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This article aims to carry out an analysis of the transformations that occurred in the territory of the former captaincy of Porto Seguro, throughout the colonial period. At least three important moments of expansion of territorial occupation occurred: the first, in the first two centuries of colonization; the second, in the second half of the 18th century with the Pombaline reforms; and the third, in the final decades of the colonial period. The aim is to demonstrate that even in moments of great political instability, the territory of Porto Seguro gradually became more dynamic, going against the "myth of devastation" created and repeated over so many years. As a result, we observe an urban network that has branched out and become more complex, revealing a much more interconnected and capillarized territory than is initially conceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of Pitrufquén (located in the Araucanía Region, Chile, and founded in 1897) from a historical, territorial, urban, and architectural point of view. It is proposed that the city’s development is framed in a new moment, where the Chilean State abandons military criteria and assumes economic-territorial factors where the railroad’s presence is a determining factor. The choice of the site, its particular layout, and the development of its architecture are evidence of this change. From the historical point of view, it is analyzed how, in Pitrufquén, the Mapuche society had cattle raising as the main economic activity, as it had pastures to feed the cattle, the land was suitable for crops, and there was a vital ford to cross the Toltén River. This strategic location was maintained and accentuated by the city’s founding and the railroad’s arrival in 1898, turning the town into a railhead for progress towards the south of the country. In the case of the urban layout, its peculiarity was addressed since, together with Lonquimay, these are the only sections in the La Araucanía region organized based on an ellipse, which, in the case of Pitrufquén, also coexists with a checkerboard layout. The study analyzed its squares, diagonal avenues, and the perimeter ring road. At an architectural level, the article explores the three layers or aspects of the city: The first one studies the wooden architecture with works from the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the second refers to public architecture, represented by buildings such as the municipality, public services, the post office, and others; and a third layer addresses the modern architecture, such as housing and stores from the period between 1940 and 1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to account for the narratives and the transformation of public space, manifested in the mural painting in the Colombian city of Sogamoso. For this we have referred, as a source of analysis, to a previous theoretical and historical approach, as well as to the photographic record. Thus, unprecedented results are obtained in the study of the city and its relationship with the construction of its public spaces by artistic collectives. On the other hand, the artistic aspect --still very little recognized-- is affirmed as an extension of the reality of the city itself. It is concluded how mural painting, in a visual laboratory, preferably defines urban art, and creates identity, memory and a city thought through citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This urban history study reconstructs and explores the focused materialization of the actions of the Ministerio de la Vivienda y Urbanismo (MINVU) and the presence of the housing construction market that, between 1965-1976, participated in the scientific planning and urban metamorphosis of the satellite citie of Maipú. Thanks to the coordination of both actors, this periphery of the capital (Santiago de Chile) was transformed into a pole of urban development. This is analyzed using a mixed approach, from four computer moments (urban project, executors, construction work and inhabiting), and mainly, through the documents of the CORVI fund of the ARNAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"hipo_TESIS_Vlc" is a choreographic exercise that visualises, using the collage technique, the imagined, planned and projected city of Valencia over the last 50 years. This work is part of the research project "Las ciudades y sus tesis. A historiographic and analytical repository of theses on Iberian cities 1970-2020" with a triple objective: to have a standard register of theses focused on urban studies of Iberian cities; to have a disciplinary and historiographic overview of the cities based on the theses produced and to have a comparative vision. The fragmentary vision of "urban scraps" offered by the "hipo_ TESIS_Vlc" panel, then joined and woven together utilising a collage, represents a method of analysis and reflection that offers ideas that could be extrapolated to the urban studies of other cities. The main conclusions of the work focus on affirming that: the city, as a set of theses in recomposition, is a field of research to deepen a renewed vision of urban studies; the theses of cities constitute a record of the key references for the construction of their urban historiography and to recompose their past, often forgotten or invisibilised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents new visual and historiographical contributions regarding the 1570 foundational traza of Mancha Real, conserved at Granada's Royal Chancery Archive as the single surviving graphic document from the new settlement project executed by the Castilian crown in Jaén's Sierra Sur between 1508 and 1539. At its peak, this colonizing process was coordinated by Madrid-based judge Juan de Rivadeneyra between April and August 1539. He worked hand in hand with a commission of notaries, builders, and surveyors who applied urban practices parallel to those developed in Latin America since 1501. They were supported by a still young Juan de Reolid as the official plan tracer of the process. The foundational traza conserved today is a 1570 direct copy of Reolid's work from 1539. Even though this copy does not adequately reproduce either Reolid's calligraphy or his artistic gesture, it does feature the same graphic, cartographic, and