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The equines, being herbivorous animals, are predisposed to gastrointestinal parasitoses because they are in contact with the soil, are the traditional plants are recognized as possessing anthelmintic activity. The present study evaluates an anthelmintic action of Musa sapietum in horses, naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites. Thirty-eight horses between 3 and 10 years, of different sexes and races, and naturally infected by helminths, were used near the municipality of Silva Jardim, RJ. The treatment consisted in the supply of leaf blades of the M. sapientum species. With the alimentary tract and the results for the EPG count were prior to the experiment (day 0) and fulfilled during 5 days of treatment and at 7, 14 and 21 days after the closing of the offer of leaves of M. sapientum. The supplementation of Leaves of Musa sapientum to the diet proved to be useful in the control of large equidae strongylids, revealing us to be a good herbal alternative in a traditional way in the anthelmintic control, however there is a need for phytochemical studies to evaluate the active components that act effectively on nematodes. The applied methodology was innovative for the equine species and proved useful, deserving adjustments in management techniques, as well as the time and volume of administration, as well as in relation to the interval between applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at establishing the guidelines for the collection, preservation and submission of samples for parasitological diagnosis in poultry, as well as for the correct interpretation of the results issued by the laboratory. Tropical countries have ideal climatic conditions for the development of parasites, their forms of dispersion and intermediate hosts throughout the year, thus parasite infestations are very frequent. Losses in meat and egg production have been reported when there are high parasite infestations in poultry production. The basis of any control program is an accurate diagnosis, but in turn, the latter depends on the correct collection and submission of samples. Likewise, the correct interpretation of the laboratory results by the veterinary personnel of the farms is also needed, in such a way that they can implement effective measures to control parasitosis. This situation becomes more serious when taking into account the accelerated increase of antiparasitic resistance in the last years. Under these conditions, it is necessary to understand the importance of strategic control of parasites and pests, which does not imply their eradication, but to maintain small populations that do not cause perceptible damage to the health and productive behavior of animals, through the intelligent use of antiparasitic agents. These results will lead us to obtain reliable diagnoses and provide elements that will allow the strategic use of the available antiparasitics agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminths transmitted through the soil can affect the educational performance and normal development of children. Objective: to compare five coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal geohelminths in Lambayecan children. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. 150 stool samples were collected from children residing in the districts of Túcume and Lambayeque in the department of Lambayeque (Peru), during the year 2021. The boys and girls included were between 4 and 12 years of age. Prior to the collection, the appropriate preclinical conditions are explained to the parents and guardians of the minors. The sensitivity, specificity, concordance, positive and negative predictive value of the Baerman, rapid sedimentation, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar and direct stool examination techniques were calculated. Parents and guardians authorized the participation of minors in the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the National University of Jaén. Results: the prevalence of intestinal geohelminths was 20,7%, 19,3% and 18,0% with the Baerman, rapid sedimentation and direct examination techniques, respectively. In addition, the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques reported higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. A high concordance index was obtained for the Baerman (0,894) and rapid sedimentation (0,891) techniques. Conclusions: the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques allowed greater recovery of parasites compared to direct stool examination. In addition, the species of intestinal geohelminths most identified in children from Lambaye were Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Ancilostomideos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic diseases are considered to be one of the most prevalent pathologies worldwide. They are characterized as one of the most critical sanitary problems in cattle, causing a decrease in the productive capacity of parasitized animals, which translates into economic losses. Intestinal parasitism in cattle is caused by protozoa and helminths, and its manifestation is generally multi-etiological. Clinical signs in gastrointestinal parasitism may vary depending on parasite load, parasite species, and host immunity. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of the main parasitic families affecting cattle in the central province of the department of Boyacá. A cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was carried out, where 716 fecal samples were taken and processed using a modified Ritchie technique. An overall prevalence of 95,6% was determined, and the most prevalent families were Trichostrongylidae, Eimeriidae, Taeniidae, and Trichuridae. The age showed no significant statistical association with most of the parasitic families, except for the Strongyloididae family. The breeds showed a correlation with the Trichostrongylidae, Eimeriidae, Strongylidae, Chabertiidae, and Taeniidae families. The results show the high prevalence of GIP (gastrointestinal parasites) in cattle of the central province of the department of Boyacá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the presence of eggs, cysts and oocysts of potentially zoonotic parasites, in fecal samples from dogs and cats in the vicinity of municipal schools in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and in sand samples from their recreational squares. The material collected came from 41 schools in the city's seven neighborhoods. Stool samples were analyzed using the coproparasitological techniques of Willis Mollay, Faust and Hoffmann, Pons and Janer. The sand, in turn, through the techniques of centrifugal flotation and Rugai. The results showed that of the 167 fecal samples analyzed, 71.3% (119/167) were positive for parasites. Ancylostoma was the most prevalent genus, identified in 52.1% of the samples, followed by Trichuris vulpis (19.8%), Giardia spp. (15.0%), Toxocara spp. (9.0%), Dipylidium caninum (4.8%), Cystoisospora spp. (2.4%) and Spirometra sp. (2.4%). In the sands, there was a predominance of Toxocara spp., And Ancylostoma spp, observed in 18.7% and 14.8%, respectively, in recreational areas. These results show the need for practices that prevent and control parasitic infections, such as responsible guarding of dogs and cats living in the home and control of semi-domesticated or abandoned animals, as the presence of these parasites in and around schools is a public health problem, due to the possibility of zoonoses transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Individuals infected with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may present severe and disseminated forms of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with low therapeutic response. Objective: To investigate the S. stercoralis infection and the seroprevalence of IgG anti-S. stercoralis antibodies in individuals infected with HTLV-1 attending the Reference Center for HTLV-1 (CHTLV) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 178 HTLV-1-infected individuals treated at the HTLV specialized center between January, 2014, and December, 2018. The parasitological diagnosis of S. stercoralis was performed using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer, agar plate culture, and Baermann-Morais methods. The IgG anti-S. stercoralis detection was performed using an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The HTLV-1 infection was diagnosed using a commercial ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Results: The frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 3.4% (6/178). Individuals infected with S. stercoralis from rural areas (50.0%; 3/6) also showed S. stercoralis hyperinfection (>3,000 larvae/gram of feces). The frequency of circulating anti-S. stercoralis IgG antibodies was 20.8% (37/178). Conclusions: HTLV-1-infected people living in precarious sanitary conditions are more prone to develop severe forms of S. stercoralis infection. Considering the high susceptibility and unfavorable outcome of the infection in these individuals, the serological diagnosis for S. stercoralis should be considered when providing treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal parasites