety displayed the most potent AChE inhibitory activity in this series with IC50 value of 218 nm. Besides, MTT assay was performed to investigate the neuroprotection of these compounds against PC12 cells injured by Amyloid β‐protein 1–42 (Aβ1–42). Among them, 8a showed higher inhibition rate (%Inhibition = 22.29) than the positive reference Donepezil (%Inhibition = 17.65). Novel genipin derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their inhibitory activity against AChE. 13a displayed the most potent AChE inhibitory activity. Besides, MTT assay was performed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of these compounds in PC12 cells that suffering from injury induced by Aβ1–42. Among them, 8a showed higher inhibition rate than the positive reference Donepezil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Microfluidic enzyme-organocatalysis combination strategy for ring-opening copolymerization. • Large monomer scope of ε-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, trimethylene carbonate and l -lactide. • Flow synthesis of well-defined di- and tri-block copolymers. • Easily regulating reaction condition and polymerization process in contrast to the batch reactor. Abstract A novel microreactor-based enzyme-organocatalysis combination strategy was developed for ring-opening copolymerizations of varied types of cyclic monomers. Commercial Novozyme 435 (N435) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene (TBD) were chosen as the model enzyme and organocatalyst for evaluating the polymerizations of ε-caprolactone (CL), δ-valerolactone (VL), l -lactide (LLA) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) in the batch and microreactor respectively. Due to the catalytic selectivity, enzymatic polymerization cannot yield block copolymers containing PLA segment and organocatalysis showed poor activity toward CL polymerization. To address these challenges, enzyme and organocatalysis were combined based on microflow technology. In the assembled tandem microreactor system, series of well-defined triblock copolymers, such as PCL- b -PTMC- b -PVL, PCL- b -PTMC- b -PLLA and PTMC- b -PCL- b -PLLA, were efficiently prepared in the flow mode. The convenience of handling the copolymerization conditions and processes, reduced overall reaction time, well-controlled molecular weights and distributions were achieved by employing this microfluidic enzyme-organocatalysis combination strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two structurally novel series of chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential agents against type 2 diabetes. As a result of the antidiabetic biological evaluation in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetes animal model, 13e, 13g, and 19f showed more significant reduction in serum Glu, TG, TC levels by contrast to the positive control AdipoRon. In addition to upregulating the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, 13e and 19f treatment also increased expression of AMPK and PPAR‐α. Taken together, these results suggested that 13e and 19f might be a promising compound for type 2 diabetes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thiol‐terminated poly(δ‐valerolactone) is directly synthesized via enzymatic 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol initiated ring‐opening polymerization in both batch and microreactor. By using Candida antartica Lipase B immobilized tubular reactor, narrowly dispersed poly(δ‐valerolactone) with higher thiol fidelity is more efficiently prepared in contrast to the batch reactor. Moreover, the integrated enzyme packed tubular reactor system is established to perform the chain extension experiments. Thiol‐terminated poly(δ‐valerolactone)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(δ‐valerolactone) are easily prepared by modulating the monomer introduction sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemoselective polymerization platform was designed for flow synthesis of telechelic thiol-functionalized polymers, amphiphilic block copolymers and noble metal nanoparticles. By assembling Novozyme435 packed tubular reactor, α-thiol-ω-hydroxyl telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) were efficiently obtained via metal-free and protecting-group-free ring-opening polymerizations. Fast polymerization, high end group fidelity, controlled molecular weight and distribution were achieved under the flow conditions. The resultant mercapto-polymer solution derived from the enzymatic process was directly pumped into the subsequent microreactor system (isolation-step-free) to prepare amphiphilic poly( N -vinylpyrrolidone)- block -poly(ε-caprolactone). Relative narrower molecular weight distribution was observed in contrast to the batch mode. Moreover, silver nanoparticles were facilely fabricated in flow fashion by using mercapto-polymer solution as the stabilizer without isolation. The surface plasma resonance band absorption of nanoparticles could be adjusted by regulating the flow rates. This chemoselective polymerization platform would provide a powerful toolbox for the novel polymer and