notarial criteria applied in other latitudes of the Spanish Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This research analyzes the circumstances and argumentative apparatus that affected the officials who planned the jungle areas of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru between 1968 and 1978. Methodology: Intellectual history tools are employed to unravel the construction of the Amazon as an object of knowledge among planners. Their interpretative mechanisms are observed in the dispute over the relevance of building urban or agricultural societies in the jungle. Considering their personal trajectories introduces a contextual analysis of the configuration of their argumentative bodies when giving meanings to the rainforest. The Amazonian monitoring and its insertion in the web of knowledge and technologies deployed with the implementation of development plans allow us to point out the most notorious environmental effects after their performance. Originality: Analytically comparing the planning activities in the Amazon brings an innovative description of the circumstances that defined its planners' work. The article shows how it emerged in the context of the "great acceleration," with which Environmental History describes the turning point in which state action gained a momentum of sensitive magnitude in the jungle space. Conclusions: Among the planners of Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, the intention to advance development centers prevailed, fostering industrialized urban societies, while those of Colombia preferred a model that affirmed the modernization of agriculture and cattle ranching. The former sought to industrialize natural resources in the cities to strengthen their countries' political and economic independence; the latter that using hybrid seeds and machinery would allow farmers to increase their productivity and income, with which they hoped to open the national economy to the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While segregation and exclusion were central features of colonialism in Africa, the degrees of segregation as well as their specific manifestations – materially and symbolically, visible and concealed – varied. Legal procedures, policies and their implementation differed not only between colonialisms but also between colonial territories under the same rule and sometimes even between districts and urban areas within one and the same colonial state. Segregation was not only rendered visible in the physical divide between European and African urban areas but also in the discriminatory practices and uneven provision, distribution of and access to urban infrastructure. This paper seeks to explore the provision of public transportation infrastructure in Livingstone (Zambia) during the late 1940s and 1950s by discussing the negotiation processes involved in this endeavour and the spatial dynamics and ideologies guiding these negotiations and its discourses. The data used in this contribution rely on archival documents consulted at the National Archives of Zambia in Lusaka in 2017 and 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America is a continent living amidst strong inequalities, and the region’s cities reflect this in a distinct way. In order to analyse and explain urban inequality in the region, this article studies the case of Cartagena de Indias, on the Colombian Caribbean coast, from the points of view of different historical studies about the racial gaze, gentrification, racial capitalism, and the research connecting urban planning and racial segregation, among others. By applying the historical method, the authors delve into institutional primary and secondary sources from the contemporary historiography, which relate urban development to racial issues. The main outcome is a deeper understanding of the urban and racial phenomena in the context of current theories, with some re-weighing of their impacts. Much of the discussion about racial segregation in Latin America has revolved around metropolises and forgotten medium-sized cities. To remedy this, an overview of studies and theories is offered and subsequently applied to a medium-sized city such as Cartagena, with examples from this city’s planning history in conjunction with its social history and tourist development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarragona's physiognomy was transformed due to the fortifications, the exploitation of the quarries and the bulk earthworks for the urban expansion. Agustín Elcoro Berecíbar introduced the tramway for the transport of large rocks. Amado de Lázaro designed a tramway to speed up the grading works of the Rambla Nova and varied the quarrying of the port. In addition, this analysis highlights the relationship between the quarries and the progress of the port works, as well as the alteration of the urban landscape and the development of domestic architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study the general characteristics of the so-called pueblos de indios located in the Jauja Valley in the central Peruvian highlands, during the 18th century. We propose that these population units were not homogeneous in nature. Although some of those settlements were rural in essence, others fashioned more urban attributes, and functioned as “de facto villages”, especially those that held the category of “cabecera”. Meanwhile, the confluence of Spaniards and Indians coexisting in the same urban space was more usual than one might suppose and marks a notable characteristic of the region, which would have become into a space of integration by the studied period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of urban studies, research on the history of planned cities has focused mainly on explaining the factors that led to the emergence of those cities; identifying the options underlying their urban design; as well as understanding the way in which the initial stages of their planning subsequently conditioned their social, economic, cultural and political dynamics. Less common, however, are the studies concerned with revealing the main influences and references that underpinned the urban planning options followed by the planners and visionaries of these new cities. This article, favoring a historicist approach based on archival research