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Highlights: [•] New data provided on the mineral and chemical composition of triticale bran (TB). [•] New data provided on the water extractable polysaccharide (WEP) composition of TB. [•] Highlights optimal extraction techniques and conditions for WEP from TB. [•] Highlights the molecular weight distribution profile of WEP from TB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The mechanism by which antioxidants preserve the quality of foods or functional foods depends on both the type of oxidants in foods and the structure of the antioxidant molecule. In the biological system, in addition to the mechanisms above, antioxidants in functional foods can protect by acting on various enzymes, antioxidant response elements, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and phase II metabolisms. Antioxidants can also protect functional foods by chelating transition metal ions (e.g., copper, iron) and by inhibiting the activity of metalloenzymes (e.g., lipoxygenases), which are responsible for the production of oxidants. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to enhance the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of rice paper by adding ground whole flaxseed to develop omega-3 rice paper (ORP). The amounts of omega-3 and dietary fibre in the ORP were 2.7 g/100 g and 9.1 g/100 g respectively, both of which were absent in the traditional rice paper (TRP). The antioxidant activity of the ORP evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (231.7 μmol TE/g) was significantly higher than that of TRP (50.2 μmol TE/g). This correlated well with the results of the DPPH radical scavenging activity. In addition, the total phenolic content of the ORP was much higher than the total phenolic content of the TRP. Sensory analysis indicated that ORP was preferred in all of the tested attributes, particularly in taste and texture. The results suggest that the development of ORP by the addition of flaxseed improved both the nutritional value and the sensory characteristics of rice paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: It is important to understand the difference and similarity in antioxidant capacity and aroma quality between formula and breast milk for purposes of modifying infant formulas. We evaluated the antioxidant properties and aroma quality of infant formula and breast milk. Methods: Six breast milk samples and four infant formulas were used. Antioxidant properties were measured using the following methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, total phenolic content, and phenolic composition. Aroma quality was determined using the electronic nose. Results: The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity for formula and breast milk ranged from 45.3% to 61.8% and from 52.8% to 61.2%, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity ranged from 28.8 to 31.9 g/kg for formula and from 25.5 to 39.2 g/kg for breast milk. Total phenolic content ranged from 422 to 751 mg/kg and from 329to 797 mg/kg for formula and milk, respectively. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were detected with values ranging from 614 to 635, 1391 to 1444, and 1425 to 1490 μg/kg in breast milk and from 783 to 3594, 1449 to 1510, and 1447 to 1561 μg/kg in formulas. Electronic nose results indicated that the aroma quality of formula controls 2, 3, and 4 was similar to that of breast milk. Conclusion: Differences and similarities in antioxidant properties and aroma quality were found among some of the formulas and breast milk. The contribution of phenolic acids to total antioxidant capacity was limited. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The major anthocyanin composition of normal purple wheat and heat stressed purple wheat were measured using HPLC, LC–MS/MS and the pH differential method. The lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and melatonin content were also measured. Total anthocyanin profile of normal purple wheat (491.3mg/kg) was significantly (P <0.05) lower than that of the heat stressed purple wheat (522.7mg/kg). Thirteen major anthocyanins were isolated and cyanidin 3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in purple wheat. Using the pH differential method, the total anthocyanin content of normal (500.6mg/kg) and heat stressed (526.0mg/kg) purple wheat were similar to those observed using HPLC. The SDG content of normal and heat stressed purple wheat were 770 and 520μg/kg, while melatonin content was 4 and 2μg/kg, respectively. The presence of SDG and melatonin in addition to anthocyanins may contribute to the health benefits associated with consumption of coloured cereal grains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP–protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have a heterogeneous collection of fructose polymers, known as inulin. This study was aimed to explore the effects of ultrasound (US) and autoclave (AC) on inulin physico‐chemical