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Leg pain is common in athletes, and it is generally self-limiting. Overtraining or poor training techniques, combined with intrinsic biomechanical factors and worn equipment, account for the greatest proportion of chronic pain syndromes. Most chronic pain can be alleviated with relative rest and appropriate modification of contributory factors. Diagnosis of the cause of chronic leg pain can be a challenge, and it requires careful attention to historical details, examination findings, and diagnostic test results. Establishing the correct diagnosis will guide selection of the most appropriate intervention and facilitate the quickest return to full function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on the common causes of chronic leg pain in athletes, including medial tibial stress syndrome, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, peroneal nerve entrapment and stress fractures. Diagnostic tests and interventions are discussed. Algorithms for evaluating chronic leg pain are given.

Phylogenetic studies of yeasts rely on an extensive molecular and biochemical data set, but structural characters axe scarce. Details of mitosis in yeasts have been studied with transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Of these two methods immunofluorescence is faster and easier and yields sufficient detail for cytological comparisons. Only three basidiomycetous yeasts have been studied thus far with immunofluorescence. Mitosis in budding cells of ascomycetous yeasts occurs in the parent, while in basidiomycetous yeasts, except in Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum, it occurs in the bud. Mitosis in additional yeasts in the Agaricostilbomycetidae of the Urediniomycetes was observed using immunofluorescence localization of freeze-substituted material. In Stilbum vulgare, mitosis occurred in the parent, but in Bensingtonia yuccicola it occurred in the bud as in most other basidiomycetous yeasts. Stilbum vulgare also had predominantly binucleate yeast cells. Nuclear small subunit rDNA sequence data showed that A. pulcherrimum and S. vulgare are more closely related to each other than to B. yuccicola within the Agaricostilbomycetidae. Based on the few taxa examined, mitotic and cytoskeletal characters provide phylogenetic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewed: Legendary Pioneers of Black Radio. Williams, Gilbert A.

A 16 year old amateur soccer player sustained a minor head injury while contesting a ball in the air. He was unconscious for two minutes and remained "dizzy" for about an hour. After two days he developed a profound left lower motor neurone facial nerve palsy. He was found to have a complex fracture of the left petrous temporal bone, with fluid in the left middle ear and left mastoid. Treatment was conservative with oral steroids and oral co-amoxiclav and a left myringotomy to decompress his middle ear. The spectrum of aetiology, presentation, and prognosis for facial nerve injuries is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulture and raptor populations have declined across West Africa during recent decades due to numerous and widespread anthropogenic threats. To estimate encounter rates of vultures and raptors in northern Nigeria, we conducted a total of 248 km driven transects on 195 km and 53 km of paved and unpaved roads, respectively. We also conducted walked surveys beneath 79 km of power transmission lines to search for dead vultures and raptors; and visited 12 abattoirs, 11 slaughterhouses, and 12 dumpsites to assess the occurrence of vultures and raptors. All fieldwork was done between October and December 2018. Overall, 357 individuals of 23 species were detected, most of which were recorded at low encounter rates. Only one Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus was recorded across all surveys, and no other vulture species were seen. Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptius, Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis, and Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus had the highest encounter rates of 0.351, 0.262, and 0.189 individuals km-1, respectively. In contrast, the largest raptor species, Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Beaudouin's Snake-eagle, and Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus had the lowest encounter rate of 0.004 individuals km-1 (one individual each). No dead vultures or raptors were found during the walked surveys beneath power lines. Although historical data about vulture and raptor distribution and abundance in northern Nigeria are limited, our results show an apparent absence of vultures from the wider landscape and a low density of raptors. Support among local stakeholders for the conservation of vultures and raptors should be encouraged through wider dissemination of information about the importance of these birds, as well as stronger deterrents again illegal killing and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]