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Improved understanding of tumor biology through molecular alteration and genetic advances has resulted in a number of major changes in the 2020 World Health Organization's (WHO) classification of bone tumors. These changes include the reclassification of the existing tumors and the introduction of several new entities. A new chapter on undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas of bone and soft tissue was added to classify Ewing sarcoma and the family of Ewing-like sarcomas, which share similar histologies but different molecular and clinical behaviors. Knowledge of the current classification of bone tumors is essential to ensure the appropriate recognition of the inherent biological potential of individual osseous lesions for optimal treatment, follow-up, and overall outcome. This article reviews the major changes to the 2020 WHO's classification of primary bone tumors and the pertinent imaging of selected tumors to highlight these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate MR features and clinical course of malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (MMNST), previously known as melanotic schwannoma and considered indolent and rarely metastasizing. Materials and methods: This IRB-approved retrospective study searched 31 patients (20 male: 11 female, mean age 48; range 15–76) with histologically confirmed MMNST in a single tertiary cancer center over 22 years. Pre-treatment MR was available in 12 patients and evaluated by two radiologists in consensus regarding lesion location, size, morphology, signal characteristics, contrast enhancement, local invasion, and presence of classic signs of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Clinical outcomes, including local recurrence, metastasis, and survival, were examined in 12 patients for whom follow-up was available. Results: The spine was the most frequent site (13/31) among all identified cases. In 12 cases with MR, lesions were well-circumscribed in 11/12 cases, with a mean size of 4.5 cm (2.3–13.0 cm). Ten of 12 cases showed T1 hyperintensity. In 5/9 spinal MRI, tumor involved multiple levels. All lesions showed contrast enhancement, and local bone invasion in > 50%. A dumb-bell shape was common to all spinal lesions. Classical signs of nerve sheath tumors were uncommon. Among 12 patients with a mean follow-up of 4.8 years (range 1.3–10.2 years), six were disease-free, while two had recurrence or metastases, and four had died of metastases. Conclusion: MMNST usually presents as a T1 hyperintense enhancing dumb-bell shaped mass in the spine. Multi-level involvement and bone invasion are common. MMNST is clinically aggressive with high rates of metastases and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial T1-weighted image (d) and T2-weighted fat-suppressed image (e) of the painless mass. Axial T1-weighted fat-suppressed post-contrast images of the painful (c) and painless (f) masses Graph: Fig. Axial T1-weighted image (a) and T2-weighted fat-suppressed image (b) of the painful mass. [Extracted from the article]

Imaging characteristics of angiolipomas include subcutaneous location abutting the skin, fatty mass containing a variable amount of vascular tissue, and multiplicity. Axial T1-weighted (a) and T2-weighted fat-saturated (b) images of the painful mass and axial T1-weighted (d) and T2-weighted fat-saturated (e) images of the painless mass show fatty subcutaneous lesions (white arrows). On axial T1-weighted fat-suppressed post-contrast images of the painful mass (c) and painless mass (f), there is mild contrast enhancement within the curvilinear foci of the lesions, consistent with capillary structures (yellow arrows). [Extracted from the article]

Hydrogels are versatile materials with numerous applications; however, their potential in water treatment is hindered by their tendency to exhibit high swelling, degradation, and excessive water absorption. In this study, a hydrogel composed of natural clay, polyacrylic acid (PAA), and tannic acid (TA) was prepared with varying ratios of TA to control swelling ratio, reduce degradation and enhance adsorption efficiency for removal of cationic dye-contaminated wastewater. The effect of the TA ratio on the physical, chemical, and adsorption properties of prepared hydrogel (clay/PAA-TA) was studied by preparing a series of hydrogel composites and characterizing them using various techniques. The swelling ratio of pure PAA hydrogels was 7061%, but by incorporating TA into the polymer mixture, the swelling ratio decreased to less than 500%, with the lowest observed swelling