and literature review, demonstrates how, in the case of Pierre L'Enfant's 1791 Plan for Washington DC, it was deterministically influenced by his biography and the socio-political context in which he lived, but also by other urban planning exercises to whose sketches he had access or whose practical implementation he had the opportunity to know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Nash was a landscaper and architect who extended the category of the picturesque to urban planning in the early nineteenth century. Using a historicist approach based on archival research and literature review, this article discusses how this theoretical and aesthetic movement influenced the transformation of London through the creation of Regent's Park, St. James's Park and Regent's Street. Its conclusions point to a disruptive but cohesive intervention in the transformation of London, resulting in a new front of urban expansion to the west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1905, world-renowned bullfighter Luis Mazzantini arrived in Guatemala City for a number of corridas. Despite the excitement of the urban elite, the matador's fights were poorly attended by the working class due to high ticket prices. This article uses the 'Mazzantini Season' as a case study of working-class consumer culture in Guatemala City to trace shifts in Guatemalan political economy through the 1890s and early 1900s, analysing the constraints on popular consumerism such as price inflation, currency deflation, food shortages and other factors affecting working-class urban Guatemalans. It also demonstrates the manner in which responses by the state and coffee planters to economic crises to protect elite interests fundamentally undermined the ability of working-class residents of Guatemala City to participate in consumer culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postscript to The Social Logic of Space (1984), Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson argue that there are two versions of modernism in urban space: hard and soft. The former invests in continuity and density of the urban fabric, but with a proliferation of barriers resulting in labyrinthine schemes typical of housing estates. The latter invests in distances, discontinuities, sprawl and vast tracts of open unoccupied land. Brazil's federal capital, Brasília, presents both versions. Over time, the hard version became predominant in the gated communities of satellite dormitory nuclei; the soft version materialized in the Pilot Plan designed by Lucio Costa. Hard parallels deserted public spaces; soft teems with life and is accordingly highly praised by inhabitants. This flatly contradicts the tenets of the critical international literature on Brasília. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our knowledge of human past remains incomplete without an understanding of the territory. Land has always been essential for human life. This article aims at broadening this knowledge by analyzing the role of territory in the construction of collective identity at two key moments: in the creation of toponyms and in the building up of an image of pride and reputation, in this case, during the Middle Ages. Among all the territorial elements present in both processes, water had a special prominence. Madrid, the closing chapter of this piece of research, is one of the most clear examples of the importance of water in identity development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the occasion of the project "La Huella del Metro" impelled by the Service of Historical Heritage of Metro de Madrid, is made this investigation around the drawing of the patrimonial elements of the institution and its relation with the city. With the oAbjective of synthesizing and transmitting the history and the development of this important urban infrastructure, we reflect on the strategies and graphic processes of this experience, made in coordination and complement with other agents. Having as reference other historical drawings, digital models by restitution processes and graphical reconstitution processes that establish the bases to elaborate a deliberate edition set, unified by a narrative will directed to the transmission of this values and their memory to the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to demonstrate the emergence and importance of an urban political culture linked to the introduction of water supply at home in the city of Aguascalientes during the first decades of the 20th century. The text analyzes the functioning of the supply system, studies the emergence of neighborhood organizations and explains the rhythms and strategies of citizen mobilizations protesting the scarcity of liquid. The information obtained in local press releases and in reports, petitions, complaints and correspondence located in municipal, state and national archives, points to the existence of an ideal city that guided the growth of the state capital of Aguascalientes and influenced the relationship established between government and urban social actors in a key period of the conformation of the Mexican State emerged from the Revolution of 1910. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to make a preliminary reflection on the memory paths originated from facing the environmental catastrophe occurred in the districts of Bento Rodrigues, Paracatu de Baixo and Paracatu de Cima, located in Mariana, Minas Gerais, in November 2015. Through the traumatic experience of the disaster, the destruction of the villages, covered with toxic mud, how the citizens socially construct space and time? The main form of struggle of the affected cities' residents is the acts of memory, as they call them: texts, videos, newspapers, profiles and websites, which represent a way of speech (expression, communication) to those who did not suffer the trauma. As well as a form to reach the public sphere, so they can incorporate their narratives silenced by the action of the company responsible which does not recognize most of these citizens as victims of the disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on local historical formation, the present article analyzes the beginning of Maringá, emphasizing guiding principles and state actions in relation to popular housing during the structuring of the urban