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Agriculture is a key contributor to poor water quality, but the sources of sediment and nutrient losses from agricultural catchments – including from riverbank erosion – are highly variable. Riverbank erosion is particularly difficult to quantify and control. Here, we developed a quick assessment approach to quantify riverbank erosion rates and associated sediment and nutrient loading rates into waterways using airborne LiDAR combined with field-collected data. We applied this approach and explored its relationships to water quality at four sites within the Blackwater catchment in Northern Ireland for two analysis periods. GIS LiDAR image differencing revealed that volume changes in riverbank elevation equated to average erosion rates which indicated spatial and temporal variability in erosion rates. Combining the erosion rates with in-situ riverbank bulk density and total extractable phosphorus content provided sediment and phosphorus loading rates. The relative differences between estimated erosion at the different sites corresponded well with in-stream suspended sediment variations, but patterns for total phosphorus concentrations were more complex. We conclude that the use of LiDAR combined with field data is an innovative means for riverbank erosion quantification. Furthermore, by using LiDAR-to-LiDAR analyses, the reductions in erosion, sediment, and phosphorus loading rates following riverbank stabilization techniques can be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We evaluated Streptomyces biogeography in soils along a 1200 km latitudinal transect across New Zealand (NZ). Streptomyces diversity was examined using high‐throughput sequencing of rpoB amplicons generated with a Streptomyces specific primer set. We detected 1287 Streptomyces rpoB operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 159 ± 92 (average ± SD) rpoB OTUs per site. Only 12% (n = 149) of these OTUs matched rpoB sequences from cultured specimens (99% nucleotide identity cutoff). Streptomyces phylogenetic diversity (Faith's PD) was correlated with soil pH, mean annual temperature and plant community richness (Spearman's r: 0.77, 0.64 and −0.79, respectively; P < 0.05), but not with latitude. In addition, soil pH and plant community richness both explained significant variation in Streptomyces beta diversity. Streptomyces communities exhibited both high dissimilarity and strong dominance of one or a few species at each site. Taken together, these results suggest that dispersal limitation due to competitive interactions limits the colonization success of spores that relocate to new sites. Cultivated Streptomyces isolates represent a major source of clinically useful antibiotics, but only a small fraction of extant diversity within the genus have been identified and most species of Streptomyces have yet to be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Adoption rate of PA technology on grassland farms is still relatively low. • Many new technologies are not yet at an appropriate technology readiness level. • Technology research, development and application needs to be grassland-specific. • Collaboration is required between farmers, researchers and technology providers. Abstract Grass growth and utilisation on grassland farms across the UK and Ireland are below their potential, and nutrient management is sub-optimal. Excessive soil phosphorus concentrations are an issue, contributing to eutrophication of waterways, while sub-optimal soil pH due to a reduction in lime use is seen in many areas. This paper discusses the potential for introducing technology onto grassland farms, and implementing sensible farm-specific management decisions as a means of enhancing productivity and minimising the environmental impact of livestock farming. The adoption rate of Precision Agriculture (PA) technology by grassland farmers in the UK and Ireland is still relatively low, and significantly lagging behind the advances that have taken place within the arable farming community. With rapidly advancing technology and investment in research, there are now a range of soil sensors available along with technology for grass growth monitoring, yield mapping, remote sensing, satellite imagery, and devices for tracking animal movement, behaviour and feed intake. In this review paper we examine the latest technology developments specific to grassland farming and we question their suitability and 'readiness' for adoption by farmers. The review identifies the challenges that are specific to grassland such as complex soil, vegetation and climatic variables along with economic barriers that may be preventing change within the farming community in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Circulating l-lactate concentration is commonly measured in hospitalized horses by sampling from indwelling intravenous ( IV) catheters. However, there are no published evidence-based recommendations to prevent contamination by lactated Ringer's solution ( LRS). Hypothesis Withdrawing 10 mL of blood from the LRS-containing extension set connected to the IV catheter before obtaining the sample for analysis should be adequate to obtain accurate measurement of blood lactate concentration ( BLC). Animals Thirty-three adult hospitalized horses receiving constant rate infusion of LRS. Methods Immediately after disconnecting the LRS, 5 sequential 5 mL blood samples were obtained by aspiration from an extension set connected to an indwelling IV catheter, followed by 3 samples collected by direct venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein. Samples were analyzed with 1 portable blood lactate analyzer. A linear mixed model was used to examine differences in lactate concentrations among samples collected from the catheter and by direct venipuncture. Results After considering differences in age, breed, sex, and reason for hospitalization, BLCs were higher ( P < .001) in the first and second 5 mL samples collected through the extension set/catheter than in all other extension set/catheter samples or the direct venipuncture samples. The largest difference observed between the third and subsequent catheter or venipuncture samples was 0.34 mmol/L with an upper 95% CI of 1.12 mmol/L. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Withdrawing 15 mL of blood from a LRS-containing extension set connected to an IV catheter (5.9 mL total volume capacity) before obtaining the sample for blood lactate analysis is suggested to optimize accuracy of BLC measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination of nanoimprint lithography, gate-source/drain self-alignment, and gravure and inkjet printing, we fabricate organic field-effect transistors on flexible plastic substrates with gate-source and gate-drain electrode overlap capacitances of COL < 1 pF, equivalent to channel-width normalised capacitances of C*OL = 0.15-0.23 pF mm-1. We compare photopatterned and nanoimprint lithography patterned channels of L ≈ 3.8 μm and L ≈ 800 nm, respectively. The reduction in L was found on average to result in order of magnitude greater switching frequencies. Gravure printing the dielectric (versus photo-patterning) was found to yield an order of magnitude lower overlap capacitanceC*OL = 0.03 pF mm-1, at the expense of greater processing variation. Inkjet printed p- and n-type pOLymeric organic semiconductors were used to fabricate organic-field effect transistors with a peak cutoff frequencies of fS = 9.0 ± 0.3 MHz at VGS = 30 V, and transition frequencies of fT = 3.3 ± 0.2 MHz at VGS = 30 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) has been frequently associated with sleep disturbances but objective sleep data are lacking. In addition, although