nanomaterial preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porous cages are considered a promising alternative to high-density cages because their interconnectivity favours bony ingrowth and appropriate stiffness tuning reduces stress shielding and the risk of cage subsidence. Methods: This study proposes three approaches that combine macroscopic topology optimization and micropore design to establish three new types of porous cages by integrating lattices (gyroid, Schwarz, body-centred cubic) with the optimized cage frame. Using these three porous cages along with traditional high-density cages, four ACDF surgical models were developed to compare the mechanical properties of facet articular cartilage, discs, cortical bone, and cages under specific loads. Results: The facet joints in the porous cage groups had lower contact forces than those in the high-density cage group. The intervertebral discs in all models experienced maximum stress at the C5/6 segment. The stress distribution on the cortical bone surface was more uniform in the porous cage groups, leading to increased average stress values. The gyroid, Schwarz, and BCC cage groups showed higher average stress on the C5 cortical bone. The average stress on the surface of porous cages was higher than that on the surface of high-density cages, with the greatest difference observed under the lateral bending condition. The BCC cage demonstrated favourable mechanical stability. Conclusion: The new porous cervical cages satifies requirements of low rigidity and serve as a favourable biological scaffold for bone ingrowth. This study provides valuable insights for the development of next-generation orthopaedic medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSA) is an independent risk factor for neurocognitive and behavioral problems and cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities, ultimately increasing mortality. However, OSA diagnosis is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. We evaluated the predictive utility of the sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden (SASHB) in terms of OSA and the severity thereof in Han Chinese individuals. From January 2019 to July 2022, subjects with suspected OSA were recruited in the sleep center of the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital during sleep evaluation via standard polysomnography. Basic anthropometric measurements and polysomnographic indicators were collected; SASHB was calculated based on the SpO 2 trends of apnea or hypopnea events. Models predictive of OSA were established via logistic regression in the experimental group and verified in an independent group by drawing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A total of 2303 subjects with suspected OSA (1200 in the experimental group and 1103 in the validation group) were included. SASHB was positively correlated with the apnea-hyponea index (AHI) in all subjects (r = 0.823, P < 0.001). SASHB distinguished OSA from non-OSA subjects in both the experimental group {area under the curve (AUC) 0.948 [0.934∼0.962]} and the validation group (AUC 0.931 [0.913∼0.949]). SASHB predicted OSA severity well, better than did the neck, waist, or hip circumference; the lowest or mean oxygen saturation; and the Epworth sleepiness scale score. SASHB predicted OSA both accurately and efficiently in a Chinese Han population. Further studies are warranted to verify our findings in community samples. • This is the first study to evaluated the predictive utility of SASHB of OSA and its severity.. • The sample size of our study is relatively large, thus the conclusions were robust. • SASHB was a better predicted marker than the common predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase diagrams of FeO-SiO2-V2O3 systems as the main components of vanadium slag are assessed on the basis of the existing literature models and experimental studies to modify partial parameters by FactSage thermodynamic software. The results show that the eutectic and peritectic reactions for the FeO-V2O3 system happen at about 1626 and 1985 K, respectively. The eutectic and monotectic reactions for the V2O3-SiO2 system happen at about 1935 and 1963 K, respectively. According to the actual blowing temperature of the vanadium-extraction converter, the isothermal section at 1573, 1623, and 1672 K of the FeO-SiO2-V2O3 ternary system is calculated, and the isothermal section at 1573 and 1623 K has seven phase regions, which are the liquid + spinel + tridymite, liquid + wustite + spinel, spinel + tridymite + karelianite, liquid + tridymite, liquid + spinel, liquid + wustite, and liquid, respectively. But liquid + wustite and liquid + wustite + spinel regions disappear at 1673 K. Meanwhile, two ternary eutectic points are determined to be at 1470 and 1476 K, respectively. Peritectic reaction of phase wustite, karelianite, and silica (tridymite and cristobalite) occurs at 1702 and 1750 K, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kinetic model of vanadium extraction from the metal bath has been established for describing the oxidation behavior of different