are frequently found in domestic animals, with important role in animal and public health. Among gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and cats Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. are reported as the most common parasites found in dogs and cats in the world caunsing digestive damage, including death, and with great importance in public health causing visceral larva migrans and cutaneous larva migrans respectively. This study aimed verify the occurrence of gastroenteric parasites in dogs and cats from Mineiros, Goiás, in association with epidemiological aspects. In total, 103 fecal samples (93 from dogs and 10 from cats) from April 2017 to July 2018 were collected by spontaneous defecation and processed for search of eggs and oocysts by the Willis (adapted) technique. Toxocara spp. was the most frequent parasite identified in dogs, with 34.41% frequency (32/93 samples), followed by Ancylostoma spp. (11.83%, 11/93 samples) and Cystoisospora spp. (1.07%, 1/93 samples). Fecal samples from cats, showed a similar result, being Toxocara spp. the most frequent parasite (40%, 4/10 samples), followed by Ancylostoma spp. (20%, 2/10 samples) and Cystoisospora spp. (20%, 2/10 samples). Young animals were 10% more positive for parasites comparing to elderly and adult animals (odds ratio=1.1), as well as animals with access outdoors 20% more parasitized (odds ratio=1.2). The study showed the most common gastrintesinal parasites of dogs and acts from Mineiros, Goiás. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To quantify the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines induced by Ascaris lumbricoides antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a multiplex technique. Methods: PBMCs were cultured from individuals with mild A. lumbricoides infection (n = 20) and uninfected individuals (n = 21) and stimulated with A. lumbricoides extract (ExtAscaris), a mix of anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 (CDmix) as a positive control, and only medium (negative control). Cytokines in the supernatants were measured using the BD™ Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 kit, to identify IFN-γ, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-17A. Readings were taken on a spectral cytometer (Northern Lights, Cytek, USA), and analysis was performed using R software with packages "tidyverse," "beadplexr," "flowCore," and "arsenal." Cytokine concentrations were calculated using a 5-parameter logistic curve. The t-test was used to compare cases and controls, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cartagena and the participants provided informed consent. This study was financially supported by the Colombian Sistema General de Regalías under the BPIN2020000100405 - BPIN2020000100364. Results: Efficient fluorescence intensity extraction for each cytokine was achieved using detection channel R8 and the "mclust" clustering model (Figure 1). No significant differences were found in the levels of the seven cytokines between cases and controls (Figure 2). Although the IFN-γ response to ExtAscaris was higher in cases than in controls (252.5 ng/mL vs. 173.1 ng/mL), the difference was not significant. IL-17A (detection limit: 18.9 pg/mL) was more detectable in cases than controls (5 cases, 23% vs. 2 controls, 9.5%). IL-4 was only detected in the supernatants from CDmix-stimulated cultures but not with the Ascaris extract (Figure 2). Conclusions: The multiplex technique using spectral flow cytometry combined with open-source software analysis proved applicable for quantifying cytokines induced by A. lumbricoides antigens in PBMCs. However, a more sensitive method is needed to evaluate IL-4 response in the context of ascariasis. The results did not reveal significant differences in cytokine production between cases and controls for the evaluated stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoparasitic infections are often observed in dogs and cats, since parasites spread easily among them, mainly in animal shelter environments, where animals remain close to each other. In addition, several parasitic infections are classified as zoonoses. Thus, the aim of the current study is to investigate the frequency of endoparasites affecting dogs and cats sheltered in a municipal kennel in Zona da Mata (Forest Zone) region, Minas Gerais State, using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ) method to perform the coproparasitological analysis. In total, 91 fecal samples were evaluated: 56 samples from adult dogs; 9, from puppies; 16, from adult cats; and 10, from kitties. Collected samples were processed based on the method by Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ), whose principle lies on simple sedimentation. Sixty-nine (n=69; 75.8%) of the 91 fecal samples tested positive for one, or more, endoparasite egg or cyst type. There was a variable occurrence of parasitic agents among the species and age groups studied. Therefore, the importance of performing coproparasitological tests on animals from shelters to identify endoparasites is highlighted, in an attempt to direct the treatment and prevent the transmission of parasitic agents between animals. Furthermore, it was found that the technique used to analyze the samples in this study is capable of detecting the most varied types of intestinal parasite eggs and cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the community structure of helminths and parasitic crustaceans in the splittail bass Hemanthias peruanus (Steindachner, 1875) from northern Peru. Materials and methods. 75 specimens (34 males and 41 females) of H. peruanus were captured from Puerto Cabo Blanco, Piura, Peru. Total length and sex data of the fish were recorded. For the analysis of the parasitic community, the ecological parasitological indices, aggregation indices, alpha diversity indices and association between the biometric parameters of the fish and the parasitological indices were calculated. Results. The percentage of total prevalence in maidens infected with at least one parasitic metazoan species was 65.33%, that is, 49 parasitized hosts. The community component of the parasitic eumetazoan fauna in the evaluated fish was dominated by the presence of ectoparasites (three species of monogeneans and one species of isopod). Endoparasite abundance (two species of trematodes, one species of tapeworms and one species of acanthocephalan) was comparatively low. Biotic factors such as fish length and sex were not found to be related to parasitological indices of any parasitic species. The lack of association is probably due to the influence of other biotic or abiotic factors. The most prevalent parasites presented an aggregate type distribution. The Chao-1 estimator indicates that the expected richness was eight. Conclusions. We registered H. peruanus as a new host for Ceratothoa gaudichaudii, Corynosoma australe, Parancylodiscoides signifer, Pronotogrammella scholzi and Scolex pleuronectis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep and goats suffer heavy losses due to the high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, mainly from the nematode Haemonchus contortus. The parasite causes high morbidity and mortality, even though, the indiscriminate use of chemicals to control H. contortus has favored the selection of multidrug resistance parasites. Molecular diagnosis of resistance to the benzimidazole (BZs) group is important to indicate substitute strategies of control. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the mutation at position F200Y of the beta-tubulin gene in seven populations of H. contortus from sheep and goats' farms from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Twenty adult H. contortus male worms were recovered for DNA extraction from naturally infected animals, from farms from Recife, Sairé, Camocim de São Félix, Gameleira, Moreno, Bonito, and Serra Talhada. The primers forward: 5' AAT GCT TCC ACC CTT GTC CAT C 3', and reverse: 5' CAA CAA CGG GCA TGA AGA AG 3' were used to search for the main codon (F200Y) of the beta-tubulin gene to determine BZ resistance. The NC1/ITS-2 forward: 5' ACG TCT GGT TCA GGG GTT TT 3' and reverse: 5' TTA TCT GTT TTT CCT GCC CT 3' primers were used for confirming H. contortus species. A questionnaire was applied to obtain information on management practices, including the frequency of BZs use. The sequences from the NC1/ITS-2 confirmed the presence of H. contortus from all samples. The F200Y mutation responsible for BZ resistance (TTC/TAC) in H. contortus was found only in the samples from Sairé, as the TTC codon varied from 55.6 to 85.7%. In relation to the questionnaire, producers revealed the absence of quarantine for newly arrived animals; high drug treatment frequency (60-days interval); treatment of the whole flock; the visual estimation of the weight of the animals for dose determination; and high drug rotation. It was also mentioned the lack of veterinary assistance with no use of fecal exams. Even though, all these factors may be essential to increase parasite selection pressure, it was not possible to determine which of those showed a higher risk due to the high number of variables and the small number of participants. This is without