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This paper is devoted to studying the weighted boundedness and compactness of commutators of Marcinkiewicz integral related to Schrödinger operators. We show that the commutators of Marcinkiewicz integral related to Schrödinger operators with pointwise multiplication with functions in BMO (σ) space are weighted L p (p > 1) bounded and with functions in CMO (σ) space are compact operators when acting on weighted Lebesgue spaces. As a byproduct, the weighted compactness of commutators of maximal operator associated with Schrödinger operators is given. Here BMO (σ) is a function space which is larger than the classical BMO space and CMO (σ) denotes the closure of C c ∞ (R d) in the BMO (σ) topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the parabolic off-diagonal Muckenhoupt Ap,q+ weights. We reveal the properties of these weights, and our main results characterize them through weak-type and strong-type weighted norm inequalities for the fractional forward-in-time maximal operator. Moreover, our results cover some well-known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L = - Δ + V be a Schrödinger operator with the potential V belonging to the reverse Hölder class B q , q > n / 2 . Denote by CMO θ (ρ) the vanishing mean oscillation type space associated with L. By the aid of the regularity estimates of the fractional heat kernel related with L, we investigate the weighted boundedness and compactness of the commutators of operators generated by fractional heat semigroups related to L and functions belonging to CMO θ (ρ) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish the sharp constant for q -analogus of Hausdorff operators on central q -Morrey spaces. As applications, the sharp constants for the q -analogus of Hardy operator and its dual operator, the q -analogue of Hardy-Littlewood-Pólya operator, and the q -analogue of Hilbert operator on central q -Morrey spaces are deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let E ⊂ R be a closed set, which has nonzero Hausdorff dimension and some other properties. For some t > 0 , we proved the three- point patterns x , x + t , x + γ (t) belong to E, where γ (t) is a convex curve with some curvature constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtain the weighted boundedness for the local multi(sub)linear Hardy–Littlewood maximal operators and local multilinear fractional integral operators associated with the local Muckenhoupt weights on Gaussian measure spaces. We deal with these problems by introducing a new pointwise equivalent "radial" definitions of these local operators. Moreover, using a similar approach, we also get the weighted boundedness for the local fractional maximal operators with rough kernel and local fractional integral operators with rough kernel on Gaussian measure spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a class of fractional Hardy type operators Hβ1,β2,...,βm defined on higher-dimensional product spaces ℝn1×ℝn2×⋯×ℝnm and use novel methods to obtain their sharp bounds. In particular, we optimize the result due to S. M. Wang, S. Z. Lu, and D. Y. Yan [Sci. China Math., 2012, 55(12): 2469-2480]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) can be used to analyze the homology among the drug resistance gene cassettes in Salmonella and determine the prevalence. Information extracted using this technique can provide a theoretical basis for hospitals to devise protocols to control Salmonella infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between drug resistance and integrons in clinical isolates of Salmonella from human fecal samples. Therefore, in the present study, 52 clinical fecal isolates of non-duplicate (i.e., not genome contamination) Salmonella were harvested from children with diarrhea and used for bacterial identification using biochemical tests, drug susceptibility analysis by antibiotic susceptibility testing and serotype identification using an agglutination assay. In total, seven Salmonella housekeeping genes (chorismate synthase, β sliding clamp of DNA polymerase III, uroporphyrinogen-III synthase, histidinol dehydrogenase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase catalytic subunit, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component and homoserine dehydrogenase) were amplified and sequenced using MLST, before sequence alignment was performed against the Pub MLST database to determine the sequence-typed (ST) strains and construct genotypic evolutionary diagrams. Subsequently, the 52 Salmonella strains were subdivided into 11 serotypes and 11 sequence types. The dominant subtypes were found to be Salmonella typhimurium ST34 and ST19, which were diversely distributed. However, no new subtypes were found. Although the serotypes, including ST19, ST29, ST34, ST40, ST11, ST27, ST469, ST365, ST1499, ST413 and ST588, were closely associated with the MLST subtype, they did not correspond entirely. The detection rate of class I integrons was 38.46% (20/52), but no class II and III integrons were detected. The variable regions of three of 20 class I integrons were found to be amplified, whereas nine gene cassettes, including dihydrofolate reductase A12, open reading frame F, aminoglycoside-adenylyltransferase (aad)A2, aadA22, aadA23, aadA1, cadmium-translocating P-type ATPase 2, lincosamide and linF, were associated with drug resistance. These data suggest that Class I integrons are important factors underlying drug resistance in Salmonella, which may serve a role in the spread of drug resistance and warrant specific focus. In addition, MLST typing and serotyping should be applied cooperatively in epidemiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis is deadly and also tough to treat as it is much more complicated than the primary tumour. Anti-metastasis approaches available so far are far from being optimal. A variety of nanomedicine formulae provide a plethora of opportunities for developing new strategies and means for tackling metastasis. It should be noted that individualized anti-metastatic nanomedicines are different from common anti-cancer nanomedicines as they specifically target different populations of malignant cells. This review briefly introduces the features of the metastatic cascade, and proposes a series of nanomedicine-based anti-metastasis strategies aiming to block each metastatic step. Moreover, we also concisely introduce the advantages of several promising nanoparticle