territory. It was tried to establish from a historiographic research a discourse that permeated by the trajectory of the state actions, of the involved agents, of the discourses, of the conflicts, of the orientations of the urbanistic legislations and of the results in the urban territory of Maringá from 1947 until 1964. The principles that guided the initial plan of Jorge de Macedo Vieira and later the actions of the municipal public power formalize in their urban structure an excluding genesis with initiatives disconnected from a public housing policy and that only responded to the real estate pressures and the ideal of a beautiful, modern and absent city of " ills". The official historiography of the beginning of Maringá scarcely exposes the reality of the low-income population, however, since its origin, the city was overflowing with social problems and various precarious and extreme poverty centers were developed systematically ignored in local urban history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the transformation processes of the so-called old peripheries of the City of Buenos Aires are reconstructed in relation to the metropolitan context. This process has been far from homogeneous, resulting in a crown of city neighborhoods limiting their conurbation. Despite sharing the late integration with the central city, they have adopted particular dynamics and logics. We propose to unravel through a sociological and historical analysis the factors that have influenced these uneven territorial configuration processes. We consider that the current dynamics of these neighborhoods are tributary to their configuration processes, in which different modes of city production have been prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the urban transformation process that Tuluá endured between 1910 and 1940, and its impact in the way the city was administrated, its urban infrastructure construction, the social control of its inhabitants and urban life in general. To do so, it focuses in the fight against "backwardness", that was demonstrated in the intention to educate "civilized people," in the support given to agricultural and commercial development, in the city embellishment, in the imposition of hygiene and health conditions, and in the transformation of its inhabitants' "uncivilized" behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En estas líneas se presentan las historias recuperadas de un solar del Centro Histórico de Mérida, tras una labor de investigación documental, hemerográfica y bibliográfica. La secuencia histórica se presenta a manera de estratigrafía invertida para la mejor comprensión de las diversas etapas en las que se han dividido los sucesos acontecidos, así como de algunos cambios ideológicos que los acompañan. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentran el reconocimiento del solar en la parte nuclear de la ciudad maya, la ubicación de la primera parroquia para negros y mulatos de la ciudad (1686) y la presencia de diversos grupos sociales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout 500 years, the natural beauty of Mexico City amazed chroniclers, historians and travelers who saw it first hand. In spite of its extraordinary location, since the fall of Tenochtitlan the city has found itself in a long evolution between its death and resurrection. Each one of these stages is addressed through diverse voices that speak of its surroundings and evolution from the pre-Hispanic islet to the urban sprawl of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reconstructs the history of the baths of Los Arquitos, one of the most important monuments of Aguascalientes city. It is recalled that its construction was driven by the council in 1821, in the context of the emergence of a new culture of personal hygiene, stocking up on hot springs Ojocaliente wellhead. In 1837 they were already considered one of the most remarkable buildings of the city. The law of confiscation of property of corporations of 1856 forced its sale to a private care of the aqueduct that supplied water to the city was also trusted to this care. Thereafter, there were great problems between the owners of the baths and the council for the management and use of water. As a result of the new legislation promoted by the Revolution of 1910-1917, the council was displaced and the federal government emerged as a mediator figure to the water disputes. The baths entered a period of serious decline in the mid-twentieth century, which deepened due to the modernization of the city and advances of public hygiene. In 1993, when it was feared its total destruction, they were purchased by the state government, which restored them and converted them into a cultural center [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the characteristics of an important publication belonging to the construction business community in Mar del Plata (Centro de Constructores y Anexos). We can learn from it about social representations and central aspects of the city's history throughout the 20th century. This journal has been used as a source of academic and non-academic work by local historians and architects who studied the different styles, genres and changes in urban activity. In spite of this, its history (advertising and consumption), its edition features (direction, objectives, release, radio broadcast) or a methodological analysis of this type of document seemed not relevant up to now. We therefore seek to contribute to a critical knowledge of the local history, analyzing the "backstage" and proposing a periodicity that allows ordering the documentation as from organizational and historical criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has the purpose to study the process of reconfiguration partner space which took place in the city of Cali during the first half of the twentieth century, the result of the socio-economic transformations that characterized the region and which resulted in a significant growth of the population and the consequent demand for urban housing. Specifically focuses on show, the early years of the process of urbanization of the Miraflores neighborhood, from a methodological strategy that combines the analysis of documentary sources as scriptures, photos and maps and oral history, collected by interviewing some of