any doubt one of the great difficulties to correlate phenotypic drug efficacy data (ex. FECRT) and genotypic-related (ex. PCR) resistance markers in helminths. We have included some risk factors reported by the farmers from Pernambuco and their influences in the process of drug selection, as well as a few strategies to mitigate this situation. The present report constitutes the first record of a molecular diagnosis of the mutation F200Y that confers resistance to the BZ group in ruminants in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the canine and feline gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), domiciled and non-domiciled, in seven cities in the state of Pernambuco and, thus, to evaluate the environmental contamination and the risk of transmission of parasites with zoonotic potential. Two hundred fifty-six fecal samples from canines (n=183) and felines (n=73) were collected, which were processed by the modified Sheather flotation (with 1.3d hypersaturated sucrose solution) and the spontaneous sedimentation methods. In 86 (33.6%) samples, helminths and/or protozoa were detected. The GIP identified in dogs were: Ancylostoma sp. (42/55; 76.4%), Trichuris vulpis (9/55; 16.4%), Toxocara canis (5/55; 9.1%), Strongyloides stercoralis (3/55; 5.45%), Dipylidium caninum (3/55; 5.45%) and Cystoisospora sp. (3/55; 5.45%). In cats, Toxocara. cati (5/30; 16.6%), Coccidia (19/30; 63.3%), Dipylidium caninum (3/30; 10%) and Ancylostoma sp. (3/30; 10%). Five of the eight GIP identified have zoonotic potential. These results demonstrate the importance of parasitological diagnosis based on the identification of parasites that can affect not only animal health, but also human health from environmental contamination. This study should support health education actions with tutors and continued training with veterinarians for the prevention of gastrointestinal parasites in animals and the transmission of parasitic zoonoses from the perspective of One Health, which advocates the mitigation of health risks at the interface animal-human-environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opossums are synanthropic mammals belonging to the genus Didelphis. They have a generalized diet, and this behavior exposes them to the chance of infection by several parasitic agents. Their close relationship with the human makes them act as disseminators of pathogens. The objective of the study was to evaluate the diversity of endoparasites infecting D. albiventris sampled in Canoinhas, Northern Santa Catarina. Thirty-eigth fecal samples were macro and microscopically analyzed, and of these 89.47% showed positivity for at least one endoparasite, 89.47% (34/38) for helminths and 60.52% (23/38) for protozoa. Nematode eggs of the order Strongylida and the genera Cruzia, Trichuris, Aspidodera, Physaloptera, Capillaria and Strongyloides were observed, as well as trematode eggs and oocysts of protozoa. In 38.3% of the animals four parasite types were detected, showing high occurrence of endoparasites and that multiparasitism is frequent in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the parasitic fauna, the impact of the parasite-host relationship and the potential risk of transmission of zoonotic parasites in fish marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Northeastern of Brazil). Ectoparasites and endoparasites were collected in Pseudupeneus maculatus (n=34), Lutjanus synagris (n=23), and Ocyurus chrysurus (n=20). Organs and/or tissues with and without parasites were processed by routine histological techniques. Overall, 43 (55.8%) specimens were parasitized by: Rocinela signata; Lernanthropus sp.; Lernaeolophus sultanus; Goussia sp.; Haliotrema sp.; Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) sp.; Cucullanus sp.; larvae of Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Anisakis sp., and Trypanorhyncha. Macroscopic and/or histological alterations were associated with Lernantrhopus sp. (gills) and Pseudoterranova sp. (liver) in O. chrysurus; R. signata (gills) in P. maculatus; and Lernaeolophus sultanus (maxilla) of L. synagris. Histological analysis was shown to be a tool that provides important knowledge about the impact of the parasites on the health of studied marine fish. New records of parasites are presented (Lernanthropus sp. in O. chrysurus, Goussia sp. in P. maculatus, L. sultanus in L. synagris) and parasites of importance in Public Health are registered (Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., and Trypanorhyncha), emphasizing the need for measures to avoid the risk of transmission to consumer. The information contributes to the knowledge about the parasitic fauna of fish and its distribution along the coast of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban growth in Peru is accompanied by an increase in dog ownership. Which constitutes a potential risk in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The objective of the research was to describe the characteristics of the zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite infections in dogs with an owner. For this, 296 stool samples from patients treated in veterinary clinics located in the districts of South Central (Miraflores, Chorrillos) and South (San Juan de Miraflores) Lima were analyzed. Of which 288 were positive for gastrointestinal zoonotic parasites during the period 2015 - 2018. Likewise, the direct examination and the flotation concentration test were carried out to identify zoonotic parasites. Regarding the results, infection caused by Giardia spp (66,3%) was the most frequent, followed by Toxocara canis (18,8%), Ancylostoma caninum (3,5%) and Dypilidium caninum (2,4%). Likewise, a higher frequency of parasites was observed in the diarrheal feces of male dogs (52,8%) of small breeds (43,8%). Mixed-breed dogs (12,2%), English Bulldog (10%) and Labrador retriever (9,7%) were the most frequently infected. It is concluded that 97,3% of the owned dogs were infected with zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites, which constitutes a problem for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious and parasitic diseases are a public health problem, the etiological agents are helminths or protozoa. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of parasites in patients seen at a Clinical Analysis Laboratory in Umuarama-PR and also to verify the age group and sex that were most affected in 2018. 3,333 reports of parasitological exams of feces from the period were analyzed from January to December 2018. The variables investigated were: positivity, etiologic agent, sex and age. The age range found was from 0 months to 91 years old, of both sexes. The data obtained were compiled and organized into graphs and tables using the Microsoft Word® and Excel® 2010 programs. The results showed that of the 3,333 reports analyzed, 3,102 (93%) were negative and 231 (7%) positive. The 0-10 year age group was the most prevalent, with 118 positive cases (47.20%). The highest prevalence of protozoa in the reports was Endolimax nana with 94 cases (39.16%). The female sex obtained a percentage of 64% of the positive reports and the male sex with 36%. It is concluded that in the laboratory analyzed, the number of cases is high, demonstrating the need for knowledge about parasitic contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A helminthological examination was carried out on 14 specimens of Eucinostomus melanopterus (flagfin mojarra) and 19 Eugerres plumieri (striped mojarra), of which a total of 461 helminths were collected. As a result, and 12 taxa were registered (five species, five genus and tow family), as follows: four monogeneans, five digeneans (four adults, one metacercaria), one cestode (larva) and tow nematodes (larvae). The highest prevalence was for Neodiplectanum mexicanum (29%) infecting E. melanopterus and Aristocleidus hastatus (37%) infecting E. plumieri. Both hosts shared 50% of recorded species, and none of the identified helminthes represents a zoonotic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Gnathostoma sp.