platforms and their potential for constructing state-of-the-art individualized anti-metastatic nanomedicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A hierarchical theranostic nanostructure with carbon and Si nanocrystals respectively encapsulated in the mesopores and within the framework of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CS-MSNs) was constructed by a bottom-up self-assembly strategy combining an in situ one-step carbonization/crystallization approach. CS-MSNs exhibited narrow size distribution, high payload of insoluble drugs and unique NIR-to-Vis luminescence imaging feature. The bio-conjugated CS-MSNs with a PEGylated phospholipid compound and hyaluronic acid showed excellent dispersivity and could specifically target cancer cells overexpressing CD44, deliver insoluble drugs into these cells and consequently kill them effectively, and also fluorescently image them simultaneously in a unique and attractive NIR-to-Vis luminescence imaging fashion, providing a promising opportunity for cancer theranostics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A type of pH-responsive nano multi-drug delivery systems (nano-MDDSs) with uniform particle size (100 ± 13 nm) and excellent monodispersity was developed by in situ co-self-assembly among water-insoluble anti-cancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX), surfactant micelles (CTAB) as chemosensitiver and silicon species forming drugs/surfactant micelles-co-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (drugs@micelles@MSNs or DOX@CTAB@MSNs) via a micelles–MSNs self-assembly mechanism. The nano-MDDS DOX@CTAB@MSNs had a highly precise pH-responsive drug release behavior both in vitro and in vivo, and exhibited high drug efficiencies against drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells as well as drug-sensitive MCF-7 cells by the MSNs-mediated transmembrane delivery, the sustained drug release and the high anti-cancer and multi-drug resistance (MDR)-overcoming efficiencies. The MDR-overcoming mechanism was proved to be a synergistic cell cycle arrest/apoptosis-inducing effect resulted from the chemosensitization of the surfactant CTAB. These results demonstrated a very promising nano-MDDS for the pH-responsive controlled drug release and the cancer MDR overcoming. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The rhodamine B (RhB) covalently grafted SBA-15-structured mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-RhB) of high surface area (750 m2 g−1), large pore volume (0.7 cm3 g−1), uniform particle size (about 400 nm) and positively charged surface (29.6 ± 5.0 mV), has been developed as a drug delivery system (SAB@MSNs-RhB) for anti-ROS (reactive oxygen species)/hepatic fibrosis by loading a negatively charged drug salvianolic acid B (SAB). The dosage formulation SAB@MSNs-RhB effectively protected the loaded drug SAB from decomposition. The multi-release experimental results showed that SAB@MSNs-RhB exhibited an outstanding SAB sustained-release property, and relatively high SAB release rates and concentrations in a long term after the consumption of previously released SAB as compared to SAB loaded MSNs (SAB@MSNs) of negatively charged surface (−31.1 ± 2.6 mV). The influences of the drug concentration, incubation time, drug formula and drug carrier on the ROS level, proliferative activity and cytotoxicity of LX-2 cells were evaluated. The results showed that the inhibiting effect of SAB@MSNs-RhB on the ROS level and proliferative activity of LX-2 cells was more remarkable than free SAB in a long term (72 h), and became more intensive with the increase of the sample concentration and the incubation time. SAB@MSNs-RhB enhanced the cellular drug uptake, the drug bioaccessability and efficacy for anti-ROS/hepatic fibrosis via the nanoparticles-mediated endocytosis and the sustained release of the drug. There was no visible cytotoxicity of free SAB, MSNs-RhB and SAB@MSNs-RhB against LX-2 cells in a broad concentration range (0.5–100 μm) and incubation time periods up to 72 h. The blood compatibility of the carrier MSNs-RhB was evaluated by investigating the hemolysis and coagulation behaviors in a broad concentration range (50–500 μg mL−1) under in vitro conditions. The results suggested that MSNs-RhB possessed good blood compatibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A previously unexpected three-stage degradation behavior of surfactant-extracted MCM-41-type mesoporous silica (MS) in simulated body fluid (SBF) on two time-scales, involving an extraordinarily fast bulk degradation stage on hour-scale and a decelerated degradation stage blocked by the formation of calcium/magnesium silicate layer followed by a maintained slow diffusion stage on day-scale, has been revealed. The great effect of the initial concentration and specific surface area of MS on its three-stage degradation behavior has been investigated and well-understood by kinetic simulation and calculation in combination with experimental data. The results indicate that both low specific surface areas and high concentrations will result in the reduction of the degradation percentage and the prolongation of the degradation. MS can almost degraded thoroughly after 15-day immersion at 0.5mgmL−1 in SBF. The degradation behaviors of calcined MS and conventional non-mesoporous amorphous silica have been compared with that of extracted MS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Three types of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Surf@MSNs) of 150–660nm in diameter were developed as anticancer drug delivery systems. The Surf@MSNs exhibit the high drug (surfactant) loading capacities, the sustained drug (surfactant) release profiles and the high and long-term anticancer efficacy. The effects of the Surf@MSNs concentration, the type of the contained surfactants and the incubation time on the cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of MCF-7 cells were evaluated. A common anticancer drug CPT-11 was also loaded into surfactant-free MSNs (CPT@MSNs) and used as a reference for estimating the anticancer efficacies of Surf@MSNs. Surfactant-extracted MSNs exhibited neglectable cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cell, and free surfactants exhibited higher cytotoxicity than free CPT-11 at the same concentration. The endocytosis enhanced the drug uptake by MCF-7 cells and the anticancer efficacies of Surf@MSNs and CPT@MSNs, and more surfactants would be released in a longer