regional autonomic denervation has been described, less is known about autonomic nervous activity overnight in these patients.Patients/methods: A full polysomnography and heart rate variability were performed on 37 patients diagnosed with PoTS . In addition, a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) was conducted on a subgroup of patients with excessive daytime sleepiness.Results: The polysomnographic data did not show major pathological findings except the percentage spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which was slightly reduced at 18.4%. The MSLT did not confirm excessive daytime sleepiness as median mean sleep latency was 14.4 min (11.8-17.5). When comparing patients with and without subjective daytime sleepiness, it was found that the latter had a reduced parasympathetic activation at night as expressed by the average high frequency [6936.5 ms(2) (6028.2-8675.5) vs. 4689.5 (3922.7-7685.2) p < 0.05].Conclusion: Patients with PoTS do not exhibit polysomnographic findings consistent with relevant sleep pathologies nor objective daytime sleepiness. Subjective daytime sleepiness is associated with enhanced activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-touch surfaces have the potential to change the nature of computer-supported collaborative learning, allowing more equitable access to shared digital content. In this paper, we explore how large multi-touch tables can be used by groups of students as an external representation of their group interaction processes. Video data from 24 groups of students working on a logic reasoning problem was examined to identify their levels of reasoning about the task, and how they used the table to support their reasoning. Results indicate that of the 13 groups who solved or nearly solved the problem, 12 used the table to represent their reasoning process, while only four groups who used the table to support their reasoning process did not solve the problem. Examples from three groups are used to explore the different ways the table was used as an external representation of the groups' processes. The findings indicate that the group problem-solving process can be enhanced with the use of multi-touch tables, although students may need support in using the technology effectively to support their collaborative reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation tillage is an agricultural strategy to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In eastern Washington, we evaluated the long-term effects of conven-tional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions at three dryland and one irrigated location using the cropping systems simulation model CropSyst. Conversion of CT to NT produced the largest relative increase in SOC storage (ASOC, average yearly change relative to CT) in the top 30 cm (11.8 in) of soil where &Dgr;SOC ranged from 0.29 to 0.53 Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1 (CO2e is carbon dioxide [CO2] equivalent &dgr;SOC;0.13 to 0.24 tn CO2e ha-1 yr-1).The &dgr;SOC were less with lower annual precipitation, greater fallow frequency, and when changing from CT to RT. Overall, ASOC decreased from the first to the third decade after conversion from CT to NT or RT. Simulations of &dgr;SOC for the conversion of CT to NT based on a 0 to 15 cm (0 to 5.9 in) soil depth were greater than the ASOC based on a 0 to 30 cm depth, primarily due to differences among tillage regimes in the depth-distribution of carbon (C) inputs and the resultant SOC distribution with depth. Soil erosion rates under CT in the study region are high, posing deleterious effects on soil quality, productivity, and aquatic systems. However, an analysis that includes deposition, burial, and sedimentation on terrestrial and aquatic systems of eroded SOC indicates that the substantial erosion reduction obtained with RT and NT may result only in minor additional SOC oxidation as compared to CT. Simulated N2O emissions, expressed as CO, equivalent, were not very different under CT, RT, and NT. However, NO emissions were sufficiently high to offset gains in SOC from the conversion of CT to RT or NT. Thus, reducing tillage intensity can result in net C storage, but mitigation of GHG is lim-ited unless it is coupled with nitrogen (N) fertilizer management to also reduce N2O emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a severe respiratory tract infection in infants and children, and also infects adults. Studies in murine models have shown that innate immune mechanisms involving dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and antimicrobial peptides help to control the infection, while complete bacterial clearance requires cellular immunity mediated by T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. Whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) are effective, but reactogenic, and have been replaced in most developed countries by acellular pertussis vaccines (aP). However, the incidence of pertussis is still high in many vaccinated populations; this may reflect sub-optimal, waning, or escape from immunity induced by current aP. Protective immunity generated by wP appears to be mediated largely by Th1 cells, whereas less efficacious alum-adjuvanted aP induce strong antibody Th2 and Th17 responses. New generation aP that induce Th1 rather than Th2 responses are required to improve vaccine efficacy and prevent further spread of B. pertussis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we have shown that pyruvate kinase, liver and red cell isoform (PKLR) deficiency protects mice in vivo against blood-stage malaria, and observed that reduced PKLR function protects human erythrocytes against Plasmodium falciparum replication ex vivo. Here, we have sequenced the human PKLR gene in 387 individuals from malaria-endemic and other regions in order to assess genetic variability in different geographical regions and ethnic groups. Rich genetic diversity was detected in PKLR, including 59 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and several loss-of-function variants (frequency 1.5%). Haplotype distribution and allele frequency varied considerably with geography. Neutrality testing suggested positive selection of the genein the sub-Saharan African and Pakistan populations. It is possible that such positive selection involves the malarial parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Dopamine administration results in variable effects on blood pressure in hypotensive preterm infants. The clinical benefits of dopamine administration in increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reducing adverse neurological outcomes in hypotensive preterm neonates are unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of dopamine for treatment of hypotension and investigate the changes in cerebral hemodynamics and central nervous system injury in hypotensive preterm infants following dopamine administration.Study Design:Standard meta-analytic techniques, including random and fixed effects models, were used to calculate combined effect size correlations and significance levels.Result:Random effects meta-analysis found that dopamine increases mean arterial blood pressure (12 studies; N=163; r=0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.76 to 0.94) and systolic blood pressure (8 studies; N=142; r=0.81, 95% CI=0.42 to 0.94). For the increase in blood pressure, dopamine administration was associated with a significantly greater overall efficacy than dobutamine (seven studies; N=251; r=0.26; 95% CI=0.20 to 0.32), colloid (two studies; N=67; r=0.60; 95% CI=0.41 to 0.74) and hydrocortisone (one study; N=28; r=0.40; 95% CI=0.034 to 0.67). CBF increased following dopamine administration (five studies; N=75; r=0.36; 