‚ es un género de helminto del que se han identificado alrededor de 20 especies. Se caracteriza por tener una estructura bucal única llamada Gnathostoma‚ es un parásito que puede infectar a una amplia variedad de animales y según algunos autores‚ tiene potencial zoonótico. Objetivo: identificar un parásito encontrado mediante necropsia en individuos de la especie Didelphis Marsupialis del departamento de Caldas‚ determinando su posible participación en procesos de enfermedad gastrointestinal. Método: se hizo necropsia de 14 individuos de zarigüeya común procedentes de diferentes regiones de Caldas (Chinchiná‚ Rio sucio‚ Filadelfia‚ Manizales‚ Villa María‚ Pacora y Supía)‚ que fueron llevadas al Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria de la Universidad de Caldas por la autoridad ambiental‚ Corpocaldas. Respecto a la presencia del parásito‚ se procedió a su colecta y revisión‚ empleando un estereoscopio con una cámara digital que permitió microfotografías por medio del programa EP view y un microscopio de luz. Resultado: uno de los individuos de Didelphis presentaba lesiones intestinales a nivel del íleon del tipo congestión‚ úlcera y formación de nódulos‚ adicionalmente‚ la presencia de un parásito tipo nemátodo que también apareció en la porción estomacal a nivel del cuerpo gástrico. El nematodo correspondió a un individuo adulto que mide 32 mm de largo x 3 mm de ancho‚ con un par de labios laterales rodeando la boca‚ con un típico cuerpo cilíndrico‚ el extremo anterior se encuentra formado por un bulbo cefálico con alrededor de 7 hileras transversas de ganchos y con numerosos ganchos en cada hilera. La cutícula está compuesta por varias capas y presenta anillos transversales que le dan una apariencia segmentada. El extremo posterior del cuerpo es redondeado y posee una cola corta y cónica. Internamente‚ el sistema digestivo está formado por un tubo recto extendido desde la boca hasta el ano. Conclusión: el nematodo que aquí reportamos‚ corresponde morfológicamente al género Gnathostoma‚ sin embargo‚ se requiere confirmación por técnicas moleculares para establecer su especie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: a nivel mundial‚ la comercialización de peces ornamentales involucra más de 4000 especies de agua dulce‚ conllevando un alto riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades principalmente parasitarias siendo una de las causas más comunes de mortalidad. En el abordaje esta patología en organismos acuáticos de ornato es fundamental el uso de métodos precisos en el reconocimiento de agentes causales para el abordaje de brotes o mortalidades y detección de individuos portadores asintomáticos que representan riesgo para la producción; adicionalmente es indispensable la identificación de parámetros como disponibilidad de espacio‚ alimento‚ factores fisicoquímicos medioambientales anormales y características propias de la especie que permitan la proliferación parasitaria. Anamnesis y hallazgos clínicos: se describe el caso de una explotación de peces ornamentales del género Symphysodon aproximadamente 3000 individuos juveniles (45 - 60 días de edad) con historia de cuadro clínico de 15 días de evolución se evidenció hiperpigmentación cutánea‚ periodos de inapetencia prolongados‚ algunos individuos con distensión abdominal. Ayudas diagnósticas: sacrificio de algunos individuos por separación espinal‚ disección tisular y montaje en fresco de cortes de branquia‚ hay evidencia por índice de refracción en microscopia óptica convencional de parásitos de la especie Sciadicleithrum‚ la identificación de fauna helmintológica en montaje de moco y contenido intestinal de los peces estuvo conformada por varias especies de parásitos; se evidenciaron huevos‚ estadios larvales e individuos adultos del cestodo Schyzocotyle acheilognathi‚ larvas y huevos del nematodo Capillaria sp. y múltiples individuos del género Protoopalina. Los hallazgos parasitológicos permitieron una adecuada correlación clínicopatológica y la instauración de un plan terapéutico adecuado. Conclusiones: se requiere la identificación de agentes causales de patologías parasitarias en peces ornamentales‚ la comercialización de peces vivos se relaciona directamente con el potencial de movimiento de patógenos que pueden convertirse en nuevas fuentes de infección en regiones geográficas especificas o en explotaciones nativas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the relative frequencies of immune cell populations in the peripheral blood according to A. lumbricoides infection status. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from participants infected (n = 35) and uninfected with A. lumbricoides (n=27) residing in different rural municipalities of Bolívar. Infection was diagnosed using two coprological examinations and the Kato-Katz technique. Immunophenotyping was performed using two panels of markers and staining in fresh blood. The flow cytometry reading was performed on a spectral cytometer (Northern Lights, Cytek, USA). The populations identified in the first panel (Figure 1) were T lymphocytes (CD45+ CD3+), CD4+ or CD8+, B lymphocytes (CD45+ SSClow CD3- CD19+), neutrophils (CD45+ SSChi CD3- CD16+), and eosinophils (CD45+ SSChi CD3- CD16low). Monocytes were identified in another panel (Figure 2): classical (CD14++ CD16 -), intermediate (CD14++ CD16+), and non-classical (CD14+ CD16++). Dendritic cells, including CD123 + + CD303 + (plasmacytoid), HLA-DR + + CD1c + (myeloid CD1c +), and CD14-CD141 + + (myeloid CD141 +), were also identified. The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Cartagena, and participants provided informed consent. Funding was provided by the Colombian Sistema General de Regalías under BPIN2020000100405 - BPIN2020000100364. Results: No significant differences were observed in age [mean cases: 35.69 (SD: 17.7) vs. controls: 37.04 (SD: 15.6) years] or sex (cases: 62.9% vs. controls: 74.1%) (Table 1). All infections were mild, with a median of 96 eggs (IQR, 48-216). A marginally significant difference was observed only in the percentage of neutrophils (45.37% in cases vs. 54.79% in controls, p=0.041) (Figure 3). Although the frequency of eosinophils was higher in the cases (8.1% vs. 6%), this difference was not significant (p=0.138) (Figure 3). No significant differences were observed in the populations of monocytes or dendritic cells between cases and controls (Figure 4). Conclusion: Mild A. lumbricoides infection appears to affect the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood. The low infection intensity in the studied samples may explain the lack of a significant impact on other cellular populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative study of parasite loads between cows and their offspring in the Romosinuano and Costeño con Cuernos creole breeds. The study was carried out at the Turipaná Research Center - Agrosavia in Cereté, Córdoba, Colombia. Fecal samples were collected from 120 cattle, and parasite loads were estimated in eggs per gram using the modified McMaster technique. The results showed that the frequency of parasitism was 55% in the total population, with a statistically significant difference between the offspring and the cows. It is concluded that further studies are needed to understand the resistance or resilience process achieved in adult animals for gastrointestinal parasitism. [Extracted from the article]

Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin. In Colombia, anemia affects 27.7%) of the population. The most seriously affected populations are preschool children, women of reproductive age, pregnant women and the elderly. Clinical case: Upon admission, the 58-year-old patient was found to have a condition compatible with cardiomegaly and redistribution of blood flow and required a blood transfusion. Additional studies suggested that digestive hemorrhaging due to ancylostomiasis could be the cause. Treatment with anthelmintics was begun and had good clinical and paraclinical results. Discussion: Acquisition of this parasite, considered to be a forgotten cause of digestive bleeding, is associated with multiple risk factors. In some cases, there are severe consequences such as cardiomegaly and redistribution of blood flow. The effectiveness of treatment with anthelmintics ranges between 62% and 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acanthocephalan species Quadrigyrus torquatus Van Cleave, 1920 has been found in different hosts from South America, but recent papers have not focused on its morphology traits. Different species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 were collected with seine nets between January 2017 and October 2017 in Pintada Island, Lake Guaiba, Porto Alegre city (30o17-f11-f-fS and 51o18-f01-hW), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Acanthocephalans found in cysts were processed according to the techniques for the group. Specimens of Q. torquatus were identified based mainly in the morphology of proboscis hooks and trunk spines, and by the measurements made using light microscopy. Supplemental observations on the morphology of Q. torquatus were made for the first time considering the morphology and amount of hooks and spines. The amplitude of intensity of infections was 1 (A. aff. fasciatus) and 1.3 (A. lacustris) helminths. This difference could be related to the number of hosts examined, the feeding habit of the hosts or related to aspects in the parasite life cycle. This paper is the first report of Q. torquatus in A. aff. fasciatus and A. lacustris from Lake Guaiba, extending the distribution to the southernmost state of Brazil, thus contributing to the knowledge of acanthocephalans in freshwater fishes from South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the status of gastrointestinal parasites in a group of sheep, in the state of Rondônia. The research was carried out in a commercial herd in the Municipality of Vilhena, RO. Sheep Santa Inês crossbred of different sexes (males and females) and categories (lamb, sheep and lamb) were used, from which stool samples were collected monthly from the rectal bulb and analyzed by counting eggs per gram of feces (OPG) and oocysts per gram of feces (OOPG). It was also carried out the coproculture of this material for the identification of helminth and protozoan species. The environment in terms of rainfall, relative humidity and temperature was evaluated over the study