the residents of the neighborhood. The work shows the segmentation process that the city experiences in urban matters from the zoning of residential sectors to differentiated strata, as well as some characteristics of its inhabitants, among which are merchants, executive employees of companies and industries of the time and some foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The democratic periods of the XX century, the Populist Period (1946-1964) and recent democratization after 1988 were clear cycles of strong decentralization, and a common set of decentralization measures regarding political and fiscal aspects favored the occurrence of two intense cycle of creation of new municipalities associated to these democratic periods. Another common aspect is that on both periods 1946-64 and after 1988, more than 80% of the municipalities created have a very small population associated with very low urban functions. During 1946 to 1964 more than 2.000 new municipalities were created and after 1988 more than 1.400 which represents 65% of total number of municipalities today, but also more 80% of the municipalities with less than 10 thousand people and 95% of the municipalities with less than 2000. The spatial concentration of this phenomenon on particular regions makes this still more interesting because some states and particular regions on those states concentrated most of the new small municipalities, and also benefited some particular regional urban poles while the creation of small municipalities increases the federal transfer to some particular regions but also to some particular pole’s hinterland favoring some instead of others regions and poles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional accounts of the 1948 Bogotazo – the riot in Bogotá, Colombia, sparked by the assassination of populist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán – have overlooked the urban context that explains the extent of the destruction. Preparing to host the 1948 IX Pan-American Conference, Bogotá had undergone aggressive urban reforms that financially burdened and dispossessed residents. More than just a political figure, Gaitán was recognised as an urban advocate for the marginalised. They responded to his death by destroying reform projects and symbols of political authority. Informed by architectural journals, legislation and periodicals, this article shows that Bogotá’s elite and dispossessed alike inscribed their political projects onto the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although photography and cities have been close companions, there has been no tradition of the study of cities based on photographic evidence in the social sciences. It is true that in recent decades, history and other disciplines have provided legitimacy to the use of images as a valid research source, and important insights have been used from philosophy and art history so as to refine appropriate methodologies in accordance with their use. However, neither in studies of contemporary cities, nor in historical studies, is it common to see the use of images to question, argue, or interpret urban realities. This paper explores the concept of the panorama -a form of representation widely disseminated as of the end of the 18th Century-, explains its adaptation to the photographic format and, through the analysis of a few exceptional testimonies registered in Mexico prior to 1910, it also reflects on the distance between the purpose of capturing a "totality" within an image and the possibilities for the researcher to interpret from them the nature, layout and shapes of cities. The paper also contributes to the abundant discussion, from a little-known format, on the photographic document and on the scientific status of truth that their creators pursued. Moreover, the methodological proposal for the use and advantages of the photographic medium is delved into within the field of social research, as is how to come to justifiable results regarding the study of urban history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did U.S. city governments turn to comprehensive zoning to gain control of their land use and built environment. Nineteenth-century cities had comparatively unregulated land-use systems, where proprietors and builders found minimal restrictions to their choices to develop urban land. This article exploits newly digitized geographic information systems (GIS) data, at the level of building footprints, made available by the New York Public Library, to study the land-use geography of mid-nineteenth-century Manhattan, the Western world's then third largest city. We ask: What was the spatial order of the nineteenth-century city? Beyond the case, what can we learn about land use in a political economy where market forces operated with much greater freedom? Addressing these issues, we introduce a variety of advanced GIS methods to the original data set. Specifically, we examine the separation and mixing of the three basic land-use types of commerce, industry, and residence, by the spatial units of both blocks and streets. In addition, we measure at a new level of precision the enormous variations in residential density and crowding that defined the growing sociospatial inequalities of nineteenth-century cities. Documenting systematically and in detail these spatial patterns, including their socially undesirable outcomes, helps understand how nineteenth-century cities developed and the conditions they produced to warrant increasing land-use controls, from building codes to government-mandated zoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a methodology to reconstruct the spatial distribution of residents in villages and Brazilian colonial cities from crossing multiple sources, in particular Décima Urbana and Maços de população. We analyse how the neighborhood of three cities of Brazil - Paranaguá, Antonina and Curitiba - produced its own spatial organization of logic in the early nineteenth century. We tried to understand what were the relations between the local urban housing and the condition of the residents, taking as parameter socio-economic variables that characterized (color, profession, positions in the House, militia patents, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archeological richness of the state of Oaxaca, the