95% CI=−0.059 to 0.67) and the increase in CBF was greater in hypotensive than normotensive preterm infants (eight studies; N=153; r=0.16; 95% CI=−0.0080 to 0.32). There were no statistically significant differences in adverse neurological outcome between dopamine and dobutamine (three studies; N=118; r=−0.13; 95% CI=−0.31 to 0.059), epinephrine (two studies; N=46; r=0.06; 95% CI=−0.23 to 0.34), colloid (two studies; N=80; r=0.0070; 95% CI=−0.218 to 0.23) or hydrocortisone administration (one study; N=40; r=−0.10; 95% CI=−0.40 to 0.22).Conclusion:Dopamine administration increases mean and systolic blood pressure in hypotensive preterm infants, and is more effective than dobutamine, colloid or hydrocortisone alone. Dopamine administration is associated with increased CBF, with greater increases in CBF in hypotensive than in normotensive preterm infants. Dopamine is not associated with a greater incidence of adverse effects than other therapies used to treat hypotension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-pressure atomic force microscope (AFM) that enables in situ, atomic scale measurements of topography of solid surfaces in contact with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) fluids has been developed. This apparatus overcomes the pressure limitations of the hydrothermal AFM and is designed to handle pressures up to 100 atm at temperatures up to ∼350 K. A standard optically-based cantilever deflection detection system was chosen. When imaging in compressible supercritical fluids such as scCO2, precise control of pressure and temperature in the fluid cell is the primary technical challenge. Noise levels and imaging resolution depend on minimization of fluid density fluctuations that change the fluid refractive index and hence the laser path. We demonstrate with our apparatus in situ atomic scale imaging of a calcite (CaCO3) mineral surface in scCO2; both single, monatomic steps and dynamic processes occurring on the ([formula]) surface are presented. This new AFM provides unprecedented in situ access to interfacial phenomena at solid-fluid interfaces under pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are currently used to improve health and reduce enteric pathogens in poultry. However, the mechanisms by which they reduce or prevent disease are not known. Salmonella are intracellular pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans, and infections by nontyphoid species of Salmonella also can result in diarrhea, dehydration, and depression in poultry. Frequently, however, no clinical signs of infection are apparent in poultry flocks. In this study, day-of-hatch chicks were challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and treated 1 h later with a poultry-derived, Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture (FloraMax-B11, Pacific Vet Group USA Inc., Fayetteyule, AR). Cecae were collected 12 and 24 h posttreatment for Salmonella detection and RNA isolation for microarray analysis of gene expression. At both 12 and 24 h, SE was significantly reduced in chicks treated with the probiotic as compared with the birds challenged with only SE (P < 0.05). Microarray analysis revealed gene expression differences among all treatment groups. At 12 h, 170 genes were expressed at significantly different levels (P < 0.05), with a minimum difference in expression of 1.2-fold. At 24 h, the number of differentially regulated genes with a minimum 1.2-fold change was 201. Pathway analysis revealed that at both time points, genes associated with the nuclear factor kappa B complex, as well as genes involved in apoptosis, were significantly regulated. Based on this analysis, probiotic-induced differential regulation of the genes growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) and cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61 (CYR61) may result in increased apoptosis in the cecae of chicks. Because Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen, we suggest that increased apoptosis may be a mechanism by which the probiotic culture reduces Salmonella infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of dreissenid mussel (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) invasions on the concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl) and total phosphorus(TP), and the Chl:TP ratio within 27 north-temperate lakes that spanned large gradients in lake size and trophic status, using two approaches: (i) regression analysis and (ii) hierarchical modeling. Overall, Chl declined by 40%-45% after dreissenid invasion and the magnitude of effect was structured by epilimnetic volume within stratified, but not nonstratified (mixed) lakes. Declines in TP over the invasion period were significant only for stratified systems and were smaller (~16% reduction from pre-invasion values) than for Chl. Across the complete trophic gradient (i.e., among lakes) the regression approach (analysis of covariance) indicated a significant decline in the intercept of the Chl:TP, but not the slope. In contrast, hierarchical modeling indicated a decline in the slope of Chl:TP among lakes between pre- and post-invasion periods. As with Chl, the effect of dreissenids on Chl:TP declined with increases in epilimnetic volume in stratified, but not nonstratified lakes. Dreissenid effects on Chl were prolonged, with no indication of diminishing within 7-10 years of invasion. Nous étudions les effets des invasions de moules dreissenidées (Dreissena polymorpha et D. rostriformis bugensis) sur la chlorophylle a (Chl), le phosphore total (TP) et la relation Chl:TP dans 27 lacs tempérés nordiques qui couvrent de vastes gradients de tailles et de statuts trophiques lacustres au moyen de deux méthodes, l'analyse de régression et la modélisation hiérarchique. Globalement, la Chl diminue de 40-45 % après l'invasion des dreissenidés et l'importance de l'effet est conditionnée par le volume de l'épilimnion dans les lacs stratifiés, mais non dans les lacs non stratifiés (à brassage intégral). Les déclins du TP durant la période d'invasion ne sont significatifs que dans les systèmes stratifiés et sont moins importants (~16 % de réduction par rapport aux valeurs d'avant l'invasion) que dans le cas de la Chl. Sur l'ensemble du gradient trophique (c'est-à-dire entre les lacs), la méthode de régression (analyse de covariance) indique une réduction significative de l'ordonnée à l'origine, mais non de la pente, dans la relation Chl:TP. En revanche, la modélisation hiérarchique montre un déclin de la pente de la relation Chl:TP entre les lacs entre les périodes qui précèdent et qui suivent l'invasion. Comme dans le cas de la Chl, l'effet des dreissenidés sur la relation Chl:TP diminue en fonction de l'augmentation du volume de l'épilimnion dans les lacs stratifiés, mais non dans les lacs non stratifiés. Les effets des dreissenidés sur la Chl sont prolongés, sans indication de diminution 7-10 ans après l'invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:A full consensus has not been reached about the hemodynamic efficacy of hydrocortisone administration in hypotensive and vasopressor-dependent preterm neonates.Objective:To examine the efficacy of hydrocortisone for treatment of hypotension and reduction of vasopressor requirements in preterm infants.Method:Standard meta-analytic techniques, including random and fixed effects models, were used to calculate combined effect size correlations and significance levels.Result:Random effects meta-analysis showed that hydrocortisone increases blood pressure (seven studies; N=144; r=0.71, 95%CI=0.18 to 0.92) and reduces vasopressor requirement (five studies; N=93; r=0.74, 95%CI=0.0084 to 0.96). The number of new or unretrieved studies averaging null results required to increase the