elements including [V], [Ti], [Si], [Cr], [Mn], and [C] in the metal bath based on a 70 t practical vanadium-extraction converter. The results show that the calculated values using the models are in good agreement with practical measured values. The calculation results also show that the oxidation of silicon and titanium in the metal bath is rapid at the initial stage of blowing (0-1.5 min), and ends after 2 min. The intensive oxidation of vanadium happens at the intermediate stages of blowing (1.5-4.5 min), and the content of vanadium in the metal bath decreases from 0.278 to 0.04 mass%. At the final stage (4.5-5 min), the oxidation order of vanadium and carbon reverses, causing vigorous oxidation of carbon. Besides, manganese and chromium are oxidized throughout the intermediate and final stages, competing with vanadium for oxygen. To promote vanadium extraction from the metal bath under the conditions studied, the combined coolants should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A micro-focus X-ray source with miniature pressure sensor was developed based on the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) field emission. The field emitters for both X-ray cathode and the pressure sensor were synthesized by direct chemical vapor deposition growth of MWNTs on catalytic substrates. MWNTs exhibited excellent field emission properties with the threshold field at 10 mA/cm2 of 2.30 V/μm, and the high current density of 10 A/cm2 could be reached at the field of 4.36 V/μm. The field emission electron gun was constructed with the aid of electrostatic simulations on the electron beam trajectories and the focal spot size (FSS) on the target with the demagnification factor of 5. The practical objects, including the semiconductor chip and the ceramic heating element, were tested by the X-ray source with the spatial resolution of less than 35 μm, and the fracture of the ceramic element inside metal case could be clearly detected. The pressure sensor monitored the in-situ pressures inside the source during the processing and after the sealing-off. The pressures in the sealed sources were generally in 10−4 Pa level and could rise to 10−2 Pa level during the operation. [Display omitted] • A micro-focus X-ray source based on carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission was developed. • A CNT miniature pressure sensor was integrated to monitor the in-situ pressure. • Electron gun with two focus lenses was constructed with the aid of electrostatic simulations. • Various objects were imaged with the spatial resolution of less than 35 μm. • Pressure variations before and after sealing-off were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT) are grown directly on the stainless steel (SS) substrates by chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure, and the field emission (FE) enhancement mechanism is investigated. The turn on and threshold fields of the NCNT emitters are 1.61 and 2.05 V μm−1, respectively, lower than those from the CNT emitters. The improved FE properties are mainly attributed to the reductions of the work function and the surface resistance. First-principles calculations suggest that the work function of NCNT depends highly on the N doping concentration. In addition, the N-doping in CNT leads to the charge aggregation around N, benefiting the field emission enhancement. More importantly, for the CNTs, the emission current dropped by 28.6% after ∼7h continuous emission at the pressure of 5.38 × 10−4 Pa, while the current reduced only 5.8％after 7 h test at the pressure of 8.35 × 10−4 Pa for the NCNTs, suggesting that the NCNTs exhibit better resistance to the ion bombardment in high pressure. The investigation demonstrates that the facilely grown NCNTs are promising to develop practical FE cathodes. • N-doped carbon nanotubes are synthesized from direct growth without extra catalyst supply. • The field emission properties of N-doped carbon nanotubes are greatly improved compared to the pristine carbon nanotubes. • N-doping in CNT benefits the field emission enhancement for both the work function reduction and charge aggregation effect. • Excellent field emission stability at the pressure of 10−4 Pa level is reached under the current density of ∼23 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reveals two symmetry properties of the states and costates of a special type of optimal impulsive control problems and, based on these two properties, proposes a new procedure for obtaining the second-order states and costates approximations. It further shows with an example that this procedure is efficient and can be implemented effectively in a computer algebraic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-aided process planning is an important interface between computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing in computer-integrated manufacturing environments. In this paper, the complicated process planning is modeled as a combinatorial optimization problem with constraints, and a hybrid graph and genetic algorithm (GA) approach has been developed. The approach deals with process planning problems