wide variety of local art, crafts and festivities, the ethnic and linguistic diversity of its people and the perception of its capital as an "indigenous" and "colonial" city are characteristics that have been used consistently to encourage tourism while disregarding other potential paths towards economic and cultural development. The almost exclusive focus on this heritage as a tourist attraction has greatly influenced the political decisions and actions taken by governing offices in numerous spheres; these range from public budgeting for education and culture to urban and architectural development where its influence is particularly noticeable, as evidenced by related regulations, public works, infrastructure and services. An examination of these developments in the city of Oaxaca during the 20th century illustrates the negative consequences that tourism, as well as the exploitation of a cultural heritage, can have on the development of cities with similar characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Puebla's drastic 1885 Fire Code, which prohibited the use of fossil fuels and other flammables in the city center. Poblano lawmakers embraced Porfirian trends in scientific planning, and their attempts to manage the city according to calculated risks of fire reflected broader concerns with hygiene and the correction of social ills. While engineers and architects defended the law for its ability to prevent chaos, merchants criticized the regulations for hindering commerce. By using the rhetoric of order and progress, opposition groups convinced officials to overturn the law and use municipal funds to establish a professional firefighting brigade. This transition to government-controlled public services was the product of popular mobilization and represented an important step in making Puebla a modern city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La urbanización de la medicina y la medicalización de la ciudad son dos movimientos simétricos que se analizan, en el contexto del Madrid de la segunda mitad del XIX, como constitutivos de unas ciertas condiciones de modernidad urbana relacionadas con la centralidad física y discursiva de los “barrios bajos” y sus “clases peligrosas”. En los espacios de interacción y sociabilidad del Madrid decimonónico, los médicos higienistas construyeron un mapa de legibilidad de los males de la ciudad de Madrid que identificaba con claridad los “espacios urbanos enfermos”. Un mapa que sentó las bases para el progresivo desarrollo de todo undispositivomédico de urbanización, que se propone como un poderoso ejemplo de la nueva imbricación entre ciencia y política característica de la modernidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esta es una aproximación al estudio de la ciudad de México a partir de as descripciones hechas por Mariano Azuela en sus novelas urbanas publicadas entre 1920 y 1944. No se pretende un análisis literario de las mismas, lo que importa es establecer la relevancia de as novelas del periodo y en particular los textos de Azuela para la documentación y la reflexión de la historia urbana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this document is to identify the behavior of the academic international production in urban history, from the bibliographical records index-linked in Scopus between 1973 and 2010. We use bibliometric indicators from SCImago Group, applying them to the production in the field of arts and humanities. Afterward, we corroborate the results obtained with the indicators calculated exclusively for 1.098 records of urban history. A geographical concentration is observed in the mechanisms of diffusion, authors and institutional affiliation. Likewise, we identify that over 50% of the works published between 1973 and 2010 have not been used by other authors to create new knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the memory project organized by Aarão Reis when he led the New Minas Gerais State Capital Building Commission. The term memory project seeks to identify the interest and effort in constructing and preserving a given meaning of the present, for future generations, which manifested itself in a careful archiving and monumentalization of all sorts of remains capable of recording the importance of that event for history. The project directed its attention specifically to the instruments and supports that based the form of representation of temporal experience of individuals. In this particular case, three elements stand out: the preservationist interest, monumentalist interest, and the association of the images of Aarão Reis and Belo Horizonte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the names of streets, squares and markets in Montevideo, thought in 1843 by the romantic writer and politician Andrés Lamas. It takes in account the conditions of intellectual and political production that led his design. In these names, which refer to local history and geography, the author willed to provide a narrative that could strength Uruguayan national identity. Such intention is clear in a text in which he explains the reasons of his choice. To this respect, it is a very interesting initiative to explore the current problems that emerged by mid 19th century when anybody wanted to elaborate historical stories to sustain national identities in the Rio de la Plata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two capitals have a historical interaction that joins processes, destinies and societies, which is manifested in the physical, social and architectonic configuration of both cities. However, the ways in which these processes are dealt with and developed regarding built patrimony and its protection, intervention in the historic centers or the outline of public policies to foster their recovery do not show parallelisms, but rather marked displacements. This paper aims to expose them, focusing on aspects related to urban history and intervention, patrimony, and housing in the historic centers of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a contribution to the studies on urban history in Mexico, this article offers an articulated reading on the main influences, actors and basis that -- at least from the 1920s -- have permeated the initiatives to build a theoretical framework (conceptual and instrumental) for Urban