term, which led to the more significant enhancement of the cytotoxicity, than CPT-11 with the process of incubation. Among the investigated Surf@MSNs, CTAB-contained MSNs (CTAB@MSNs) show remarkably higher long-term anticancer efficacy than CPT-11-loaded surfactant-free MSNs (CPT@MSNs), even at very low concentrations of 2–15μgmL−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Highly ordered MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with particle sizes of 150 ± 20 nm were prepared and PEGylated by covalently grafting PEGxk chains of different molecular weights (x = 4, 6, 10, 20) and chain densities (0.05 wt%–3.75 wt%) on the outer surface. The influence of molecular weights and chain densities of PEGxk on the nonspecific binding of PEGylated MSNs to human serum protein (HSA) was investigated. The results revealed that the optimal molecular weights should be not less than 10k, and the corresponding optimal chain densities for PEG10k–MSNs and PEG20k–MSNs were 0.75 wt% and 0.075 wt%, respectively, and the resultant minimum HSA adsorbance (2.5%) on PEGxk–MSNs was far less than that on MSNs (18.7%) without PEGylation. Under the optimal conditions for the minimum HSA adsorbance, the phagocytosis of human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cell line-derived macrophages (THP-1 macrophages) and the hemolysis of human red blood cells (HRBCs) were investigated with MSNs and PEGylated MSNs. A minimum THP-1 phagocytosis percentage (0.1%) and a very low HRBCs hemolysis percentage (0.9%) of PEG10k–MSNs were obtained, which were much lower than those (8.6% and 14.2%, respectively) of MSNs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under a neutral condition, monodispersed mesoporous silica nano-spheres (MSNs) with controllable size were synthesized. The effects of temperature, structure-directing agent (SDA), co-surfactant/co-solvent propanetriol (PT) and multistep addition modes on particle size and the dispersivity of MSNs were studied. The results showed that MSNs became bigger and more uniform in size with the increase of the temperature. Compared with single surfactant, the use of cationic–nonionic composite surfactants of CTAB and Brij-56 as SDA resulted in the improved dispersivity and regularity of spherical shape, and the decreased particle size of MSNs. PT as additive effectively improved the monodispersivity of MSNs. With the gradual increase of the PT concentration, PT played a role of co-surfactant at first and then of co-solvent, resulting in an unusual dependence of the particle size of MSNs on the PT concentration. Multistep addition modes further contributed to the uniformity and bigger size of MSNs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of efficient therapeutic agents with low side effects for inflammatory bowel disease management is a longstanding challenge. Recently, hydrogen molecule (H2) is identified as an emerging spectrum‐wide, effective, and biosafe anti‐inflammatory agent, but intestine‐targeted H2 delivery is still challenging. Here, an intestine‐targeted controlled hydrogen‐releasing microcapsule (MgH2@EC@ES) is developed by confining abundant MgH2 microparticles in the hydrophobic network of ethyl cellulose (EC) before being encapsulated with Eudragit S100 (ES) by a multistep microemulsion method. The pH‐responsive swelling feature of ES enables MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules to escape from the stomach after oral administration and to hydrolytically produce a high amount of H2 in the intestinal tract in a sustained way. High‐dose oral administration of MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules exhibits a high outcome of colitis prevention, which is comparable to the first‐line drug 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) in the changes of body/spleen weights and disease activity and even better in the recovery of colon length and the improvement of histopathological change in the colon than 5‐ASA in a colitis mouse model. Mechanically, it is innovatively revealed that H2 released from MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules protects the complexes in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain from oxidative damage to enhance the energy metabolism of intestinal cells in support of mucosal restoration in colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel hollow micro/mesoporous organosilica nanospheres (HMOSNs) of uniform diameter and shell thickness of about 90 nm and 15 nm, respectively, and with wormlike micro/mesoporous shell full of uramido groups, have been successfully fabricated by a facile one-pot route. The micro/mesoporosity of the synthesized HMOSNs has been characterized by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The drug storage and release properties of the synthetic HMOSNs are measured by using ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug, and a high drug storage capacity of 531 mg IBU per gram HMOSNs and a steady drug release behavior are exhibited. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Flowerlike porous carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) spheres were first synthesized by the template-directed self-assembly method in a high-pressure system. The product was characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that flowerlike porous CHAp spheres were obtained, that the average granularity of porous CHAp spheres is about 20 μm, that the average aperture is about 1 μm, and that the average thickness of flakes is about 50 nm. Great amounts of OH channels, high special surface area and regular spherical shape imply potential applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we study the sharp bounds for the generalized m -linear n -dimensional p -adic Hardy-Littlewood-Pólya operator on central and noncentral p -adic Morrey spaces with power weight. As an application, the sharp bounds for the p -adic Hardy-Littlewood-Pólya operator on corresponding Morrey spaces are obtained. These results generalize substantially some well-known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging and promising treatment method, gas therapy has attracted more and more attention for treatment of inflammation-related diseases, especially cancer. However, therapeutic/therapy-assisted gases (NO, CO, H2S, H2, O2, SO2 and CO2) and most of their prodrugs lack the abilities of active intratumoral accumulation and controlled gas release, resulting in limited cancer therapy efficacy