in a concurrent manner by simultaneously considering activities such as sequencing operations, selecting manufacturing resources, and determining setup plans to achieve the global optimal objective. Graph theory accompanied with matrix theory, as the basic mathematical tool for operation sequencing, is embedded into the main frame of GA. The precedence constraints between operations are formulated in an operation precedence graph (OPG). The initial population composed of all feasible solutions is generated by an elaborately designed topologic sort algorithm to the OPG. A modified crossover operator guaranteeing only feasible offspring generated is used, two types of mutation strategies are adopted, and a heuristic algorithm is applied to adjust the infeasible plan generated by the mutation operator to the feasible domain. A case study has been carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. One-third to half of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients have raised serum IgA levels. Decreased clearance of IgA/IgA complex has been observed in IgAN patients. FCAR codes for IgA-specific receptor and plays an important role in IgA metabolism. Previous small sample-sized studies reported controversial findings in its association with IgAN.Methods. We re-sequenced the FCAR in 107 IgAN patients and 112 controls. Association of −27T/C and their haplotypes were performed in 606 patients versus 606 controls, its two independent subsets: 293 single patients with family members and 313 cases versus 606 controls. Functional impact of −27T>C and their haplotypes were analyzed by bioinformatics, allelic differential expression and luciferase activity assays. Cell surface FCAR density between −27T/C heterozygous patients and −27T/T homozygous controls was assessed by flow cytometry.Results. −27T>C, on the consensus TATA box of transcription factor-binding motif in the putative promoter of the gene was the only variation identified in all coding, splice-site and known protein-binding sequence in re-sequencing. −27C and its haplotype were associated with IgAN (P = 0.0034/0.0013, 0.0099/0.0054, 0.0129/0.0076 and 0.00039/0.00014 in 606 cases versus 606 controls, family-based study, 313 cases versus 606 controls and meta-analysis, respectively). Bioinformatics predicted 2 bp binding changes by −27C. Allelic differential expression and luciferase activity assays showed a reduced expression/activity by the associated haplotype/allele (P < 0.001). −27T/C heterozygous patients had a lower receptor density on cell surface compared to −27T/T homozygous controls (P < 0.001).Conclusions. Our results provide evidence for genetic variation at the putative promoter region of FCAR conferring susceptibility to IgAN, suggesting −27C and its haplotype may be causative for the susceptibility among the Chinese Han population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variations and their functional implications have been one of the focuses in recent genome research. With the release of the HapMap by the International Consortium, and the availability of the ultra-high-volume genotyping platform, it will soon be possible to use genome-wide association approach to identify genetic variations responsible for complex traits/diseases. While the power of this approach is generally agreed, it is a debated issue as to how much population difference should be exploited, and how best it should be applied. To address this issue we have sequenced 7 genes in the centromeric region of chromosome 15, investigated their SNPs, SNP frequencies, tagSNPs, LD structures, and haplotypes in 50 Tibetan subjects, and compared them with those from the Han population. Genetic diversities between the two populations were also quantified. Our results show that the overall genetic variation between the two populations is very little, but there are differences, primarily in allele frequencies, which is a dominating factor for haplotypes and tagSNPs. In general Tibetans have longer LD and less diversity in the region studied. These data provide genetic evidence for the close relationship between the two populations, and support the idea that all populations are fundamentally the same, but also indicate population variations, particularly in allele frequency, should be taken into account in complex traits/diseases analysis. Data obtained in this investigation not only help us understand the genome region, but also provide road maps for variation study in the genes/ region in Tibetan population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances have shown that the majority of the nucleotide variation in human genome is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using SNPs each chromosome can be divided into different haplotype blocks, and there are limited common haplotypes in each block. This provides a powerful approach for whole genome scan for disease-associated genes/variants. However, most data available today are based on the large-scale genomic analyses, data concerning individual genes for fine mapping with high density SNPs are relatively lacking. We have sequenced 7 genes