period. The variables were analyzed descriptively. The relative humidity and rainfall increased as a function of the evaluation periods, while the ambient temperature decreased. The sheep were infected with helminths, with higher counts in the months of October and November. The genera of helminths identified in the samples collected were Haemonchus spp., Strongyloides spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Oocysts of Eimeria spp. were verified in all animals evaluated independently of the animal category. There were differences in the incidence of helminths and protozoa as a function of the animal category and with the advancement of the evaluation period lambs represented the category most susceptible to parasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current analysis standardized, adapted and detailed Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) to diagnose the resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to albendazole in sheep. Three in vitro assays were undertaken at 24 and 48 h, by methodology prescribed by the EMBRAPA Practical Handbook, with negative control distilled water and DMSO at 0.75% and concentration at 600, 300, 150, 112.5, 75, 37.5, 18.75, 9.37 and 4.68 µg/mL and positive control albendazole 25.000 µg/mL. Plates were incubated in buffer with BOD and maintained at 28°C. After 24h and 48h of incubation, larvae had eclosion in negative control groups and also in groups treated with 112.5 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, respectively. It was not possible to diagnose anti-helminth resistance in EET due to limiting variables, such as the lack of discriminating dose for albendazole. The standardization, adaptation and detailing were possible to diagnose anti-helminth resistance of nematodes to albendazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El consumo de hortalizas se convierte en una de las principales vías de transmisión de enteroparásitos (parásitos intestinales) debido a las diferentes formas de contaminación a las que están sujetos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar lo posible presencia de enteroparásitos, protozoos y helmintos, en lechugas (Lactuca sativa) comercializadas en huertos de tres ciudades del interior paulista: Ipuã, Ituverava y Miguelópolis, Las 25 muestras de cada ciudad fueron llevadas al laboratorio de análisis clínico de la FAFRAM. De las 75 muestras, 15 (20%) fueron positivas para enteroparásitos, de estas, en una (1,4%) fue observada la presencia de quistes de protozoos y en catorce (18.6%) fueron detectados huevos/larvas de helmintos. Por lo tanto, de las tres ciudades, la que presentó menos contaminación en las muestras por algún enteroparásito fue Miguelópolis, con solo una muestra contaminada por Entamoeba coli (4%) de las 25 analizadas. La ciudad que presentó mayor contaminación fue Ipuã, con 11 muestras contaminadas, donde cinco muestras estaban contaminadas con Strongyloides stercoralis (20%), tres muestras contaminadas con Diphyllobothrium latum (12%), dos muestras contaminadas con Anquilostomas (8%) y una. muestra contaminada con un helminto no identificado (4%) de las 25 analizadas. Ya Ituverava presentó dos muestras contaminadas con Strongyloides stercoralis (8%) y una muestra contaminada con Anquilostoma (4%) de las 25 muestras. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos, se enfatiza la importancia de las hortalizas consumidas crudas en la transmisión de enteroparásitos, así como la necesidad de medidas que proporcionen una mejora en la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de estos alimentos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposed to relate the socio-epidemiological factors and the infections by enteroparasites in two communities, one peri-urban and one rural in the Central Region of Venezuela. A total of 126 persons were evaluated in the peri-urban area and 111 in the rural one. Feces were analyzed through a direct examination, in addition to the methods of Kato, Faust and Baermann. Socio-epidemiological factors were identified through a survey. The prevalence of enteroparasites within the peri-urban community was 45.2% and 53.3% in the rural one. An estimated 23.0% of the peri-urban population presented protozoa and 0.4% helminths, while in the rural area 30.6% of persons presented protozoa and 12.6% helminths, being Giardia intestinalis (9.5%) the most frequent species of protozoa. As for the chromist kingdom, Blastocystis spp., highlighted in both communities. In relation to the helminths, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis were detected in the peri-urban and Ascaris lumbricoides in the rural one. The associated variables (p < 0.05) with the presence of enteroparasites in the peri-urban were: degree of instruction, housing conditions, quality of drinking water, hygienic habits, streetfood intake and presence of vectors; in the rural community: type of disposition of excreta, washing of hands and consumption of street-food. The findings revealed a high prevalence of enteroparasites in both communities, evidencing that they shared common socio-epidemiological characteristics that favored their acquisition. The results point out the need to implement epidemiological control and surveillance actions that improve the quality of life of the communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of monepantel and levamisole on gastrointestinal helminths in sheep herds in western Santa Catarina. The study was done in two stages. In the first one, five farms were selected and three groups (K, L and M) of 8 sheep each were formed. In the animals of group K, Monepantel (2.5 mg/kg) was administered, in those of group L, Levamisole (5.0 mg/kg) and the animals of group M were used as control (not medicated). The samples of feces were collected on day 0 and 10 of experiment, analyzed by the technique of McMaster with the objective of determining the number of eggs per gram of feces (HPG), followed by the technique of stool for the identification of the parasites. The second stage of the study was developed in a farm, where the same three groups were formed previously described with their respective treatments, and five days after the antiparasitic administration, feces sampling of these Animals for the performance of ecotoxicological tests, using Springtails (Folsomia candida) as a biological marker. To simulate the use of sheep feces as organic fertilizer, we define the doses 0; 2 4 and 8 tons of feces per hectare, as well as the survival and reproduction tests according to the ISO methodologies. The animals that received the treatment with Monepantel had reduction of the parasitic load (P < 0.05) compared with the remaining groups. In only one farm, the reduction of HPG was inferior (P < 0.05) in animals treated with levamisole compared to the control group. In the groups treated with Monepantel, resistance of Trichostrongylus spp was observed. At the same, and Haemonchus spp. It was resistant to levamisole on most farms. The efficacy of Monepantel for the five farms was 97, 98, 99, 100 and 100%, respectively, unlike the Levamisole, where they found efficiencies of 69,25, 52, 90 and 50%. The ecotoxicological tests show that there was no difference in the survival and reproduction of the collectors between the groups, ie the feces of animals medicated with levamisole and Monepantel does not affect F. candida. Therefore, the Monepantel, a relatively new antiparasitic product in the Brazilian market, can be the effective alternative in sheep farms with serious problems of resistance to anthelmintics, since it had desired efficacy in all the analyzed farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 20% of losses in animal productivity are directly related to parasites, which are, for the most part, acquired through a contaminated environment. On the other hand, sodium hypochlorite, popularly known as bleach, is used as a chemical disinfectant. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the action of 2.5 and 5% sodium hypochlorite on the larval development of strongyles in coprocultures. Three experimental groups were formed in coprocultures: G1 (10 grams of feces + 20 g of vermiculite + 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite), G2 (10 grams of feces + 20 g of vermiculite + 5 mL of sodium hypochlorite 5%), G3 (10 grams of feces + 20 g of vermiculite + 5 mL of distilled water). After forming the groups, the coprocultures were incubated at 28°C for 10 days. After this period, L3 were extracted, quantified, and identified. The results demonstrated a reduction in the recovery of L3 from stool cultures in the treated groups compared to the control group. The percentage of L3 reduction was 97.8% in G1 and 99.5% in G2. The most observed strongyle species at the end of the experiment were: Haemonchus contortus (65%), Cooperia spp. (20%), Trichostrongylus spp (10%) and Oesophagostomum (5%). It is concluded that the use of sodium hypochlorite in the concentrations evaluated can be used in the routine of rural properties in the facilities and thus help to reduce the recurrence of helminthiasis in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to identify the gastrointestinal parasites of wild animals received by the Center for Screening of Wild Animals from São Luis, Maranhão State, Brazil. The fecal samples were collected from 297 animals, of which 150 (50.5%) were birds, 132 (44.5%) mammals and 15 (5%) reptiles. A total of 262 samples (227 individual and 35 pools) were analyzed by the method of sedimentation and flotation, 102 animals were parasitized by helminthes and/or protozoa, 39 of which belonged to the order Primate, 18 to the Carnivorous order and 12 to the Psittaciformes order. The mammals had the greatest diversity of eggs of gastrointestinal parasites: Strongyloides sp., hookworm type, Spirometra sp., Ascaris sp., Trichuris vulpis, Capillaria sp., Strongyloidea, Ancylostomidae, taenid and oocysts of coccidian. In the samples of birds were diagnosed eggs of the genera Dispharynx, Ascaridia, Echinostoma and oocyst of coccidian. In the reptiles, the number of gastrointestinal parasites was low, being identified oocyst of coccidian in three jiboia (Boa constrictor) and Capillaria sp. in an iguana (Iguana iguana). It was concluded that wild animals act as hosts for various species of parasites and to establish the dynamics and parasitic fauna of these animals at the screening center is an excellent alternative for studies ex situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil is an important route of transmission of etiological agents that cause zoonoses, among them the parasites. The objective in this research was to analyze soil samples from squares and/or parks in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia-GO, in order to identify parasites responsible for causing larva migrans. For this, 30 squares in the city were evaluated and tree samples were collected from each one. The parasitological analysis was performed using the Willis's technique. Among the 30 squares evaluated, 11 (36.7%) were contaminated with parasites that can cause larva migrans. Of the 90 samples, 14 (15%) were positive. The prevalence of eggs of Toxocara sp. was 12.2% and Ancylostomidae of 3.3%. The presence of these parasites in public squares provides information about their contamination in Aparecida de Goiânia-GO and can contribute to stimulate the implantation of prophylactic measures that reduce these parasites in recreational areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to describe the infection levels of helminths of Rattus rattus in Corrientes city, Corrientes Province, Argentina. In order to determine the role of rodents as potential reservoirs for zoonotic parasites, different indices of helminth infection were assessed with respect to sex, age, season and urban landscapes. A total of 107 individuals of R. rattus were examined. Seven species of helminths were found. The values of total prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance were 68%, 20 and 13, respectively. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was the species more prevalent and abundant. The results showed that the age of the rodents and the season of capture had effects on the helminth infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criteria on the various proposals for the evolution of helminths are compiled and analyzed, many of them under the advanced technology perspective. Adaptation mechanisms are exemplified in some cases of helminths that persist as parasites, such as Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia solium, Echinococcus spp., and some others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to carry out the first inventory of helminths collected from waterfowl (n=52) of the family Anatidae. This work took place in wetland Atlangatepec, Tlaxcala. Helminths were collected from the digestive tract and the respiratory system of waterfowl donated by hunters. Collected parasites were processed using conventional fixation and staining techniques for the identification of helminth. Twenty-one taxa of helminth swere identified as follow: seven trematodes (Cotylurus cornutus, Australapatemon burti, Zygocotyle lunata, Notocotylus seineti, Typhlocoelum sisowi, Echinostoma sp. and Echinoparyphium recurvatum), four cestodes (Hymenolepis sp, Cloacotaenia megalops, Choanotaenia infundibulum and Fimbriaria fasciolaris), eight nematodes (Amidostomum sp., Streptocara sp., Epomidiostomum uncinatum, Syphaciella sp., Capillaria sp., Tetrameres fissispina, Tetrameres sp. and Echinuria uncinata) and two Acanthocephala (Pseudocorynosoma constritum and Polimorphus sp.). It is relevant to highlight that this is the first report of Syphaciella sp. in waterfowl in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of subcutaneous supplementation with diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) in dairy sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on animal health and possible damage to environment when the feces of these animals will be used for fertilizing. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed using 16 primipara dairy sheep, that were divided into two groups: the group A as control and the group B supplemented with 3 µmol/kg of (PhSe)2 subcutaneously. Blood samples were used to determine the hepatic function, as well as the protein and lipid metabolism in animals. Feces were used to determine the number of helminths eggs per gram of feces (EPG), as well as used for ecotoxicology tests. Results. The (PhSe)2 supplementation not affected the helminths reproduction, since the EPG did not differ (p>0.05) between groups. Total protein and globulin levels increase (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, while the seric alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decrease (p<0.05) in the end of experimental design. Cholesterol levels increase (p<0.05) in the supplemented animals, while triglycerides, albumin and urea not differ between groups (p>0.05). The feces of supplemented sheep not interfered the springtails reproduction. Conclusions. At the administered dose, the (PhSe)2 is not able to control the parasitism, however, it did increase the globulins and cholesterol levels, that are important to immune response and for sheep reproduction, respectively. Also, the feces of supplemented animals with (PhSe)2 can be used as organic fertilizing, without negative impacts to environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of parasites infections in horses, especially large and small strongyles, are indispensable, because these agents can produce cause serious damages, causing even the death of the animals. The control strategy applied in the most of times is based exclusively on the use of chemical compounds, without association of other methods, accelerating the selection of resistant parasite populations. Biological control performed with the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans has demonstrated promising results as alternative method. The fungus is able to resist the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses.When eliminated with the feces and under favorable environmental conditions the fungus colonizes the dung and exerts predation on immature larval stages of parasitic nematodes. Their use can promote the reduction of the number of infective larvae on the pasture and consequently the rate of infection of the animals. Moreover, it can be inserted in an integrated program of parasite control, reducing the dependence to the anthelmintic compounds and the selection of resistant nematodes. This review aims to address the main helminthes in equines and their forms of control, highlighting the potential of D. flagrans as an alternative to the biological control of parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Biological anaerobic wastewater treatment generates by-products such as sludge, a non-hazardous waste that requires treatment for its disposal. Objective. In this work, the effect of the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and alkaline stabilization with lime (CaO) on the reduction of sulfur and the viability of helminth eggs were respectively evaluated. The test was applied to the sludge from the biological anaerobic wastewater treatment plant of a chocolate factory. Materials and methods. A general description of the process and of the sludge generated in this particular wastewater treatment is given. Parameters such as pH, redox potential (Eh), average density, sedimentation rate, sulphide concentration and the viability of helminth eggs were determined. The treatment was performed by simulating the sludge dehydration process that takes place in the plant. The different amounts of CaO and H2O2 were supplied in accordance with the experimental design performed in Statgraphics. Results. Before applying the treatment, acid pH and negative redox potential values were found, obtained both along the Imhoff and at different depths. The sedimentation rate found corresponded to a disperse sludge. After the application of each treatment in the sludge, pH results were alkaline, the redox potential showed positive values at several points, and there was presence of viable helminth eggs before and after the procedure. Conclusion. The reduction of sulfur concentration had an efficiency of 98.56 %, yielding a non-reactive mud as a final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To synthesise evidence on the effect of handwashing promotion interventions targeting children, on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection and handwashing behaviour, in low- and middle-income country settings.