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Background: Disappearances are a frequent phenomenon in the context of violent conflicts. Although it is widely assumed that relatives of missing people face particularly complex adaptation difficulties due to the uncertainty regarding the fate of their loved ones, little is known about the psychological and social consequences for those left behind. Objectives: The aim of this article is to provide an empirical overview on studies addressing ambiguous loss in violent conflicts as well as to highlight potential risk factors for negative mental health outcomes relevant in this group. Results: Due to the limited number of studies, only preliminary conclusions can be drawn. Studies show that the disappearance of a loved one can adversely affect mental health in a substantial number of those left behind. Studies indicate that relatives of missing persons suffer from higher psychological distress than bereaved persons with confirmed losses, particularly in terms of symptom severity of depression and prolonged grief reactions. Research on factors contributing to these mental health outcomes suggests an elevated risk for exposure to traumatic events and lack of social support among relatives of missing persons. The extent of hope regarding the fate of the missing loved one might prevent relatives from achieving closure and facilitate prolonged grief reactions. Lack of grief rituals and complex family dynamics may furthermore exacerbate coping with the loss. Conclusion: Future research should focus on the verification of these findings and evaluate the impact of resilience factors that can protect relatives from maladaptive mental health consequences. Research in this regard can help identify persons at high risk and allow the development of adequate and effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]