properties as well as investigate structural characterizations and relationships with inulin physico‐chemical properties. More specifically, Jerusalem artichoke powder (JA, 69.99% inulin in dry basis), purified inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (PJAI) and chicory inulin (CI) were studied to determine the effects of both treatments on reducing sugar contents, degree of polymerization (DP), water‐holding capacity (WHC) and particle size. US (90 W, 20 KHZ) treatments had increased reducing sugar content up to 12.27% for PJAI, 10.86% for JA powder and 2.18% for CI. HPLC analysis showed that the DP of inulin decreased for PJAI after 2 min US treatment. WHC analysis showed that both treatments did not have significant effects (p >.05) on WHC for JA powder. This study suggests that US can be a preferable treatment for reducing the DP of inulin from JA for designing variety of food formulations. Practical applications: Ultrasound treatments could result in more inulin breaking down into reducing sugars, and in the decrease of inulin DP. This research suggested that the DP of inulin might be a very important factor in ultrasound treatment for their affect in the absorption of energy from ultrasound. Therefore, ultrasound can be a desirable treatment for changing the degree of polymerization of inulin from JA for designing different food products. Future studies need to investigate the relationship between the viscosity of inulin solution and the de‐polymerization of inulin caused by ultrasound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an exhaustive analysis of the species Cannabis sativa L. was carried out, focusing on the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of inflorescences from five different varieties and four intra-specific hybrids. In addition, terpenoid and cannabinoid compositions of seed oils from these same Cannabis varieties were examined. Aromatic compounds were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) while cannabinoids were by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical analysis were performed to determine the relationship between aromatic compounds within varieties for classification. A total of 71 naturally occurring aromatic compounds were identified, including 27 terpenoids and 10 isomers. Terpenoid clustering from the different inflorescence groups confirmed the commercial aromatic description of each Cannabis variety; however, they were not associated with the clusters observed in the cannabinoid profiles. Seed oils contained trace amounts of both aromatic compounds and cannabinoids, suggesting a migration of components during the industrial extraction process. This study contributes to understanding cannabis chemistry and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research of cannabis-derived products throughout comprehensive analysis of cannabinoid content, and especially aromatic profile in varieties. It can guide the development of targeted breeding programs, complex classification of varieties and formulation of cannabis-based products tailored to specific applications. • Cannabis sativa chemotypes are currently in high demand for therapeutic treatments. • Qualitative aromatic profile from nine chemotypes of Cannabis sativa was determined. • The identification of aromatic compounds clarified odor differences among chemotypes. • Terpenes/terpenoids were the predominant aromatic compounds identified in chemotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosilver plays an important role in nanoscience and nanotechnology, and is becoming increasingly used for applications in nanomedicine. Nanosilver ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter. Smaller particles more readily enter cells and interact with the cellular components. The exposure dose, particle size, coating, and aggregation state of the nanosilver, as well as the cell type or organism on which it is tested, are all large determining factors on the effect and potential toxicity of nanosilver. A high exposure dose to nanosilver alters the cellular stress responses and initiates cascades of signalling that can eventually trigger organelle autophagy and apoptosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effects of nanosilver on cellular metabolic function and response to stress. Both the causative effects of nanosilver on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and hypoxic stress—as well as the effects of nanosilver on the responses to such stresses—are outlined. The interactions and effects of nanosilver on cellular uptake, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), inflammation, hypoxic response, mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function and the unfolded protein response, autophagy and apoptosis, angiogenesis, epigenetics, genotoxicity, and cancer development and tumorigenesis—as well as other pathway alterations—are examined in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosilver (1-100 nm silver