and potential side effects. Therefore, development of nanomedicines to realize tumor-targeted and controlled release of therapeutic/therapy-assisted gases is greatly desired, and also the combination of other therapeutic modes with gas therapy by multifunctional nanocarrier platforms can augment cancer therapy efficacy and also reduce their side effects. The design of nanomedicines with these functions is vitally important, but challenging. In this review, we summarize a series of engineering strategies for construction of advanced gas-releasing nanomedicines from four aspects: (1) stimuli-responsive strategies for controlled gas release; (2) catalytic strategies for controlled gas release; (3) tumor-targeted gas delivery strategies; (4) multi-model combination strategies based on gas therapy. Moreover, we highlight current issues and gaps in knowledge, and envisage current trends and future prospects of advanced nanomedicines for gas therapy of cancer. This review aims to inspire and guide the engineering of advanced gas-releasing nanomedicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtain the sharp bound for fractional conjugate Hardy operator on higher-dimensional product spaces from L 1 ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m to the space w L Q ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m and L p ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m to the space L q ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m . More generally, the operator norm of the fractional Hardy operator on higher-dimensional product spaces from L P ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m to L Q I ℝ n 1 × ⋯ × ℝ n m is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially being considered as an environmental pollutant, nitric oxide has gained the momentum of research since its discovery as endothelial derived growth factor in 1987. Extensive researches have revealed the various pathological and physiological roles of nitric oxide such as inflammation, vascular and neurological regulation functions. Hence, the development of methods for quantifying nitric oxide concentration and its metabolites will be beneficial to well know about its biological functions and effects. This review summaries various methods for in vitro and in vivo nitric oxide detection, and introduces their merits and demerits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present work, we developed a type of novel hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquid (HBPIL) that was derived from 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium (AMIM), 1-allyl-3-methylpyridinium (AMPy), or 1-allyl-1-methylpiperidinium (AMPIP) cation with different anions, tetrafluoroborate (BF4), bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide (NTF2), and hexafluorophosphate (PF6), to elucidate the role of cations and anions on the reactivity and mechanical properties. The blending of HBPILs with bisphenol-F-based benzoxazines decreased the temperature required for opening the rings of the benzoxazines and improved the mechanical performances and thermal behaviors of the formed polybenzoxazoles. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry, TGA, and Fourier transform infrared data exhibited the following differences: (i) the curing process was correlated to the structural differences of the anions, and the onset temperature was lower for the HBPIL with the PF6 anion in comparison to those with the NTF2 and BF4 anions; (ii) the type of cation had a significant influence on the curing reactivity of the benzoxazines, with the highest catalytic activity observed for the HBPIL containing AMIM, compared to those with (AMPy) and (AMPIP). Furthermore, the higher catalytic activity of the HBPILs for the benzoxazines suggested a higher crosslink density of the cured resin, which enabled the glass transition temperature to shift to a higher value and enhanced the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the obtained polybenzoxazoles. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids with different cations and anions were by a thiol-ene click reaction. • Hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids have significantly improved mechanical properties and thermal stability of benzoxazine. • Hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids reduced the ring-opening polymerization temperature of benzoxazines. • The in situ reinforcing and toughening mechanism has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor heterogeneity makes routine drugs difficult to penetrate solid tumors, limiting their therapy efficacies. Based on high tissue penetrability of hydrogen molecules (H2) and ultrasound (US) and the immunomodulation effects of H2 and lactic acid (LA), this work proposes a novel strategy of US‐driven piezoelectrocatalytic tumor immunoactivation for high‐efficacy therapy of deep tumors by piezoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation and LA deprivation. A kind of US‐responsive piezoelectric SnS nanosheets (SSN) is developed to realize US‐triggered local hydrogen production and simultaneous LA deprivation in deep tumors. The proof‐of‐concept experiments which are executed on an orthotopic liver cancer model have verified that intratumoral SSN‐medicated piezoelectrocatalytically generated H2 liberates effector CD8+ T cells from the immunosuppression of tumor cells through down‐regulating PD‐L1 over‐expression, and simultaneous LA deprivation activates CD8+ T cells by inhibiting regulatory T cells, efficiently co‐activating tumor immunity and achieving a high outcome of liver tumor therapy with complete tumor eradication and 100% mice survival. The proposed strategy of US‐driven piezoelectrocatalytic tumor immunoactivation opens a safe and efficient pathway for deep tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits to intracellular drug delivery from nanomedicine have been limited by biological barriers and to some extent by targeting capability. We investigated a size-controlled, dual tumor-mitochondria-targeted theranostic nanoplatform (Porphyrin-PEG Nanocomplexes, PPNs). The maximum tumor accumulation (15.6 %ID g−1, 72 h p.i.) and ideal tumor-to-muscle ratio (16.6, 72 h p.i.) was achieved using an optimized PPN particle size of approximately 10 nm, as measured by using PET imaging tracing. The stable coordination of PPNs with 177Lu enables the integration of fluorescence imaging (FL) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and