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching eight databases, and reference lists were hand-searched for additional articles. Studies were reviewed for inclusion according to pre-defined inclusion criteria and the quality of all studies was assessed.Results: Eight studies were included in this review: seven cluster-randomised controlled trials and one cluster non-randomised controlled trial. All eight studies targeted children aged 5-12 attending primary school but were heterogeneous for both the type of intervention and the reported outcomes so results were synthesised qualitatively. None of the studies were of high quality and the large majority were at high risk of bias. The reported effect of child-targeted handwashing interventions on our outcomes of interest varied between studies. Of the different interventions reported, no one approach to promoting handwashing among children appeared most effective.Conclusion: Our review found very few studies that evaluated handwashing interventions targeting children and all had various methodological limitations. It is plausible that interventions which succeed in changing children's handwashing practices will lead to significant health impacts given that much of the attributable disease burden is concentrated in that age group. The current paucity of evidence in this area, however, does not permit any recommendations to be made as to the most effective route to increasing handwashing with soap practice among children in LMIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteroparasites in lettuce samples (Lactuca sativa) cultivated and marketed in the city of Americano do Brasil, Goiás. This is a cross-sectional, qualitative and descriptive study. Twenty-one samples of lettuce of the smooth, curly and American varieties of three vegetable gardens cultivated in the city were analyzed. Hoffman and Faust techniques were used for the analysis of the samples. It was observed that 76.16% (n = 16) of the vegetables analyzed were contaminated with parasite structures such as Entamoeba coli (28.57%), Giardia lamblia (14.2%), Entamoeba Histolytica, Endolimax nana (14.2%), and eggs of Ascaris lumbricoidis (14.2%), Balantidium coli (19.04%) and Enterobius vermouth (9.52%). Lettuces (Lactuca sativa) marketed in the municipality are transmitting powers of enteroparasites, and there is a need for specific measures that may prevent the contamination of these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide variation in the degree of resistance to nematode populations is observed in chemical groups, including the anthelmintics, which is the main obstacle to obtaining control of worms in the sheep industry. The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of nematodes of crossbred sheep in semi-intensive farming in three properties to levamisole, albendazole, ivermectin, closantel and monepantel) used in worming. Fecal samples were analyzed at three different times (before, 7 and 14 days after treatment) using the technique Gordon and Whitlock (EPG) processed and calculated by the formulas Efficacy = (1-[OPGtreat / OPGcontrol]) x100 and the formula Reduction OPG = 100 x [OPGt0 - OPGtn / OPGt0]. After the treatment groups differed significantly (p <0.05%) from before, however, animals treated with ivermectin in the after fourteenth days showed no significant difference when compared to the control group. In the fecal examinations the most common genera were Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus. In the first property, monepantel and albendazole showed the best EPG reduction results, the second property levamisole, closantel and monepantel showed significant results when compared to other drugs and in the third property the better EPG reduction results were levamisole and monepantel. In the properties A, B and C, resistant populations of nematodes to ivermectin were diagnosed. B and C on the properties, for nematode populations resistant to albendazole were diagnosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to detect helminth eggs and protozoan oocysts in samples of feces from birds of the order Passeriformes in Para State, Brazil. Fecal samples were collected individually from 403 passerine birds seized and kept in captivity in Para State. Samples were processed by the double centrifugation technique in saturated sucrose solution and the coccidial oocystpositive samples were submitted to sporulation in potassium dichromate 2.0%. Helminth eggs and/or protozoan oocysts were observed in 43.18% (174/403) of the fecal samples examined. Coccidial oocysts were detected in 93.68% (163/174) of the positive samples, whereas helminth eggs were observed in 10.34% (18/174) of the positive samples. Oocyst sporulation occurred in 43.56% (71/163) of the samples, and only Isospora spp. oocysts were detected. Nematode eggs of the superfamilies Trichostrongyloidea (4.60%; 8/174), Ascaridoidea (0.57%; 1/174), and Trichuroidea (0.57%; 1/174) were diagnosed in the positive samples. Cestoda eggs were diagnosed in 2.87% (5/174), whereas Trematoda eggs were detected in 2.30% (4/174) of positive samples. Passerine birds seized and kept in captivity in the visited local presented parasitism by intestinal helminths and protozoan, with a predominance of infection with coccidia of the gender Isospora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in preschool and school children of Celendín district, treated at the EsSalud medical center and find the presence of parasitic subtypes. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional research, conducted between July 2015 and January 2016 in the clinical laboratory service of EsSalud Medical Center of Celendín, Cajamarca. A data collection sheet was used for each participant to collect clinical data, demographic data and personal interaction. Parasitological samples of 96 children were processed by using direct examination, test of Graham and spontaneous sedimentation technique. Univariate analysis was used to find frequencies, percentages and standard deviations, and for the bivariate analysis we used Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to associate the degree of parasitism with each variable obtained. Results: The prevalence was 90.6% (87/96). Blastocystis hominis 81.2%, iodamoeba bütschlii 6.3%, Endolimax nana 19.8%, Entamoeba coli 35.4%, Chilomastix mesnilii 13.5%, Giardia lamblia 9.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 16.7% was found and Ascaris lumbricoides 1.0%. 20.8% (20/96) of the participants had similar structures to Urbanorum spp. Multiparasitism predominated (60.4%) and there was a statistically significant association between the level of education and parasitical degree (p = 0.017). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of parasitic infections in children in preschool and school age of Celendín district attended at the EsSalud medical center being Blastocystis hominis parasite the most predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths that parasitize the canine population represent a public health hazard. The principals parasites reported are Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum, generating infections with symptoms varied being the result of adaptation between the parasite and its host. In the world we have reported several studies on the presence of parasites in feces and floors on public places, which produce the clinical symptomatology in man, acquired by the accidental consumption instars that contaminate the soil. Taking into account the importance of this theme on public health and how these parasites can affect human and animal health, a systematic review was conducted in order to know the studies that have been conducted on the subject, identifying the associated factors the animal infection that can contribute to the design of control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of two covered lagoons, designed to treat the residues of the pig production farms P-3 and T-2.1 –belonging to the Association of Pig Producers of Yucatán, México– was evaluated, in order to verify the feasibility of implementing this technology in Cuba. The physical- chemical and microbiological indicators of the effluents were determined and the moment of their entrance and their removal from the digesters, and upon their exit from the stabilization lagoon. The digester of farm P-3 could remove more than 90 % of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and up to 71 % of the total suspended solids (TSS) present; while the digester of farm T-2.1 reached a removal of 78 % of the COD and 62 % of TSS. The sanitary analyses indicated that the total coliform bacteria showed an important decrease, from 2,4 x 108 to 1,7 x 103 in farm P-3 and from 4,2 x 107 to 2,7 x 103 in farm T-2.1. In both lagoons, the helminth eggs showed a reduction of 100 %. It is concluded that the covered lagoons had an adequate performance in the treatment of pig production residues, and that this technology is feasible to be used in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Foodborne Diseases syndromes are caused by the ingestion of food and / or water containing etiologic agents in such quantities that affect the health of the consumer. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of parasites, bacteria total coliform and fecal samples of lettuce and mussels sold in a public market Maceió-AL. 13 feet of lettuce and 20 samples of mussels that were collected from different boxes and individually wrapped in sterile plastic bags were evaluated. For parasitological analysis, the samples were weighed mussels and lettuce (50g) subsequently subjected to manual washing with 300 ml of distilled water. Then, the wash water was collected in an appropriate container, and this was analyzed by two techniques for detection of parasites: single spontaneous sedimentation and centrifugation. For microbiological analysis of samples of lettuce and mussels to the most probable number was used, using broth Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose presumptive test, bright green soup and broth Escherichia coli for the confirmatory test. Among the samples, 84.39 % were larvae Rhabdiasidae family, and 15.61 % of samples were negative, parasitic structures were not identified in the assessed mussels. Microbiological analysis in all samples of lettuce and mussels presented with results of > 1100 MPN / g for coliform bacteria indicates that these products have high microbiological contamination and should not be ingested by children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. These data indicate the need for guidance as to the hygiene of food handlers in the preparation of lettuces and mussels by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of food in natura is currently on the increase due to a disposition of the population in eating healthier food. However, the quality of this type of food with regard to microbiological quality is doubtful, since eating raw vegetables may transmit enteroparasites. Current analysis evaluates the parasite contamination of vegetables harvested and commercialized in kitchen gardens, fairs, supermarkets and restaurants in the town of Parnaíba PI Brazil. Four hundred and four samples of fresh vegetables were analyzed, of which 36 were harvested from kitchen gardens, 120 from open-air fairs, 120 from local supermarkets and 128 in restaurants (64 were pre-handled food and 64 were post-handled food). Vegetables were homogenized with distilled water and submitted to sedimentation for 24 h. The sediment was analyzed under a light microscope and revealed that 53% of vegetable samples were contaminated at significant degrees according to the collection sites (p<0.05). The most frequent parasites were Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana and larvae of Strongyloides spp. The number of protozoa was significantly higher when compared to that of helminths (p<0.05). Types of fertilizers, use and type of sanitization in restaurants and storing under refrigeration had a significant influence on the rates of parasites (p<0.05). There was a high contamination rate by parasites in vegetables from kitchen gardens, fairs, supermarkets and restaurants in Parnaíba PI Brazil. Fertilizers, sanitizers and storage modes were risk factors related to contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections, anemia, and malnutrition among children in the Paucartambo province of Cusco region, Peru, in light of demographic, socio-economic, and epidemiologic contextual factors. Methods. Children from three to twelve years old from six communities in Huancarani district in the highlands of Peru were evaluated for helminth infections, anemia, and nutritional status. Data collected included demographic variables, socioeconomic status, exposures, complete blood counts, and direct and sedimentation stool tests. Results. Of 240 children analyzed, 113 (47%) were infected with one or more parasites. Giardia (27.5%) and Fasciola (9.6%) were the most commonly identified organisms. Eosinophilia was encountered in 21% of the children. Anemia (48.8%) was associated with age (3-4 vs 5-12 years old; odds ratio (OR): 5.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.81-12.21). Underweight (10%) was associated with male sex (OR: 5.97; CI: 1.12-31.72), higher eosinophil count (OR: 4.67; CI: 1.31-16.68) and education of the mother (OR: 0.6; CI: 0.4-0.9). Stunting (31.3%) was associated with education of the mother (OR: 0.83; CI: 0.72-0.95); wasting (2.7%) was associated with higher eosinophil count (OR: 2.75; CI: 1.04-7.25). Conclusions. Anemia and malnutrition remain significant problems in the Peruvian highlands. These findings suggest that demographic factors, socio-economic status, and possibly parasitic infections intertwine to cause these health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL) in north-west Ethiopia is causing an overwhelming case load among adult migrant workers that masked the disease burden in children. This study describes the clinical profile and explores comorbidities in paediatric VL patients. Methods A prospective study at two hospitals in this region (Gondar and Humera) was conducted in a year period, 2011-2012. The clinical manifestations and comorbidities such as malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis and vitamin D deficiency and HIV infection were assessed, and treatment outcomes noted. Results A total of 122 children with VL were detected during the study period with median age of 8.5 years ( IQR 5-12 years); 23% were under 5 years. Eighty-five (69.7%) cases were male. The clinical manifestations were similar to the adult patients. High rates of malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis (47.5%) and hypovitaminosis D (56.4%) were detected. The proportion of stunting and wasting was 63% and 22.2% in children aged under five years, and 50.5% and 75.9% in 5-year and older children, respectively, using WHO standard growth curves. Only one child had HIV infection. In 95% of the cases, sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day for 30 days) was used for treatment. The treatment success rate at end of therapy was 98.3%, but the definitive outcome at 6 months could not be determined because of a high loss to follow-up (80.2%). Conclusion While HIV co-infection was rare, malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis and vitamin D deficiency were frequent indicating the need for further research on their role in the pathophysiology. Meanwhile, systematic assessment and management of malnutrition and intestinal parasitosis in VL programmes is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the prevalence and counting parasitism of different species of helminths of sheep from the microregion microregion of Jaboticabal of São Paulo state. For this, 66 animals naturally infected, four to 36 months of age, raised in pasture, were selected. The results of necropsy revealed the presence of seven genera and 12 species with the following prevalence and mean count: Haemonchus contortus: 100.0% (2947.2); Trichostrongylus colubriformis: 90.9% (3048.8); Cooperia curticei: 56.0% (256.5); Oesophagostomum columbianum: 48.4% (36.0); Cooperia punctata: 30.3% (94.5); Trichostrongylus axei: 22.7% (26.5); Strongyloides papillosus: 19.6% (83.0), Haemonchus contortus (L4): 7.5% (17.2), Cooperia pectinata: 10.6% (12.9), Trichuris ovis: 10.6 % (0.6); Cooperia spatulata 4.5% (0.3); Capillaria bovis: 4.5% (0.1). The mean parasitism of helminthswas 6524.7 per animal. Haemonchus contortus (adults and L4) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis corresponded to 45.4% and 46.7% of the average worm burden totally, respectively. Based in the results obtained in this study, can be concluded that the two most abundant species of helminths and important, the micro-region of Jaboticabal are Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus, and these two species amounted to 92.1% of the distribution percentage of helminths collected from all animals. These results demonstrate the importance of conducting a counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) in the herds of this region when FAMACHA is used on a particular property, since this method control does not allow to diagnostic the damage/ clinical signs in animals infected by T. colubriformis, because this specie does not have hematophagism habit on animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes the presence of a digenean in the red-eared turtle Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied- Neuwied, 1839) in marshes of the Valencian Community. The faeces and intestinal tract of 105 animals were examined. Only one helminth species was found and identified as the digenean trematode Telorchis atenuatta (Goldberger, 1911), present in the 7.6% of the animals analysed. This is the first report of the parasite in sliders from Spain. Although conclusions are preliminary due to the limited sampling, our results suggest that the presence of red-eared turtles in new habitats may increase the risk of introducing new microorganisms and new diseases with them, altering the sanitary status of the autochthonous terrapins Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) and Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]