and their flanking regions, identified 34 novel SNPs, constructed high density SNP haplotypes and haplotype blocks in 5 genes in the centromeric region of chromosome 15 in 100 Chinese Han subjects. Our results show that there is a great heterogeneity in the haplotypes and haplotype block structures within and between these genes, which are in close physical proximity. Data obtained in this study provide a useful tool for candidate gene approach at the fine scale for identifying disease contributing variants in the genes/regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondroitin Sulfate ABC lyase I from Proteus vulgaris is an endolytic, broad-specificity glycosaminoglycan lyase, which degrades chondroitin, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and hyaluronan by β-elimination of 1,4-hexosaminidic bond to unsaturated disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. Its structure revealed three domains. The N-terminal domain has a fold similar to that of carbohydrate-binding domains of xylanases and some lectins, the middle and C-terminal domains are similar to the structures of the two-domain chondroitin lyase AC and bacterial hyaluronidases. Although the middle domain shows a very low level of sequence identity with the catalytic domains of chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidase, the residues implicated in catalysis of the latter enzymes are present in chondroitinase ABC I. The substrate-binding site in chondroitinase ABC I is in a wide-open cleft, consistent with the endolytic action pattern of this enzyme. The tryptophan residues crucial for substrate binding in chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidases are lacking in chondroitinase ABC I. The structure of chondroitinase ABC I provides a framework for probing specific functions of active-site residues for understanding the remarkably broad specificity of this enzyme and perhaps engineering a desired specificity. The electron density map showed clearly that the deposited DNA sequence for residues 495–530 of chondroitin ABC lyase I, the segment containing two putative active-site residues, contains a frame-shift error resulting in an incorrectly translated amino acid sequence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a significant global healthcare burden. However, the lack of comprehensive data has impeded our understanding of its global impact. We aimed to examine the burden of TC and its trends at the global, regional, and national levels using data stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI), sex, and age. Data on TC, including incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021, were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence rate, mortality, and DALYs trends. The incidence, mortality, and DALYs of TC in 2021 were 249,538 (95% uncertainty interval: 223,290–274,638), 44,799 (39,925–48,541), and 646,741 (599,119–717,357), respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) in 2021 was 2.914 (2.607–3.213), with an EAPC of 1.25 (1.14–1.37) compared to 1990. In 2021, the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) was 0.53 (0.47–0.575) and age-standardized DALYs rate was 14.571 (12.783–16.115). Compared with 1990, the EAPCs of ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate showed decreasing trends, at − 0.24 (− 0.27 to − 0.21) and − 0.14 (− 0.17 to − 0.11), respectively. Low SDI regions showed the highest ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate, at 0.642 (0.516–0.799) and 17.976 (14.18–23.06), respectively. Low-middle SDI regions had the highest EAPCs for ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate, at 0.74 (0.71–0.78) and 0.67 (0.63–0.7), respectively. Females exhibited decreasing trend in ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate, with EAPCs of − 0.58 (− 0.61 to − 0.55) and − 0.45 (− 0.47 to − 0.42), respectively. In contrast, males showed an increasing trend in ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate, with EAPCs of 0.41 (0.35–0.46) for both. In high-income regions, most countries with decreased annual changes in deaths experience increasing age-related deaths. Over the past few decades, a notable increase in TC incidence and decreased mortality has been observed globally. Regions characterized by lower SDI, male sex, and an aging population exhibited no improvement in TC mortality. Effective resource allocation, meticulous control of risk factors, and tailored interventions are crucial for addressing these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating Multiple sclerosis (MS), a well-known immune-mediated disease characterized by axonal demyelination, is challenging due to its complex causes. Naphthalenedione, present in numerous plants, is being explored as a potential medicine for MS due to its immunomodulatory properties. However, its effects on lymphocytes can vary depending on factors such as the specific compound, concentration, and experimental conditions. In this study, we aim to explore the therapeutic potential of 2-bromo-1,4-naphthalenedione (BrQ), a derivative of