internal radiotherapy (RT). Furthermore, the efficient tumor and mitochondrial uptake of 177Lu-PPNs greatly enhanced the efficacies of RT and/or PDT. This work developed a facile approach for the fabrication of tumor-targeted multi-modal nanotheranostic agents, which enables precision and radionuclide-based combination tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits to intracellular drug delivery from nanomedicine have been limited by biological barriers and to some extent by targeting capability. We investigated a size-controlled, dual tumor-mitochondria-targeted theranostic nanoplatform (Porphyrin-PEG Nanocomplexes, PPNs). The maximum tumor accumulation (15.6 %ID g−1, 72 h p.i.) and ideal tumor-to-muscle ratio (16.6, 72 h p.i.) was achieved using an optimized PPN particle size of approximately 10 nm, as measured by using PET imaging tracing. The stable coordination of PPNs with 177Lu enables the integration of fluorescence imaging (FL) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and internal radiotherapy (RT). Furthermore, the efficient tumor and mitochondrial uptake of 177Lu-PPNs greatly enhanced the efficacies of RT and/or PDT. This work developed a facile approach for the fabrication of tumor-targeted multi-modal nanotheranostic agents, which enables precision and radionuclide-based combination tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great challenge to effectively eradicate biofilm and cure biofilm-infected diseases because dense extracellular polymeric substance matrix prevents routine antibacterial agents from penetrating into biofilm. H2 is an emerging energy-regulating molecule possessing both high biosafety and high tissue permeability. In this work, we propose a concept of sonocatalytic hydrogen/hole-combined 'inside/outside-cooperation' anti-biofilm for promoting bacteria-infected diabetic wound healing based on two-dimensional piezoelectric nanomaterials. Proof-of-concept experiments using C3N4 nanosheets as a representative piezoelectric catalyst with wide band gap and high biosafety have verified that sonocatalytically generated H2 and holes rapidly penetrate into biofilm to inhibit bacterial energy metabolism and oxidatively deprive polysaccharides/NADH in biofilm to destroy the bacterial membrane/electron transport chain, respectively, inside/outside-cooperatively eradicating biofilm. A bacteria-infected diabetic wound model is used to confirm the excellent in vivo antibacterial performance of sonocatalytic hydrogen/hole-combined therapy, remarkably improving bacteria-infected diabetic wound healing. The proposed strategy of sonocatalytic hole/hydrogen-combined 'inside/outside-cooperation' will make a highway for treatment of deep-seated biofilm infection. A concept of sonocatalytic hydrogen/hole-combined 'inside/outside-cooperation' anti-biofilm is proposed for efficient hydrogen generation and local polysaccharide/NADH oxidation, which inhibits bacterial aspiration inside biofilm and destroys the surface structure of biofilm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new ultrasound-assisted chemical etching method based on the Fenton reaction has been proposed to synthesize two-dimension nanomaterials. • A novel kind of iron boride nanosheets with NIR-photothermal effect was developed. • Iron boride nanosheets have been developed for cancer theranostics for the first time. The development of biosafe near infrared (NIR)-photothermal nanomaterials is meaningful for tumor-targeted photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging for high-performance theranostics, but still challenging. Herein, we propose a new ultrasound-assisted chemical etching method based on the Fenton reaction to synthesize a novel kind of two-dimensional iron boride nanosheets (FBN) as NIR-photothermal nanomaterials. The developed FBN theranostic agent exhibits high NIR adsorption and NIR-photothermal conversion efficiencies, realizing biosafe and high efficacy of photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor-targeted NIR-photothermal therapy of tumor mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel upconversion luminescence transparent glass has been successfully synthesized from Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped zeolite powder by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method through the order–disorder transition process. XRD was used to detect the order–disorder transition process of each phase after SPS. These zeolite-derived silica glasses showed enhanced upconversion luminescence under the excitation of 980nm diode laser, which was caused by the change of phonon energy according to the results of Raman spectrum, and the corresponding energy transfer mechanism was also discussed in detail. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of stimuli‐responsively degradable porous carriers for both controlled drug release and high biosafety is vitally important to their clinical translation, but still challenging at present. A new type of porphyrin–iron metal organic framework (Fe‐MOF) nanocrystals is engineered here as acid‐degradable drug carrier and hydrogen donor by the coordination between porphyrin and zero‐valence Fe atom. Fe‐MOF nanocrystals exhibit excellent acid‐responsive degradation for H2 generation and simultaneous release of the loaded drug for combined hydrogen‐chemotherapy of cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) and metastasis and for local hydrogen eradication of the off‐target induced toxic side effects of the drug to normal cells/tissues. Mechanistically, released H2 assists chemotherapeutic drug to efficiently inhibit cancer metastasis by immunoactivating intratumoral M1‐phenotype macrophages and consequently downregulating the expression of metastasis‐related matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and can also downregulate the expressions of both P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) protein and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in MDR cancer cells to sensitize chemotherapeutic drug for enhanced damage to mitochondria and DNA. High anti‐MDR/antimetastasis efficacies and high biocompatibility endow Fe‐MOF nanocrystals and the Fe‐MOF‐based nanomedicine with high potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the biomedical effects and mechanisms of hydrogen molecules urgently needs hydrogen molecular imaging probes as an imperative tool, but the development of these probes is extremely challenging. A