overall p to 0.05 is k=78 for blood pressure increase and k=47 for vasopressor requirement reduction.Conclusion:The effects of hydrocortisone on increasing blood pressure and decreasing vasopressor requirements in preterm infants are robust with a large tolerance for future null results. Actual clinical benefits of increasing blood pressure and decreasing vasopressor requirements, however, remain unknown. Long-term sequelae of hydrocortisone administration have yet to be fully elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a meta-analysis of published studies and long-term monitoring data sets to evaluate the effects of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis), two of the world's most problematic biological invaders, on the biogeochemistry, flora, and fauna of lakes and rivers across North America and Eurasia. Dreissenid effects were structured along two distinct energy pathways. For the pelagic-profundal pathway, large mean reductions in phytoplankton (-35% to -78%) and zooplankton (-40% to -77%) biomass occurred and were dependent on habitat type. The largest effects were found in rivers, followed by littoral and pelagic habitats in lakes. In contrast, benthic energy pathways within littoral habitats of lakes and rivers showed dramatic increases in mean benthic algal and macrophyte biomass (+170% to +180%), sediment-associated bacteria (about +2000%), non-dreissenid zoobenthic biomass (+160% to +210%), and total zoobenthic biomass, which includes dreissenid mussel soft tissues (+2000%). Our study quantifies the remarkable ability of these invasive mussels to shift aquatic food webs and energy flow from pelagic-profundal to benthic-littoral energy pathways, and it provides a basis for forecasting their impacts in diverse freshwater ecosystems. Our meta-analysis approach was a powerful tool for moving beyond the idiosyncrasies of individual case studies and may be equally powerful for assessing impacts of other biological invaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of a combination of 3 ATCC lactobacilli (LAB3) or a commercially available probiotic culture (PROB) to reduce Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) in broiler chicks. Additionally, we varied the timing of PROB administration in relationship to Salmonella challenge and determined the influence on recovery of enteric Salmonella. In experiments 1 to 3, chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then challenged via oral gavage with Salmonella Enteritidis. Chicks were treated 1 h after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge with LAB3 or PROB. Twentyfour hours posttreatment, cecal tonsils were collected for recovery of enteric Salmonella. In experiments 4 to 7, day-of-hatch chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then treated with PROB via oral gavage and placed into pens. Chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis 24 h after treatment via oral gavage. At 24 h after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge, cecal tonsils were collected and recovery of enteric Salmonella was determined. In experiments 8 to 10, 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and were then challenged via oral gayage with Salmonella Enteritidis and placed into pens. Chicks were treated 24 h after challenge with PROB via oral gavage. Twenty-four hours post PROB treatment, cecal tonsils were collected and enriched as described above. It was found that PROB significantly reduced cecal Salmonella Enteritidis recovery 24 h after treatment as compared with controls or LAB3-treated chicks in experiments ito 3 (P < 0.05). Administration of PROB 24 h before Salmonella Enteritidis challenge significantly reduced recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis in 2 out of 4 experiments and no reduction in cecal Salmonella Enteritidis was observed when chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and treated 24 h later with PROB. These data demonstrate that PROB more effectively reduced Salmonella Enteritidis than LAB3, and the timing of PROB treatment affects Salmonella Enteritidis-associated reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have prepared and characterized organically-modified mesoporous silica membranes using supercritical CO2 fluid deposition. Supercritical CO2 fluid deposition has the potential to increase both diffusion and concentration of the reactants at the reaction site, a particular advantage when the reaction site is inside a small pore, where access can be limited. The unmodified mesoporous silica membranes were prepared by surfactant-templated synthesis on α-alumina disk-shaped supports. These mesoporous silica supports had a mean pore diameter of 5 nm. The alkyl modification of the silica membranes was achieved by the covalent attachment of octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODMCS) using triethylamine (TEA) as a catalyst in supercritical-CO2. Successful attachment was confirmed through infrared spectroscopic identification of the removal of the band due to isolated silanols accompanied by the appearance of bands due to methyl and methylene groups. We also directly measured a ∼90% reduction in permeance of light gases through the modified membrane. The synthesis process did not degrade the support membrane, was relatively efficient, and was free of organic solvents required for traditional synthesis. The dominant transport mode in the membranes was Knudsen flow. Ideal separation factors for methane and propane over nitrogen were not increased relative to the bare support, indicating that neither the surface flow was enhanced nor the size selectivity improved for the membrane system studied. Supercritical CO2 fluid deposition was demonstrated as an effective technique for the reaction of the functionalized silanes on the surface of the silica membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is prevalent in the general US population, as well as the Latino community. In a cross-sectional study at an immigrant, primary care clinic, we assessed the correlation between IPV history and symptoms of MDD and PTSD in Latino women. We used a structured interview format. Among the 105 women recruited, the 4-week incidence of MDD was 45.7% and the prevalence of PTSD was 19%. Abused women had three times the odds of meeting PTSD criteria than non-abused women. Women meeting PTSD criteria were 10 times likelier to also report MDD. There was no difference in the incidence of MDD among women who reported IPV and those who did not. This study found a correlation of IPV with PTSD, and PTSD with MDD, but not IPV with MDD. Our results indicate a need for mental health interventions in primary care settings for Latina women regardless of IPV history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is prevalent in the general US population, as well as the Latino community. In a cross-sectional study at an immigrant, primary care clinic, we assessed the correlation between IPV history and symptoms of MDD and PTSD in Latino women. We used a structured interview format. Among the 105 women recruited, the 4-week incidence of MDD was 45.7% and the prevalence of PTSD was 19%. Abused women had three times the odds of meeting PTSD criteria than non-abused women. Women meeting PTSD criteria were 10 times likelier to also report MDD. There was no difference in the incidence of MDD among women who reported IPV and those who did not. This study found a correlation of IPV with PTSD, and PTSD with MDD, but not IPV with MDD. Our results indicate a need for mental health interventions in primary care settings for Latina women regardless of IPV history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture (FM-B11) for reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in