naphthalenedione, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. We observed that mice treated with BrQ exhibited reduced severity of EAE symptoms, including lower clinical scores, decreased leukocyte infiltration, and less extensive demyelination in central nervous system. Furthermore, it was noted that BrQ does not directly affect the remyelination process. Through cell-chat analysis based on bulk RNA-seq data, coupled with validation of flow analysis, we discovered that BrQ significantly promotes the expansion of CD8+ T cells and their interactions with other immune cells in peripheral immune system in EAE mice. Subsequent CD8+ T cell depletion experiments confirmed that BrQ alleviates EAE in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Mechanistically, expanded CD8+ cells were found to selectively reduce antigen-specific CD4+ cells and subsequently inhibit Th1 and Th17 cell development in vivo, ultimately leading to relief from EAE. In summary, our findings highlight the crucial role of BrQ in modulating the pathogenesis of MS, suggesting its potential as a novel drug candidate for treating MS and other autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive metabolic responses and innate metabolites hold promising therapeutic potential for stroke, while targeted interventions require a thorough understanding of underlying mechanisms. Adiposity is a noted modifiable metabolic risk factor for stroke, and recent research suggests that it benefits neurological rehabilitation. During the early phase of experimental stroke, the lipidomic results showed that fat depots underwent pronounced lipolysis and released fatty acids (FAs) that feed into consequent hepatic FA oxidation and ketogenesis. Systemic supplementation with the predominant ketone beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is found to exert discernible effects on preserving blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity and facilitating neuroinflammation resolution. Meanwhile, blocking FAO‐ketogenesis processes by administration of CPT1α antagonist or shRNA targeting HMGCS2 exacerbated endothelial damage and aggravated stroke severity, whereas BHB supplementation blunted these injuries. Mechanistically, it is unveiled that BHB infusion is taken up by monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) specifically expressed in cerebral endothelium and upregulated the expression of tight junction protein ZO‐1 by enhancing local β‐hydroxybutyrylation of H3K9 at the promoter of TJP1 gene. Conclusively, an adaptive metabolic mechanism is elucidated by which acute lipolysis stimulates FAO‐ketogenesis processes to restore BBB integrity after stroke. Ketogenesis functions as an early metabolic responder to restrain stroke progression, providing novel prospectives for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the findings of a studies dealing with unraveling the crystal structures of six complexes of homodimeric Escherichia coli dethiobiotin synthetase (DTBS), with a variety of substates and substrate analogs, on the basis of which a reaction mechanism for DTBS is proposed.

• Continuous flow photoinduced phenothiazine derivatives catalyzed ATRP. • Uncovered structure-reactivity relationship for both batch and flow mode. • Optimized inner diameter of microreactor by microscale effect study. • Flow synthesis of narrowly distributed homo- and block- (co)polymers. Continuous flow photoinduced organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerizations (O-ATRP) are investigated by using phenothiazine derivatives as organic photoredox catalysts. A series of phenothiazine derivatives with different substituents are designed and synthesized. The structure-reactivity relationship is examined in both batch and tubular reactor by employing methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBP) as the monomer and initiator. By transferring the polymerization from the batch reactor to the tubular reactor, the accelerated apparent polymerization constants, better control of molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions are achieved. The effect of the inner diameter of the tubular reactor on O-ATRP is explored and it suggests that 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm are the optimized inner diameter based on the consideration of polymerization controllability. By applying this continuous flow photoinduced O-ATRP protocol, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and block copolymers are synthesized with varied molecular weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The E-Commerce Law of the People's Republic of China(E-commerce Law) was enacted on August 31, 2018. One of the hottest topics is e-commerce platform operators (EPOs) liability for third-party patent infringement. The EPOs, which provide platform services rather than participating in trade directly, must try to maintain the balance between patentees and social interests. Due to the particularities of the patent infringement review, it is difficult for the EPOs to fulfil the task. Thus, the EPOs liability for copyright and trademark infringement is likely unworkable