catalytic hydrogenation strategy is proposed to design and synthesize a ratiometric fluorescent probe by encapsulating Pd nanoparticles and conjugating azido‐/coumarin‐modified fluorophore into mesoporous silica nanoparticles, realizing in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of hydrogen molecules. The developed hydrogen probe exhibits high sensitivity, rapid responsivity, high selectivity and low detection limit, enabling rapid and real‐time detection of hydrogen molecules both in cells and in the body of animal and plant. By application of the developed fluorescent probe, we have directly observed the super‐high transmembrane and ultrafast transport abilities of hydrogen molecules in cells, animals and plants, and discovered in vivo high diffusion of hydrogen molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the biomedical effects and mechanisms of hydrogen molecules urgently needs hydrogen molecular imaging probes as an imperative tool, but the development of these probes is extremely challenging. A catalytic hydrogenation strategy is proposed to design and synthesize a ratiometric fluorescent probe by encapsulating Pd nanoparticles and conjugating azido‐/coumarin‐modified fluorophore into mesoporous silica nanoparticles, realizing in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of hydrogen molecules. The developed hydrogen probe exhibits high sensitivity, rapid responsivity, high selectivity and low detection limit, enabling rapid and real‐time detection of hydrogen molecules both in cells and in the body of animal and plant. By application of the developed fluorescent probe, we have directly observed the super‐high transmembrane and ultrafast transport abilities of hydrogen molecules in cells, animals and plants, and discovered in vivo high diffusion of hydrogen molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is one of major obstacles to the effective cancer chemotherapy. In this report we demonstrate the effective circumvention of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by an active nuclear-targeted drug delivery system that was constructed by conjugating TAT peptide onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-TAT). The conjugation of TAT peptide facilitated the intranuclear localization of MSNs-TAT and the release of the encapsulated drugs directly within the nucleoplasm. The direct intranuclear drug delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in multidrug resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells was capable of increasing the intracellular as well as intranuclear drug concentrations much more effectively than free DOX or delivered by MSNs in the absence of TAT peptide. With the nuclear drug delivery fashion, DOX-MSNs-TAT presents a promising strategy in overcoming MDR in cancer cells and improving the therapeutic index of currently available chemotherapeutics by enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Regular spherical mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBG-MSs) with tunable SiO-CaO-PO composition and adjustable mesoporous structure have been synthesized by a new approach of emulsification and solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly. Less ordered mesostructure and enhanced bioactivity resulting from the addition of CaO are investigated through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction characterizations. The MBG-MSs have high storage capacities and sustained release patterns of anti-osteoporosis (alendronate sodium, NaAL) drugs which are hardly absorbed via oral administration. Furthermore, to some extent the dosage and release rate could also be controlled by CaO content. Cell viability and proliferation assay with rabbit bone marrow stromal cells indicates a positive effect of the CaO/PO components on improving the cell growth cumulatively in about 2 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hydroxybenzene formaldehyde resins with high surface area (up to 1000m2 g−1), high pore volume (up to 2.4cm3 g−1) and adjustable pore size distribution have been synthesized by a facile one-pot method. The pore formation was confirmed to be a hypercrosslinked mechanism. These results extend the synthetic methods of hypercrosslinked polymers from conventional nonaqueous Friedel–Crafts condensation to aqueous phenol–aldehyde reaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A mesostructured composite catalyst, Pt–SnO2 supported on graphitized mesoporous carbon (GMC), has been prepared and its electrochemical activity for methanol oxidation has been investigated. The materials were characterized by XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDX spectrum and N2 sorption techniques. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and steady-state polarization tests were adopted to characterize the electro-catalytic activities of the materials for methanol oxidation. The results show that, the overall methanol electro-oxidation catalytic activity of the mesostructured composite catalyst, 20wt.% PtSnO2 (1:1, mass ratio)/GMC, is obviously higher than that of 20wt.% PtSnO2/C with commercial carbon black as support under the same loading amount of Pt–SnO2 catalysts, and is also much higher than that of commercial catalyst 20wt.% Pt/C at half Pt using amount. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The integration of biomaterials with cells for high overall performances is vitally important in tissue engineering, as scaffold‐free cell sheet lacks enough mechanical performance and cell viability while cell‐free scaffold possesses limited biological functions. In this study, we propose a new strategy to strengthen cell sheets and enhance cell activity for accelerating wound healing based on a novel sandwich structure of cell sheet‐plasmid@membrane‐cell sheet (CpMC). Specifically, the CpMC contains two adipose‐derived stem cell (ADSC) sheets on outer surfaces and an electrospun gelatin/chitosan nanofibrous membrane (NFM) encapsulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plasmids in between. The physicochemical properties of NFM including swelling, stiffness, strength, elasticity, and biodegradation can be tailored by simply adjusting the ratio between gelatin and chitosan to be 7:3 which is optimal for most effectively supporting ADSCs adhesion and proliferation. The swelling/biodegradation of NFM mediates the sustained release of encapsulated VEGF plasmids into adjacent ADSCs, and NFM assists VEGF plasmids to promote the differentiation of ADSCs into endothelial, epidermal, and fibroblast cells, in support of the neoangiogenesis and regeneration of cutaneous tissues within 2 weeks. The proposed membrane‐supporting cell sheet strategy provides a new route to tissue engineering, and the developed CpMC demonstrates a high potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photothermal therapy (PTT) frequently cause thermal resistance in tumor cells by inducing the heat shock response, limiting its therapeutic effect. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with appropriate concentration can reverse the Warburg effect in cancer cells. The combination of PTT with H2S gas therapy is expected to achieve synergistic tumor treatment. Methods: Here, sulourea (Su) is developed as a thermosensitive/hydrolysable H2S donor to be loaded into Pd nanocubes through in-depth coordination for construction of the Pd-Su nanomedicine for the first time to achieve photo-controlled H2S release, realizing the effective combination of photothermal therapy and H2S gas therapy. Results: The Pd-Su nanomedicine shows a high Su loading capacity (85 mg g−1), a high near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion efficiency (69.4%), and NIR-controlled H2S release by the photothermal-triggered hydrolysis of Su. The combination of photothermal heating and H2S produces a strong synergetic effect by H2S-induced inhibition of heat shock response, thereby effectively inhibiting tumor growth. Moreover, high intratumoral accumulation of the Pd-Su nanomedicine after intravenous injection also enables photothermal/photoacoustic dual-mode imaging-guided tumor treatment. Conclusions: The proposed NIR-responsive heat/H2S release strategy provides a new approach for effective cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal nanotheranostics, especially in the near infrared II (NIR-II) region, exhibits a great potential in precision and personalized medicine, owing to high tissue penetration of NIR-II light. NIR-II-photothermal nanoplatforms with high biocompatibility as well as high photothermal effect are urgently needed but rarely reported so far. Te nanomaterials possess high absorbance to NIR-II light but also exhibit high cytotoxicity, impeding their biomedical applications. In this work, the controllable incorporation of biocompatible Se into the lattice of Te nanostructures is proposed to intrinsically tune their inherent cytotoxicity and enhance their biocompatibility, developing TeSex nano-alloys as a new kind of theranostic nanoplatform. We have uncovered that the cytotoxicity of Te nanomaterials primarily derives from irreversible oxidation stress and intracellular imbalance of organization and energy, and can be eliminated by incorporating a moderate proportion of Se (x = 0.43). We have also discovered that the as-prepared TeSex nano-alloys have extraordinarily high NIR-II-photothermal conversion efficiency (77.2%), 64Cu coordination and computed tomography contrast capabilities, enabling high-efficacy multimodal photothermal/photoacoustic/positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging-guided NIR-II-photothermal therapy of cancer. The proposed nano-alloying strategy provides a new route to improve the biocompatibility of biomedical nanoplatforms and endow them with versatile theranostic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel glucose-responsive controlled release of insulin system is constructed through coating enzyme multilayers on mesoporous silica particles (MSPs). The MSPs serve as the drug reservoir, and the enzyme multilayers cross-linked with glutaraldehyde act as a valve to control the release of insulin in response to the external glucose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimetre-sized mesoporous carbon spheres (MMCSs) with smooth surface and penetrating mesoporous channels have been successfully prepared by an emulsion-EISA technique, and are found to be a much better bilirubin adsorbent than commercial activated carbon spheres. Hemolysis and coagulation assays of MMCSs indicate that they have negligible hemolysis effect and do not induce blood coagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(NO), a small free radical, plays a regulative role in some important physiological processes and exhibits exceptional therapeutic potential in the field of cardiovascular homeostasis, immune response, bone metabolism, neurotransmission, and cancer.[[1]],[[2]],[[3]],[[4]],[[5]] NO was first discovered by Joseph Priestly in 1722 and was considered as an environmental pollutant. Moreover, they also demonstrate the downregulation of interferon- in lymphocytes after NO treatment tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which provides an immune perspective to employ NO for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Significance of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis, tumor progression and cancer therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Nanocarriers are employed to deliver photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) through the enhanced penetration and retention effect, but disadvantages including the premature leakage and non‐selective release of photosensitizers still exist. Herein, we report a 1O2‐responsive block copolymer (POEGMA‐b‐P(MAA‐co‐VSPpaMA) to enhance PDT via the controllable release of photosensitizers. Once nanoparticles formed by the block copolymer have accumulated in a tumor and have been taken up by cancer cells, pyropheophorbide a (Ppa) could be controllably released by singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by light irradiation, enhancing the photosensitization. This was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and in vivo fluorescence imaging. The 1O2‐responsiveness of POEGMA‐b‐P(MAA‐co‐VSPpaMA) block copolymer enabled the realization of self‐amplified photodynamic therapy by the regulation of Ppa release using NIR illumination. This may provide a new insight into the design of precise PDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocarriers are employed to deliver photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) through the enhanced penetration and retention effect, but disadvantages including the premature leakage and non‐selective release of photosensitizers still exist. Herein, we report a 1O2‐responsive block copolymer (POEGMA‐b‐P(MAA‐co‐VSPpaMA) to enhance PDT via the controllable release of photosensitizers. Once nanoparticles