neonatal broiler chicks. In all experiments, chicks were challenged with approximately 104 cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis upon arrival at our laboratory, and the treatments were administered 1 h postchallenge. Cecal tonsil samples were obtained 24 h posttreatment and enriched for Salmonella Enteritidis recovery. The first experiment compared the effects of oral administration of doses of 104, 106, and 108 cfu/chick. In this experiment, doses of 106 and 108 both significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis recovery compared with controls (15 vs. 85% Salmonella Enteritidis positive), but 104 cfu did not significantly reduce Salmonella Enteritidis recovery. The second experiment compared the efficacy of oral administration of the live probiotic culture, with or without supernatant removed, to inactivated cultures or supernatant alone. Live probiotic organisms, with or without supernatant, significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis in this experiment, but inactivated or cell-free treatments did not reduce Salmonella Enteritidis. In the final 2 experiments, differing doses of probiotic culture were administered on the vent lips, where the treatment was taken into the lower gastrointestinal tract via cloacal drinking. Concentrations of probiotic culture from 10² to 107 cfu/chick significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis, and there was no difference in Salmonella Enteritidis recovery between treatment concentrations. These data suggest that this Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture may be efficacious for reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in neonatal chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, bacteriophages are considered viruses capable of amplification only in a narrow range of closely related bacteria. Presently, we selected bacteriophages with the ability to infect more than 1 bacterial genus. Initially, wild-type bacteriophages were selected for ability to form plaques in Salmonella enteritidis agar overlays. For determination of host specificity, a pool of 44 bacteriophages was combined with each bacterial isolate in tryptic soy broth. This mixture was incubated with fresh bacterial culture and media for 4 sequential passes, and the resulting bacteriophage titer was determined using S. enteritidis. One Klebsiella and 3 different Escherichia isolates successfully amplified some bacteriophage(s) from the S. enteritidis-selected bacteriophage pool (experiment 1). Amplification of bacteriophages in each species was confirmed by the formation of increased plaque forming units in a tryptic soy agar overlay with the enteric (alternative host) bacteria, Klebsiella or Escherichia (experiment 2). Two selected bacteriophages, confirmed to amplify in Escherichia or Kiebsiella, were further evaluated for ability to amplify in 10 different Salmonella serovars by amplification in broth culture (experiment 3). One had the ability to amplify in 6 different Salmonella serovars, and the other had the ability to amplify in 2 different Salmonella serovars. These experiments suggest that bacteriophage host range is not always genera-restricted and that selection of subpopulations of bacteriophages capable of amplification in alternative genera may provide a tool for selection of broad host-range bacteriophages for the pathogen of interest. Selection of non-pathogenic host isolates to support replication of Salmonella bacteriophages may allow improved safety for bacteriophage application to poultry because this would reduce the necessity for 100% purification of the bacteriophages(s) from resistant host bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous data have indicated that a Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture (FM-B11) is efficacious in reducing Salmonella Enteritidis colonization within 24 h when administered within 1 h of challenge. We hypothesized that the innate immune system, specifically macrophages, may play a role in the observed reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization with probiotic treatment. Day-of-hatch chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and then treated with the probiotic culture 1 h later, Three other treatment groups were not treated (negative control), challenged only, or treated with probiotic only. In all experiments, probiotic treatment on the day of hatch reduced (P < 0.05) cecal Salmonella Enteritidis recovery as compared with the control treatment. In experiments 1 and 2, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the presence of macrophages (KUL01+) in the ileum and cecum of 7 to 10 chicks per group at 24 h posttreatment. In experiment 1, the number of macrophages observed per 10,000 µm² in the ileum of Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged chicks was higher (P < 0.05) than that of nonchallenged chicks (4.87 ± 0.31 vs. 3.05 ± 0.19). In the cecum, there were more (P < 0.05) macrophages per 10,000 µm² in chicks receiving probiotic treatment without challenge than in negative control chicks (5.32 ± 0.41 vs. 3.66 ± 0.35). However, in experiment 2 we found no differences among treatments in the numbers of macrophages for both the ileum and cecum. Experiments 3 and 4 were performed to evaluate the ability of Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (AEC) from chicks to phagocytose Salmonella Enteritidis in vitro. Abdominal exudate cells were isolated from the abdominal cavity, maintained in tissue culture plates overnight, and then assayed for phagocytic activity by coincubating with Salmonella Enteritidis. In experiment 3, more (P < 0.05) Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered from AEC derived from probiotic-treated chicks than in any other treatment. However, in experiment 4, all treatments resulted in similar levels of elicited AEC, and phagocytosis of Salmonella Enteritidis was at low levels in all groups. Although not conclusive, the modest differences detected in experiments 1 and 3, and the fact that those differences were not repeatedly detectable, suggest that these macrophage-related changes were not solely responsible for the reductions of Salmonella Enteritidis following probiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the ability of a commercially available lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic culture (LAB) to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium in day-of-hatch broiler chicks. In these experiments, chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with LAB 1-h postchallenge. Following treatment, cecal tonsils and ceca were aseptically collected for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium enrichment or Salmonella Enteritidis enumeration, respectively. In experiments I to 3, LAB significantly reduced the incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis (60 to 70% reduction) or Salmonella Typhimurium (89 to 95% reduction) recovered from the cecal tonsils of day-old broiler chicks 24 h following treatment as compared with controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, administration of LAB caused a >2.9 log10 reduction of total cecal Salmonella Enteritidis recovered 24 h following treatment as compared with controls (P < 0.05). In experiments 4 to 7, upon sample enrichment LAB significantly reduced the recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis from the cecal tonsils at 24 h, but not 6 or 12 h posttreatment (P < 0.05). However, in experiments 6 and 7, when total cecal Salmonella Enteritidis recovery was enumerated, a significant treatment-associated reduction was observed 12 h posttreatment, although in cecal tonsil samples there was no difference in Salmonella