particles) has antimicrobial properties and is widely used in many commercial, engineering, and biomedical applications. The potential effects of direct nanosilver exposure to human cells and other organisms through consumer products is largely unknown. Due to the increased use of nanosilver in these products, exposure to this nanomaterial is of concern. Thus, it is crucial to understand the potential biological effects and mechanistic perturbations caused by nanosilver at the cellular level. Nanosilver contributes to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, through the binding of nanosilver to thiol groups, causes depletion of the major cellular antioxidant molecule glutathione. This research examines the relative induction of the two primary detoxification pathways upon exposure to nanosilver. The first pathway involves the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which induces various cytochrome P450 enzymes through xenobiotic response elements (XREs). The second pathway involves the nuclear factor-erythroid 2 like factors, which induce various xenobiotic-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes through the electrophile response element/antioxidant response element (EpRE/ARE). Luciferase reporter assays indicate that nanosilver treatment induces activation of the ARE detoxification pathway through nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf 2), as opposed to nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), while suppressing the XRE detoxification pathway through the AhR. Additionally, nanosilver treatments do not change Nrf 2, Nrf 1, or AhR protein levels, indicating that other control mechanisms are involved. These results suggest that nanosilver exposure affects both ARE and XRE detoxification pathways. This research provides new information and insight into the mechanisms and pathways affected by nanosilver on the cellular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of two defatting methods on antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents of oat milling fractions. Whole flour (WF), medium oat bran (MB), fine bran (FB) and low bran (LB) were defatted with hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) fluid and then extracted with aqueous methanol. Oil yields from SC-CO 2 extractions were 3.1–5.3% compared to 2.3–5% for hexane extraction yields. Three main avenanthramides (AVs) and five phenolic acids, vanillic, caffeic, para-coumaric, ferulic and cinnamic acids were quantified by HPLC. The AV contents of three of the defatted flour/bran samples (WF, LB, FB) were 1.7–2.4-fold higher when SC-CO 2 was used instead of hexane. However, for MB sample, using SC-CO 2 resulted in lower concentration of AVs (but not phenolic acids) compared to hexane implying that its larger particle size was a limiting factor for AVs only during the SC-CO 2 step. FB had the highest amount of AVs (358.9 μg/g) compared to other samples (172.1–277.8 μg/g). The same trend was observed for phenolic acids. HPLC data corrected (p < 0.001) with ROO • scavenging activities. FB-SC-CO 2 had the highest ROO • activity (23.0 μM TE/g) and highest inhibition of HO • radicals (25.5%). In summary, SC-CO 2 and fine particles were better facilitated the extraction of polyphenols in the defatted fraction and yielded higher radical scavenging activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas chromatography (GC) techniques for analyzing and determining the cannabinoid profile in cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) are widely used in standard laboratories; however, these methods may mislabel the profile when used under rapid conditions. Our study aimed to highlight this problem and optimize GC column conditions and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters to accurately identify cannabinoids in both standards and forensic samples. The method was validated for linearity, selectivity, and precision. It was observed that when tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A) were examined using rapid GC conditions, the resulting derivatives generated identical retention times. Wider chromatographic conditions were applied. The linear range for each compound ranged from 0.02 μg/mL to 37.50 μg/mL. The R2 values ranged from 0.996 to 0.999. The LOQ values ranged from 0.33 μg/mL to 5.83 μg/mL, and the LOD values ranged from 0.11 μg/mL to 1.92 μg/mL. The precision values ranged from 0.20% to 8.10% RSD. In addition, forensic samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) in an interlaboratory comparison test, with higher CBD and THC content than GC–MS determination (p < 0.05) in samples. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing GC techniques to avoid mislabeling cannabinoids in cannabis samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic lipids are multifunctional compounds which play an important biological role in the body. Their unique biologic functionality stems from their strong amphiphilic character which allows them to be incorporated in erythrocytes. Through membrane incorporation, these compounds exert their biological effects on neurons which are not modulated by hydrophilic compounds. These bioactive compounds are present in nature as secondary plant metabolites, and consequently their availability is limited, for dietary and medical purposes. In this review, the pathways and mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease will be described. In addition, the modulatory effects of phenolic lipids on these pathways and a list of several synthetic, semi synthetic and natural sources of phenolic lipids will be examined as having the potential to prevent or combat Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this was to determine the impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the multifunctionality of tomato seed protein hydrolysates (TSPH) and their physicochemical properties. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using alcalase and two factors response surface methodology. The best conditions were 131.4 min and 3% enzyme/substrate (E/S) for antioxidant activity; 174.5 min and 2.93% E/S for angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition; and 66.79 min and 2.27% E/S for the calcium binding. Antioxidant and ACE hydrolysates were characterized by higher solubility, zeta potential, and thermal stability while properties of the calcium binding hydrolysate were only minimally affected by the enzymatic hydrolysis. Gel electrophoresis showed that molecular weights of polypeptides in the calcium binding TSPH were higher compared to those in ACE and antioxidant TSPHs. This was due to the low degree of hydrolysis of the calcium binding hydrolysate. Practical applications: Nowadays, different protein sources are used to produce protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides that can help alleviate oxidation of foods, oxidative stress, and chronic conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disorder). Hydrolyzed proteins also have the potential to increase mineral absorption through the formation of mineral‐binding complexes. Biological activities of proteins and peptides from tomato processing byproduct (i.e., pomace) have received until now little attention. The determination of physicochemical properties and biological activities of the hydrolyzed proteins has application in the formulation of value‐added food products for the reduction of oxidative stress and risks of developing chronic diseases. In addition, there will be a reduction of pomace waste generated by the tomato processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It was aimed to examine fatty acids (FAs) and phenolics profiles, antioxidant potentials as well as alkylresorcinols (ARs/phenolic lipids) presence in purslane seeds. GC-FID revealed thirteen FAs (C14:0-C24:1), being linoleic acid (C18:2) the most abundant (%33.89 ± 0.47), followed by α-linolenic acid (C18:3, %22.47 ± 0.23) and oleic acid (C18:1, %18.76 ± 0.88). HPLC-PDA showed ten different phenolic components in soluble free, soluble conjugated and bound fractions of both germinated and non-germinated purslane seeds. Germination showed 1.5 folds more total phenolic (466.72 ± 3.10) compared to the non-germinated purslane extracts (315.02 ± 1.90). Highest phenolic contents for germinated and non-germinated seeds were in soluble free (291.73 ± 5.79μg/g) and bound (159.48 ± 2.33μg/g) forms, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was higher in the germinated (3.86 ± 0.15 μmol TE/g) than non-germinated seeds (1.10 ± 0.01 μmol TE/g). ARs have been, first time , reported in germinated (215.2 ± 27.1) and non-germinated seeds (77.1 ± 1.9). Purslane ARs and FAs may have promising functionality for applications in functional food products. Highlights • Purslane seed oil were rich in linoleic, alfa linolenic and oleic acids. • 3-Day germinated seeds showed 1.5 fold more phenolics than non-germinated seeds. • The presence of alkylresorcinols in purslane seeds has been shown first time. • Purslane ARs and FAs may have promising applications in functional food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in kefir storage (4 °C, 28 days) were evaluated every week in response to pulse (whole faba bean [ Vicia faba L. minor ] and its dehulled fractions – hulls and cotyledon; whole chickpea [ Cicer arietinum L.] and its crude mucilage) supplementation. Each supplement offered different profile of microbial count that was optimal at 14 days refrigerated storage. Bacterial growth was insignificant for faba bean hull (8.26–8.45 UFC/ml) and cotyledon (8.54–8.51UFC/ml) supplemented kefirs between 7 and 21 days storage. Titratable acidity (TTA) of kefirs decreased for the first week then increased with storage time at different rates for each supplement. Kefir pH decreased linearly with storage time differing significantly among samples after 14 days storage. Inulin and other supplementations improved lactate production