formed by the block copolymer have accumulated in a tumor and have been taken up by cancer cells, pyropheophorbide a (Ppa) could be controllably released by singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by light irradiation, enhancing the photosensitization. This was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and in vivo fluorescence imaging. The 1O2‐responsiveness of POEGMA‐b‐P(MAA‐co‐VSPpaMA) block copolymer enabled the realization of self‐amplified photodynamic therapy by the regulation of Ppa release using NIR illumination. This may provide a new insight into the design of precise PDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We will prove that for 1 < p < ∞ and 0 < λ < n, the central Morrey norm of the truncated centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator Mγc equals that of the centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator for all 0 < γ < +∞. When p = 1 and 0 < λ < n, it turns out that the weak central Morrey norm of the truncated centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator Mγc equals that of the centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator for all 0 < γ < +∞. Moreover, the same results are true for the truncated uncentered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator. Our work extends the previous results of Lebesgue spaces to Morrey spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hydrogen molecule, a special antioxidant, can selectively scavenge highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species such as ·OH, exhibiting a potential to treat AD by reducing oxidative stress. However, there is no effective route to realize the continuous and efficient accumulation of administrated hydrogen in AD brain owing to its low solubility. Here, we develop the small-sized Pd hydride (PdH) nanoparticles for high payload of hydrogen and in situ sustained hydrogen release in AD brain. By virtue of the catalytic hydrogenation effect of Pd, the released hydrogen from PdH nanoparticles exhibits high bio-reductivity in favor of effectively scavenging cytotoxic ·OH in a self-catalysis way. Bio-reductive hydrogen is able to recover mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibit A β generation and aggregation, block synaptic and neuronal apoptosis and promote neuronal energy metabolism by eliminating oxidative stress and activating the anti-oxidative pathway, consequently ameliorating the cognitive impairment in AD mice. The proposed hydrogen-releasing nanomedicine strategy would open a new window for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A multifunctional CO/thermo/chemotherapy nanoplatform is here reported, which is composed of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) as near infrared (NIR)-responsive drug carrier, doxorubicin (DOX) as chemotherapeutic drug and triiron dodecacarbonyl (FeCO) as thermosensitive CO prodrug. The nanoplatform could absorb near-infrared (NIR) light and convert it into ample heat to trigger CO release and could also release DOX in the acidic tumor microenvironment. More importantly, the generated CO molecules successfully increase cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutics by the ferroptosis pathway. Subsequently, under the guidance of photoacoustic imaging, the FeCO-DOX@MCN nanoplatform demonstrates high treatment efficacies in vitro and in vivo by combination of chemotherapy, photothermal therapy and gas therapy. This multifunctional platform with excellent antitumor efficacy has great potential in precision cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present work is based on a study of methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of a hyperbranched ionic liquid (HBP-Mim). Differential scanning calorimetry studies confirmed that the curing reaction was accelerated by HBP-Mim. The impact strength of DGEBA (17.1 kJ/m2) increased to 39.5 kJ/m2 after the addition of 9 phr HBP-Mim-2. Tensile and flexural properties also showed a significant improvement as the incorporation of 9 phr HBP-Mim-2 resulted in 63.1% and 135.2% increase in the tensile and flexural strengths of epoxy thermosets, respectively, compared with neat DGEBA. Thermal stability and thermomechanical properties of the HBP-Mim modified epoxy thermosets also showed a significant improvement. The simultaneous improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties could be attributed to increased free volume and cross-link density. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A novel hyperbranched ionic liquid was prepared. • Enhancement in mechanical properties and curing reactivity of epoxy resin. • The reinforcing and toughening mechanism have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic disorder of hepatocytes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) leads to the formation of an iron pool which induces the Fenton reaction-derived ferroptosis and the deterioration of liver disease. The elimination of the iron pool for the removal of Fenton reactions is vitally important to prevent the evolution of NAFLD, but quite challenging. In this work, we discover that free heme in the iron pool of NAFLD can catalyze the hydrogenation of H 2 O 2 /‧OH to block the heme-based Fenton reaction for the first time, and therefore develop a novel hepatocyte-targeted hydrogen delivery system (MSN-Glu) by modifying magnesium silicide nanosheets (MSN) with N -(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) gluconamide to block the heme-catalyzed vicious circle of liver disease. The developed MSN-Glu nanomedicine exhibits a high hydrogen delivery capacity as well as sustained hydrogen release and hepatocyte-targeting behaviors, and remarkably improves the metabolic function of the liver in a NAFLD mouse model by the relief of oxidative stress and the prevention of ferroptosis in hepatocytes, accelerating the removal of the iron pool in fundamental support of NAFLD prevention. The proposed prevention strategy based on the mechanisms of NAFLD disease and hydrogen medicine will provide an inspiration for inflammation-related disease prevention. • An advanced concept of the target-based drug design is proposed to engineer targeted hydrogen delivery system for NAFLD prevention. • A new hepatocyte-targeted hydrogen delivery system is developed to efficiently intercept the heme-catalyzed vicious circle of NAFLD. • A new mechanism for NAFLD prevention is discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]