in the patent area. A China practice review will be helpful in analysing the problem; the guiding case No. 83 is an especially meaningful reference. The E-Commerce Law is principled and advisory - it is impossible to distinguish the limits of EPOs liability for third-party patent infringement by differentiating the patent from other intellectual property rights. After reviewing the regulations on the general and intellectual property duty of care of EPOs, this article argues that the E-Commerce Law still has some specific problems. Consequently, to implement the E-Commerce Law, judicial interpretation and detailed rules for implementation should be formulated as soon as possible, and the potential solutions are described in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanostructures show great potential in hydrogen sensing at atmospheric conditions for good gas adsorption abilities. However, there is less research on low-pressure hydrogen sensing performance due to its low concentration and in-homogeneous distributions under low-pressure environments. Here, we report the low-pressure hydrogen sensing by the construction of Al–N-co-doped ZnO nanorods based on the adsorption-induced field emission enhancement effect in the pressure range of 10−7 to 10−3 Pa. The investigation indicates that the Al–N-co-doped ZnO sample is the most sensitive to low-pressure hydrogen sensing among all ZnO samples, with the highest sensing current increase of 140% for 5 min emission. In addition, the increased amplitude of sensing current for the Al–N-co-doped ZnO sample could reach 75% at the pressure 7 × 10−3 Pa for 1 min emission. This work not only expands the hydrogen sensing applications to the co-doped ZnO nanomaterials, but also provides a promising approach to develop field emission cathodes with strong low-pressure hydrogen sensing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ultrasound Physician Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association sought to develop evidence-based recommendations on the operational standards for 2-D shear wave elastography examination of musculoskeletal tissues. A consensus panel of 22 Chinese musculoskeletal ultrasound experts reviewed current scientific evidence and proposed a set of 12 recommendations for 13 key issues, including instruments, operating methods, influencing factors and image interpretation. A final consensus was reached through discussion and voting. On the basis of research evidence and expert opinions, the strength of recommendation for each proposition was assessed using a visual analog scale, while further emphasizing the best available evidence during the question-and-answer session. These expert consensus guidelines encourage facilitation of the standardization of clinical practices for collecting and reporting shear wave elastography data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the value of an integrated model incorporating deep learning (DL), hand-crafted radiomics and clinical and US imaging features for diagnosing central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 613 patients with clinicopathologically confirmed PTC from two institutions. The DL model and hand-crafted radiomics model were developed using primary lesion images and then integrated with clinical and US features selected by multivariate analysis to generate an integrated model. The performance was compared with junior and senior radiologists on the independent test set. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plot and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) were used for the visualized explanation of the model. Results: The integrated model yielded the best performance with an AUC of 0.841. surpassing that of the hand-crafted radiomics model (0.706, p < 0.001) and the DL model (0.819, p = 0.26). Compared to junior and senior radiologists, the integrated model reduced the missed CLNM rate from 57.89% and 44.74–27.63%, and decreased the rate of unnecessary central lymph node dissection (CLND) from 29.87% and 27.27–18.18%, respectively. SHAP analysis revealed that the DL features played a primary role in the diagnosis of CLNM, while clinical and US features (such as extrathyroidal extension, tumour size, age, gender, and multifocality) provided additional support. Grad-CAM indicated that the model exhibited a stronger focus on thyroid capsule in patients with CLNM. Conclusion: Integrated model can effectively decrease the incidence of missed CLNM and unnecessary CLND. The application of the integrated model can help improve the acceptance of AI-assisted US diagnosis among radiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk stratification systems for thyroid nodules are limited by low specificity. The fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy size thresholds and stratification criteria are based on evidence from the literature and expert consensus. Our aims were to investigate the optimal FNA biopsy size thresholds in the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and artificial intelligence (AI) TI-RADS and to revise the stratification criteria in AI