Planning in Mexico. Historical studies on the evolution of this discipline are scarce and -- at least in the case of Mexico -- dispersed and fragmented; and for this reason, the contribution of this integral exercise of historical articulation intends to record the evolution of Urban Thought in Mexico during the first decades of the 20th Century, and with that base, to outline a group of critical lines that confirms the fall of the model of Urban Planning in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with Inter-American Relations as an urban fact, taking the city of Rio de Janeiro as a case study. In this sense, this work analyses how the Inter-American conferences organized in Rio de Janeiro in 1906, 1942 and 1947 promoted public rituals that mobilized urban society, making the streets of the city a territory of Inter-American relations. The study also deals with the toponymy of the streets of Rio de Janeiro, showing how the naming of public places is related to the trends in Brazilian foreign policy and characterizes a specific modality of uses of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the public and urban opinions on the celebration of the first centenary of the Republic in Santiago in 1910. It is a remembrance of visions of the city given by public leaders and the media that represent a part of society that is satisfied by the notable progress of the country by the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, but that failed to include the workers' movement and the expressions of social disappointment that were starting to grow during those years. The city as a vast, complex and hybrid construction in space, built through decades by hundreds and mostly anonymous builders, represents the biggest human construction accumulated over time, where each generation contributes to providing housing, spaces, infrastructure and monuments that reflect their particular time and way of life. Certainly, each city is history and memory of itself; a permanent testimony of the continuity of man and human society with its own past. In that sense, we are inheritors of our history and of the men and women that built the cities where we now live. It is important to rescue those cultural, social, architectural and urban values as a way of visualising the passage of time that materialises, turns into object and makes itself visible in the city that "tells" us something. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Bogotá during the 20th century was tied to process of modernizing urban space as well as the customs, social practices and mentality of the public. In order to understand the meaning of parks in the transformation of the city, this article examines the relationship between the state, elites and citizens in the public space of the Enrique Olaya Herrera National Park. Reviewing the early years of this park (1938-1948) reveals two important notions regarding urban parks in Bogotá: First, although they were part of a modernization project directed by local elites, these parks took on a life of their own once they were opened to the public. Second, there was a gap between the concept that planners had of the city and the urban practices of the people who used them. This gap shows that the public's relation with urban space is dynamic and that their daily practices can affect ideas and hegemonic discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Havana's Old Port is a small part of an interesting waterfront with particular values due to its historicity, and also to beautiful visual effects related to its location on the west bank of an ample and spectacular harbor. Although those conditions didn't protect Havana against corsairs and pirates, they allowed the development of the city to supply the Spanish fleet. Cuba has never been so rich in gold and silver as Mexico and Peru, so Havana always functioned as a tertiary city, taking advantage of the privileged location of the island, named ‘The Key to the New World’. Havana became the place where spanish ships were supplied and caulked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Havana bay, exceptionally storm protected area, is a centre of urban activity since the foundation of the port. In this article a historic tale has been done about the way it came up and its important influence for the development of the City of Havana from the very beginning. It has been faced as well the creation of several fortifications due to the increasing importance of commercial and military activities that took place in the bay and even in the town. Several aspects, such as the influence of the Alameda de Paula in the primitive village and the modern harbour installations built at the beginning of the 20th Century. It has been also considered the Main Railroad Station and other transportation systems of the epoch. A short analysis has been written concerning the social role performed by the port and concludes enhancing the possibilities of making profit for the town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the work done by Catholic institutions in the development of the first housing programs offered to the Chilean working class in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article identifies the main motivations of those who formed these institutions and analyzes their functioning and the design options adopted and the related urban and social problems generated in Santiago. The work done by Chilean Social Catholicism in the years following 'Rerum Novarum' (1891) triggered state involvement, expressed in the Law of Housing for Workers of 1906.

It is analyzed the history of Caibarién, traditional town of the of the central region of Cuba and the characteristics of their architecture, eminently popular, indicating the fundamental typologies and their persistence nowadays, like sample of a cultural identity that should be preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work approaches the history and the analysis of the values of the cultural heritage of El Cerro, it outlines the importance of its recovery and the current situation of the conservation of its built patrimony. It establishes the premises that according to their author, they should be kept in mind to approach a work of urban rehabilitation in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]