Enteritidis incidence at 12 h (P < 0.05). In these studies, LAB treatment significantly reduced recovery of Salmonella in day-of-hatch broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of candles containing specific-antibacterial compounds, such as essential oils and their constituent compounds. The importance of the ionization products from the flame and the aerial concentration of the volatile compounds were investigated. Methods and Results: Agar plates inoculated with Escherichia coli (DH5 α) or Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC strain number 8532) were exposed in a large air-tight chamber to candle flames combined with the volatile bactericidal compounds β-pinene and orange oil. A steady decline in E. coli numbers was observed over time because of the effect of a candle flame. This was significantly increased by the addition of volatile oils. The number of S. aureus colonies was not reduced by a plain candle, but significant reductions were caused following exposure to β-pinene and orange oil candles. As aerial concentration of the volatiles was increased the viability of E. coli and S. aureus declined. Ionization products from the flame made a significant contribution to the observed effects, as intercepting the ions on a grounded grid over the agar plates allowed at least 20% more cells to survive. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the antibacterial properties of ionization products from a candle flame, and that this effect can be significantly increased by the addition of specific-antibacterial compounds, such as orange oil and β-pinene. The role of both the ionization products from the candle flame and the concentration of volatile compounds released are important to the effect. Significance and Impact of the Study: The technique described here offers a new and novel technique for reducing the concentration of bacteria on surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophages represent a group of vi- ruses that specifically infect and replicate in bacteria and could potentially be used to reduce recovery of Salmonella from poultry carcasses. Bacteriophages were isolated from municipal wastewater in the presence of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 13A (SE). In the first 2 experiments, commercially processed broiler carcass rinse water was pooled and divided. The addition of 1010 pfu/mL of a single bacteriophage (PHL 4) with selected concentrations of SE reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of SE recovered as compared with the control rinse water sample. In experiments 3 and 4, broiler carcasses were intentionally inoculated with SE, sprayed with selected concentrations of PHL 4, and rinsed for SE enrichment and isolation. Application of 5.5 mL of 108 or 1010 pfu/mL of PHL 4 reduced (P < 0.05) the frequency of SE recovery as compared with controls. In experiments 5 and 6, commercially processed turkeys were rinsed with water containing 72 wild-type bacteriophages isolated against SE, which were amplified in SE, or the Salmonella isolated antemortem from drag swabs from the flock selected for in-plant treatment, or a combination of bacteriophages amplified by each bacterial host. All bacteriophage treatments reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of Salmonella recovery as compared with controls. Sufficient concentrations of an appropriate bacteriophage, or a bacteriophage mixture, can significantly reduce recoverable Salmonella from carcass rinses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students involved in the interactive whiteboard (IWB) evaluation, sponsored by the Centre for British Teachers (CfBT), were interviewed in regard to their perceptions about IWBs. Twelve group interviews (72 students) were conducted between January and Easter 2004 with Year 6 students (between 10 and 11 years of age) in six Local Education Authority (LEA) areas located in the North and South of England. Students were very enthusiastic about particular aspects of IWBs, such as their versatility in the classroom, multimedia capabilities and the fun and enjoyment they brought to learning. Students also highlighted, however, technical problems, teacher and students' information and communication technology skills and students' lack of access to the technology as negative aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate a Treponema pallidum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in the laboratory diagnosis of early syphilis in the United Kingdom.Subjects and Setting: Men and women attending genitourinary medicine clinics in England.Methods: A trial PCR service was offered for the analysis of swabs of ano-genital or oral ulcers suspected to be syphilitic in origin. Clinical details, results of treponemal serology, and other relevant laboratory tests carried out by the sending laboratories were obtained retrospectively by questionnaire.Results: Data from 98 patients, representing 100 episodes of ulceration, were analysed. The majority of patients (70) attended clinics in the Greater Manchester area. Eighty six patients were male and 58 were men who have sex with men (MSM), of whom 24 were HIV positive. PCR results agreed with the clinical diagnosis for 95 patients; samples from 26 patients were PCR positive and serologically diagnosed as primary (18) or secondary (8) syphilis, whereas 70 patients had PCR negative samples and were not diagnosed as having active syphilis. These data include two HIV positive patients who were PCR positive 12 and 21 days before their treponemal seroconversion. One positive PCR result was not supported by positive treponemal serology (this patient coincidentally received a 10 day course of co-amoxiclav 1 week after sampling). Three patients had negative PCR results but positive syphilis serology. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for primary syphilis were 94.7%, 98.6%, 94.7%, and 98.6%, respectively, and for secondary syphilis these were 80.0%, 98.6%, 88.9%, and 97.2%, respectively.Conclusion: PCR is a sensitive and specific test for T pallidum, and an important adjunct to dark ground microscopy and treponemal serology in diagnosing infectious syphilis in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary 1 Anthropogenic changes in the global climate are shifting the potential ranges of many plant species. 2 Changing climates will allow some species the opportunity to expand their range, others may experience a contraction in their potential range, while the current and future ranges of some species may not overlap. Our capacity to generalize about the threat these range shifts pose to plant diversity is limited by many sources of uncertainty. 3 In this paper we summarize sources of uncertainty for migration forecasts and suggest a research protocol for making forecasts in the context of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The successful incorporation of fish oil into foods may provide a means of increasing intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA in microencapsulatd fish oil compared with a fish oil capsule. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited to take part in this randomized controlled trial. Volunteers were supplemented with 0.9 g n-3 PUFA daily for 4 weeks, delivered either as microencapsulated fish oil in a milkshake or as a fish oil capsule. Plasma fatty acid composition and plasma total cholesterol levels were measured at baseline and after supplementation. In addition, volunteers completed a questionnaire oil fish consumption, use of supplements and exercise. Results: Responses to the questionnaire indicated that the males who took part in this study took more physical exercise, consumed less fish and were less likely than the females to take supplements. Plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations were raised significantly and by a similar level by both fish oil supplements. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations following supplementation with either form of fish oil. Plasma total cholesterol levels were not significantly altered by n-3 PUFA supplementation in either group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that there was no difference in the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA given as microencapsulated fish oil compared with n-3 PUFA delivered as a fish oil capsule. Fortification of foodstuffs with microencapsulated fish oil therefore offers the potential to increase intakes of n-3 PUFA in line with current recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SummaryBackground: The successful incorporation of fish oil into foods may provide a means of increasing intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA in microencapsulatd fish oil compared with a fish oil capsule. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited to take part in this randomized controlled trial. Volunteers were supplemented with 0.9 g n-3 PUFA daily for 4 weeks, delivered either as microencapsulated fish oil in a milkshake or as a fish oil capsule. Plasma fatty acid composition and plasma total cholesterol levels were measured at baseline and after supplementation. In addition, volunteers completed a questionnaire on fish consumption, use of supplements and exercise. Results: Responses to the questionnaire indicated that the males who took part in this study took more physical exercise, consumed less fish and were less likely than the females to take supplements. Plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations were raised significantly and by a similar level by both fish oil supplements. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations following supplementation with either form of fish oil. Plasma total cholesterol levels were not significantly altered by n-3 PUFA supplementation in either group. The results of this study indicated that there was no difference in the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA given as microencapsulated fish oil compared with n-3 PUFA delivered as a fish oil capsule. Fortification of foodstuffs with microencapsulated fish oil therefore offers the potential to increase intakes of n-3 PUFA in line with current recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents one-dimensional simulations of an experimental, amperometric sensor system designed to reduce fouling at the sensor surface. The effect exploited in this system depends on differences in the diffusion coefficients of the analytes and foulants. We describe this effect and present simulations of a typical analyte (H2O2) and foulant (bovine serum albumin). The simulations show effective reduction of foulants: the concentration at the sensor surface is more than five orders of magnitude smaller than in the sample, while concentration of analyte is only reduced by one order of magnitude, and so remains measurable. Thus in cases where the target species has a lower diffusivity than the foulant (for exampleions in samples containing protein)this techniquecan be very effective in extending the maintenance interval or lifetime of a sensor and increasing its operational value. Using a calibration factor obtained from experiments to relate concentration to amperometric signal, we predict a signal strength from the simulations that is consistent with the experimental results. The peak signal is approximately 10 - 7 Amps in both simulation and experiment, and the time taken to reach this peak value is within a factor of three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cigarette smoking and other forms of drug abuse are more prevalent among schizophrenics than the general population. Despite the clinical importance of this problem, there has been relatively little experimental study of schizophrenic drug use. We examined under controlled laboratory conditions the effects of response requirement and the availability of an alternative (monetary) reinforcer on cigarette smoking by schizophrenics. Subjects were six heavy smokers with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Before each session, subjects provided carbon monoxide samples indicating recent smoking abstinence. During 3-h sessions, subjects obtained opportunities to smoke (2 puffs/opportunity) under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement, which varied across sessions from FR50 to FR6400. In half of the sessions, subjects also were able to earn a small amount of money ($0.25/ratio completed) under an FR400 schedule. Increasing the response requirement for smoking decreased smoking and increased smoking-maintained responding. The availability of the monetary reinforcer decreased smoking and smoking-maintained responding by approximately half. These results are consistent with those seen previously in community volunteers without major mental illness studied under the same experimental conditions, suggesting that smoking by these two populations is controlled, at least in part, by a common set of determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since publication of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) in 1996, indications for implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have expanded. Initial criticisms of the study have been addressed, including the need to await the conclusion of several additional ICD clinical trials. These other trials have generally shown an improved survival with ICD therapy when compared with antiarrhythmic agents. As a result, ICD implantation volumes have increased worldwide. However, ICD usage has regional variation with 120 implants per million population in the United States, 45 per million in Germany, but only 7 and 8 per million in France and the United Kingdom, respectively. Although many factors affect implant decisions, reimbursement issues are particularly important. Other factors may explain the slower growth in Europe when compared with the United States including greater skepticism regarding MADIT, less industry-sponsored marketing, and lack of unified cardiology society support for the MADIT recommendations. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that > 50,000 ICDs have been implanted worldwide in 1998, with a growing percentage in the countries of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients can sustain injuries during seizures and the pattern and type of injury (eg, tongue biting) can be a useful silent witness in the diagnosis of seizures. In addition, the seizure type potentially influences the type of injury. Methods: Patients with dental injury were identified from the Gloucestershire Epilepsy Database (n = 1673). These patients' notes were reviewed and the following data collected: demographic data; seizure types and age of onset; injury; EEG; and MRI. Results: 14 people had dental injuries: 10 incisors (seven had >1 incisor) and five other teeth. Eight had juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), two other primary generalised epilepsy and four focal onset epilepsy. Compared with the rest of the database population (JME; n = 81) there was a highly significant association of dental injury with JME (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Incisor injury is rare but appears to be associated with JME in patients with epilepsy, pre- sumably reflecting the pattern of seizure onset. This pattern of injury should prompt consideration of this diagnosis. It is hoped that recognition of this can both facilitate earlier diagnosis and help educate patients to protect their teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 40 year old mother of three with autosomal dominant scapuloperoneal muscular dystrophy presented with severe neurogenic respiratory failure requiring nocturnal non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Because of the development of profound proximal muscular weakness as a consequence of the progressive nature of her neurological disease, she eventually was unable to apply and remove the facial interface to set up her NIV circuit. She therefore became dependent on her children and carers to start and stop NIV during the night. A rocking bed was successfully employed as an alternative to nocturnal NIV. Ventilation was facilitated by the passive movement of the diaphragm as a consequence of the movement of the abdominal contents under the effect of gravity. Benefit was demonstrated objectively by pulse oximetry and subjectively by the improvement in the patient's symptomatology and continued independence at night. The ease of use of a rocking bed should be borne in mind when the necessity for nocturnal ventilatory support in neuromuscular disease results in the potential loss of independence for a patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the features of an outbreak of early syphilis in North Manchester.Methods: Retrospective KC60 and case note review.Results: In a 25 month period, 10 cases of primary, 22 of secondary, and nine cases of early latent syphilis were diagnosed. 39 were homosexual or bisexual men, 20 being co-infected with HIV. Most infections were acquired locally and in 19/41 cases oral sex was the only risk factor. High rates of unprotected anal sex were reported among the homosexual men and co-infection with other STIs was common.Conclusion: This outbreak will facilitate the spread of HIV in the homosexual male population. Unsafe sexual practice is common and the perception that oral sex is "safe" needs revisiting. Delays in accessing GUM clinic appointments must be addressed as part of the control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing modelling tools, developed to aid the design of efficient molecular wires and to better understand their charge‐transport behaviour and mechanism, have limitations in accuracy and computational cost. Further research is required to develop faster and more precise methods that can yield information on how charge transport properties are impacted by changes in the chemical structure of a molecular wire. In this study, we report a clear semilogarithmic correlation between charge transport efficiency and nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts in multiple series of molecular wires, also accounting for the presence of chemical substituents. The NMR data was used to inform a simple tight‐binding model that accurately captures the experimental single‐molecule conductance values, especially useful in this case as more sophisticated density functional theory calculations fail due to inherent limitations. Our study demonstrates the potential of NMR spectroscopy as a valuable tool for characterising, rationalising, and gaining additional insights on the charge transport properties of single‐molecule junctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing modelling tools, developed to aid the design of efficient molecular wires and to better understand their charge‐transport behaviour and mechanism, have limitations in accuracy and computational cost. Further research is required to develop faster and more precise methods that can yield information on how charge transport properties are impacted by changes in the chemical structure of a molecular wire. In this study, we report a clear semilogarithmic correlation between charge transport efficiency and nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts in multiple series of molecular wires, also accounting for the presence of chemical substituents. The NMR data was used to inform a simple tight‐binding model that accurately captures the experimental single‐molecule conductance values, especially useful in this case as more sophisticated density functional theory calculations fail due to inherent limitations. Our study demonstrates the potential of NMR spectroscopy as a valuable tool for characterising, rationalising, and gaining additional insights on the charge transport properties of single‐molecule junctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This is the second of a two-part series exploring father's inclusion in the perinatal years. The first paper was published in volume 29, issue 4 of the British Journal of Midwifery. This paper explores the results of the study and discussion in relation to previous literature and to professional practice. Positive father involvement during the perinatal period has important implications for families. However, previous research suggests that fathers experience marginalisation, while staff report a lack of training and time for engaging fathers. Aims: This study explored fathers' and perinatal professionals' experiences of fathers' involvement during the perinatal period, and ideas for paternal support. Method: A Delphi method was employed. Thematic analysis from focus groups informed an online survey which was completed by 24 fathers and 22 professionals. A third-round survey finalised group consensus. Results: Both groups agreed on the importance of fathers. Participants suggested improvement ideas, such as supporting fathers with psychological change. Groups disagreed on some ideas, such as fathers receiving a session alone to discuss concerns. Discussion: The findings support the inclusion of fathers in perinatal services and a focus on the whole family system. Limitations of this study include low participant diversity and possible selection bias. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This is the first of a two-part series exploring father's inclusion in the perinatal years. Part 2 will explore the results of the study and discuss in relation to previous literature and to professional practice. Positive father involvement during the perinatal period has important implications for families. However, previous research suggests that fathers experience marginalisation, while staff report a lack of training and time for engaging fathers. Aims: This study explored fathers' and perinatal professionals' experiences of fathers' involvement during the perinatal period, and ideas for paternal support. Method: A Delphi method was employed. Thematic analysis from focus groups informed an online survey which was completed by 24 fathers and 22 professionals. A third-round survey finalised group consensus. Results: Both groups agreed on the importance of fathers. Participants suggested improvement ideas, such as supporting fathers with psychological change. Groups disagreed on some ideas, such as fathers receiving a session alone to discuss concerns. Discussion: The findings support the inclusion of fathers in perinatal services, and a focus on the whole family system. Limitations of this study include low participant diversity and possible selection bias. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes two medical research about prenatal screening. "Cervical Surveillance as an Alternative to Elective Cervical Cerclage for Pregnancy Management of Suspected Cervical Incompetence," by S. R. Higgins; L. H. Kornman and R. J. Bell. "The Role of Uterine Artery Doppier in Predicting Adverse Pregnancy Outcome," by A. T. Papageorghiou, C. K. Yu and K. H. Nicolaides; "

Presents a letter to the editor discussing acute urinary retention, published in the October 2004, issue of "Sexually Transmitted Infections Journal."

Presents a letter to the editor on the treatment of syphilis in HIV infected individuals.