TI-RADS. Methods: A total of 2596 thyroid nodules (in 2511 patients) on ultrasound examination with definite pathological diagnoses were retrospectively identified from January 2017 to September 2021 in 6 participating Chinese hospitals. The modified criteria for ACR TI-RADS were as follows: (1) no FNA for TR3; (2) FNA threshold for TR4 increased to 2.5 cm. The modified criteria for AI TI-RADS were as follows: (1) 6-point nodules upgraded to TR5; (2) no FNA for TR3; (3) FNA threshold for TR4 increased to 2.5 cm. The diagnostic performance and the unnecessary FNA rate (UFR) of modified versions were compared with the original ACR TI-RADS. Results: Compared with the original ACR TI-RADS, the modified ACR (mACR) TI-RADS yielded higher specificity (73% vs. 46%), accuracy (74% vs. 51%), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC; 0.80 vs. 0.70), and lower UFR (25% vs. 48%; all p < 0.001), although the sensitivity was slightly decreased (87% vs. 93%, p = 0.057). Compared with the original ACR TI-RADS, the modified AI (mAI) TI-RADS yielded higher specificity (73% vs. 46%), accuracy (75% vs. 51%), AUC (0.81 vs. 0.70), and lower UFR (24% vs. 48%; all p < 0.001), although the sensitivity tended to be slightly decreased (89% vs. 93%, p = 0.13). There was no significant difference between the mACR TI-RADS and mAI TI-RADS in the diagnostic performance and UFR (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: The revised FNA thresholds and the stratification criteria of the mACR TI-RADS and mAI TI-RADS may be associated with improvements in specificity and accuracy, without significantly sacrificing sensitivity for malignancy detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Declined miR-29a-3p, and up-regulated HDAC4 exhibited in HIBD. • MiR-29a-3p negatively regulated HDAC4 expression. • DEX induced miR-29a-3p and inhibited the expression of HDAC4. • DEX inhibited the apoptosis of neurons in the hippocampal region. • Up-regulated miR-29a-3p or inhibited HDAC4 improved the neurological impairment. Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a common brain injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia of the brain. This study aims to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) post-treatment on neurological impairment of newborn rats with HIBD via modulating microRNA-29a-3p (miR-29a-3p) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). HIBD model of newborn rats was established. Newborn modeled rats were injected with Dex, miR-29a-3p mimic or HDAC4 siRNA to figure their roles in learning and memory abilities, left hemisphere atrophy, brain tissue injury, inflammatory response and apoptosis rate of nerve cells of rats. The expression of miR-29a-3p and HDAC4 in hippocampal tissues of rats were detected, and the potential relationship between miR-29a-3p and HDAC4 was analyzed. Decreased miR-29a-3p and elevated HDAC4 were found in hippocampal tissues of rats with HIBD. In addition, Dex, elevated miR-29a-3p or declined HDAC4 enhanced spatial learning and memory abilities in rats with HIBD. Moreover, Dex, up-regulated miR-29a-3p or declined HDAC4 alleviated brain atrophy, repressed brain tissue injury, retrained the inflammation, repressed the apoptosis of neurons in the hippocampal region of rats with HIBD. HDAC4 was targeted and negatively regulated by miR-29a-3p. The study concludes that miR-29a-3p strengthened the effect of Dex on improving neurologic damage in newborn rats with HIBD by inhibiting HDAC4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is strongly correlated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and bariatric surgery can effectively treat obesity and alleviate OSA. However, the contributing factors are still unclear. We aimed to explore the relationship between betatrophin and OSA in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Our study consisted of thirty-seven individuals with OSA and type 2 diabetes (16 males, 21 females) undergoing RYGB surgery. The polysomnography test, anthropometric results, serum betatrophin, and abdominal magnetic resonance images were evaluated both before and 1 year after RYGB surgery. Factors that may correlate with the alleviation of OSA were investigated. In our study, RYGB surgery significantly decreased apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and serum betatrophin concentration (p < 0.001). The abdominal visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area and HOMA-IR were also significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The preoperative AHI, postoperative AHI and the change in AHI were significantly correlated with the preoperative betatrophin, postoperative betatrophin and the change in betatrophin, respectively (p < 0.05). These correlations were still significant after adjustment for other risk factors. The change in betatrophin was also independently associated with the change in minimum oxygen saturation (p < 0.001). Our data might indicate that serum betatrophin was significantly independently correlated with the improvement of OSA after bariatric surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]