and increased proteolytic activity with fermentation time. Antioxidant activity of kefir depended solely on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the supplements independent of storage time. The high antioxidant activity of the faba bean hull (13.03 μmol trolox eq/g kefir) supplemented kefir probably reflects its high phenolic content (57.53 mg gallic acid/g sample). Moreover, pulse supplements were superior to commercial inulin in maintaining kefir stability during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was aimed to i) investigate if seabuckthorn whole fruit (S), and seabuckthorn purified mucilage (SP) addition into yogurt enhance bacterial viability, by measuring total bacterial counts of different yogurt trials on selective media, pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) during 28 day cold storage at 4 °C, as well as ii) measure antioxidant activities of microwave extracted seabuckthorn crude mucilage (SC) and SP using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and DPPH scavenging activity. After 21 days of cold storage, yogurts with S and SP maintained higher viable bacteria counts in both of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus (9.3 log cfu/mL) and Bifidobacterium lactis (9.2 log cfu/mL), higher TTA (0.8%), and lower pH (5.0) compared to the controls (P < 0.05). SC exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an ORAC value of 138.9 μmol Trolox equivalents/100 g, and a %DPPH scavenging activity value of 37.0%. Results of this study suggest S may serve as a new prebiotic source for functional foods and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) subspecies major and minor and lentil seeds grown in Algeria were separated into cotyledons and hulls. These fractions, together with their corresponding whole seeds, were extracted with two solvents, aqueous (70%) acetone and (80%) ethanol, and evaluated for antioxidant activity in relation to their phenolic contents. Acetone selectively extracted tannins from faba beans. The hulls always exhibited high antioxidant activity, measured using the reducing power (RP), antiradical activity (DPPH) or oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Aqueous ethanol (80%) extract of lentil hulls exhibited high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities preferentially inhibiting 15-LOX (IC50, 55μg/ml), with moderate COX-1 (IC50, 66μg/ml) and COX-2 (IC50, 119μg/ml) inhibitory effects on the COX pathway, whereas faba bean hull extracts exerted relatively mild LOX inhibitory activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of cultivar and region on the composition of alkylresorcinols (ARs) of 24 wheat bran samples from 6 cultivars grown in four locations (Bath, Nairn, Palmerstone and Ridgetown) in Ontario (ON), Canada, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) of wheat bran extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method and the antioxidant activity of wheat bran extracts was measured by 2, 2-Dipheny-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The highest ARs content (μg/g) was found in cultivars Emmit (1522), Harvard (1305), Warthog (1170), and Superior (853), grown in Ridgetown. The relative saturated and unsaturated ARs (%) were 89 and 11, respectively. Total ARs content, their composition, TPC and antioxidant activity of wheat bran extracts were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by location and cultivar and their interaction. TPC, %DPPHdis, and ORAC values for different wheat bran sample extracts ranged from 3 to 58 (mg FAE/g), 5 to 68 (%), and 6 to 94 (μmol TE/g), respectively. Our work provides a detailed examination of region and cultivar effects on potential of ARs in wheat bran and the results can be used for screening and breeding purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are phenolic lipids that are mostly found in rye and wheat brans. In this study, the stability of AR content and homologue composition of hard red wheat bran (HRWB) and soft red wheat bran (SRWB) were studied, using four different bread formulations. ARs in wheat bran samples were extracted with four different solvents whereas ARs in breads were extracted with hot 1-propanol and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The different formulas used in four bread trial were: A) 100% white flour (control breads), B) 30% wheat bran, C) 30% residue bran after AR extraction, and D) 30% wheat bran plus 2% crude AR extract. AR content in breads varied from 1.1 to 82.9mg/100g and showed that they were heat stable during baking. After 1h cooling, all breads showed significantly different (P<0.05) inner temperature, height and weight compared to control bread. Furthermore, bread D showed a better height than breads B and C (P<0.05). The effects of baking on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were also determined. A positive correlation was observed between oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and TPC (R2 =0.89). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We evaluated the antioxidant potential of lentil polysaccharides in stimulating the growth of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. Microbial counts, pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) were measured in yogurt samples containing starter cultures with or without probiotic bacteria, supplemented with whole ground green lentils. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of polysaccharides extracted from green, red, and dehulled red lentils were measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Results demonstrate that green lentils selectively enhanced the number of probiotic bacteria in yogurt in the initial stages of storage and maintained overall microbial counts (starter cultures and probiotics) over a 28-day storage period. Furthermore, the overall reduction in pH and increase in TTA in lentil containing yogurt samples after the 28-day storage period at 4 °C, suggest that starter cultures preferentially utilize lentils toward the end of this storage period. Polysaccharide extracts exhibited strong antioxidant potential no significant difference between extracts from red and green whole lentil extracts (46.1 ± 2.8 and 43.1 ± 4.2 μmol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of lentil respectively). However, the antioxidant capacity of dehulled red lentil extracts was significantly lower at 24.2 ± 1.7 μmol TE/g, suggesting that the hull has bioactive components, which play an important role in free radical scavenging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Optimization conditions for alkylresorcinols (ARs) extraction from triticale bran were determined using response surface methodology. A central composite design was used to determine the effects of extraction temperature (degrees Celsius) and solid-to-solvent ratio (weight per volume) on yield of saturated, unsaturated and total ARs. Extraction of ARs was affected significantly ( p value ≤ 0.05) by temperature and solid-to-solvent ratio on the yield of saturated, unsaturated and total ARs. The highest quantity of total ARs from triticale bran was extracted at 24 °C between 16 and 24 h at a solid-to-solvent ratio (weight per volume) of 1:40 and ranged from 278 to 308 mg/100 g, while saturated and unsaturated ARs were 163 to 225 mg/100 g and 22 to 29 mg/100 g, respectively. The ARs identified by high-performance liquid chromatography included: C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, C23:0 and C25:0. Also some unsaturated analogues (12.4% to 14.0%) were found including C17:1, C19:1, C21:1 and C23:1. Analysis of variance ( p value = 0.05) indicated that the response surface methodology (RSM) developed for saturated, unsaturated and total ARs were adequate and explained most of the variability (85% to 89%) with high coefficient of multiple determination ( R = 0.89). The main effect of the response variable was quadratic rather than a linear function. Our results showed that RSM is a tool that is useful to optimise experimental conditions for the extraction of ARs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carob is a well-known tree for its nutritional and health-promoting edible pods due to its high phenolic contents. It was aimed to investigate: 1) carob phenolic profiles; soluble free, soluble conjugated and bound, 2) bioaccesibility of those phenolics during simulated gastrointestinal digestions, plus in vitro fecal fermentations, 3) their antioxidant properties, also 4) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Ten phenolic acids and six flavonoids were detected in soluble (free and conjugated) and insoluble fractions of undigested carob. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestions, the most bioaccessible phenolic acids and flavonoids were gallic acid (647.4%), chlorogenic acid (485.4%), (+)-catechin (558.3%) and rutin (267.2%). Myricetin (79.5%) and gallic acid (20.0%) were the most abundant metabolites of residual fraction of carob phenolics after fecal fermentations. Antioxidant capacity of digested carob has increased significantly (p < 0.05); DPPH (107 mg GAE/g), ABTS (399 mg TE/g) and ORAC (415 μmol TE/g). Both undigested carob and its digested fractions showed a positive dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase activity (0.3–1.0 mg/mL). The findings from this study showed first time report on carob phenolic profiles (soluble and insoluble) and their bioaccessibility during digestions and fecal fermentations. Carob phenolic might influence glucose metabolism by inhibiting carbohydrate digestion. • First time report on carob soluble and bound phenolic profiles changes during digestion. • Gallic, chlorogenic, (+) - catechin and rutin were the most abundant after in-vitro digestion. • Myricetin and gallic acid were the most ample in residual carob after fecal fermentations. • Carob phenolics showed a positive inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]