of 250% occurring at a 5% tannic acid. In adsorption studies, the target pollutant was crystal violet dye (CV) and the pH effect, time effect, temperature and initial dye concentration for the adsorption CV dye were investigated using batch adsorption parameters. Adsorption studies showed that using 5% of TA is the optimal ratio to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of the prepared clay/PAA-TA to uptake CV dye. With an adsorption capacity of 444.5 mg/g, the Langmuir-Freundlich model suited the adsorption isotherm. The adsorption kinetics were best explained by the pseudo-first-order model. The results of thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. [Display omitted] • A series of hydrogel composite was prepared using clay, polyacrylic acid, and tannic acid. • The hydrogel grafted with 5% tannic acid showed less swelling and higher adsorption capacity than the PAA. • The adsorption capacity for removal of the CV dye was 444.5 mg/g at 35 °C. • The equilibrium kinetic adsorption data agreed well with the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model. • The adsorption process was spontaneous and favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Smart ink immobilized with lanthanide aluminate nanoparticles was developed. • Optical smartphone anticounterfeiting persistent emission was presented. • Stamped papers displayed excellent mechanical properties and photostability. • Stamped films displayed photochromism from colorless (365 nm) to green (519 nm). • Greenish-yellow emission in the dark was detected after lightening with smartphone. Security encoding that use photochromism has been an appealing method for fabricating efficient authentication substrates. In order to overcome counterfeiting, a unique photochromic ink was created to be utilized as a stamped film, that persistently emits light under both ultraviolet rays and darkness. Nanoparticles of lanthanide-doped aluminate (NLDA) dispersed in a polymer binder was utilized to produce a smart composite ink. In order to develop a transparent film, NLDA must be evenly distributed throughout the polyacrylic acid ink solution. Cellulosic paper sheets were stamped with the fluorescent and color-tunable nanocomposite ink. As proved by CIE (Commission Internationale de ĺEclairage) Lab parameters, a transparent appearance was achieved by stamping a homogeneous ink layer onto paper surface. Using photoluminescence spectroscopy, the stamped surfaces exhibited an absorbance peak at 365 nm and a fluorescent band at 519 nm. The stamped pattern is invisible under daylight; however, a change in color was detected from colorless to green under UV rays. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to explore the structure of NLDA. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were all employed to determine the morphological features of the stamped papers. The imprinted paper sheets exhibited photochromism that could be switched back and forth between visible (colorless) and ultraviolet (green) lights without fatigue. Persistent greenish-yellow emission was detectable in the dark after exposure to smartphone light for a few seconds. Stamped sheets were analyzed for their mechanical properties, and the rheology of the photoluminescent ink was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the pre-treatment imaging features and clinical course of undifferentiated round cell sarcomas with CIC-DUX4 and BCOR-CCNB3 translocations. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, several pre-treatment imaging features (tumor location, size, enhancement pattern, necrosis, flow voids, calcification, and FDG avidity) and the clinical course of patients were evaluated. Results: In 12 patients with CIC-DUX4 sarcomas (median age, 24 years; range, 12–75), sarcomas were located in the soft tissue (n = 10), bone (n = 1), and lungs (n = 1). On MRI, all 10 CIC-DUX4 sarcomas presented as a large necrotic mass (mean size 6.7 cm, range 2.3–11.3) with 100% demonstrating contrast enhancement, 60% showing flow voids, and 20% demonstrating fluid-fluid levels. On PET, the mean SUVmax was 13.2 (range, 8.5–18.1). Among 12 patients with follow-up, 3 died within a year of diagnosis. The most common site of metastases was the lungs (5/12). In 5 patients with BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas (median age, 14 years; range, 2–17), sarcomas were located in the spine (n = 2), femur (n = 1), tibia (n = 1), and pelvis (n = 1). On radiograph or CT, 2 were lytic, 3 were sclerotic. Soft tissue calcifications occurred in 40% of BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas. On MRI, all 3 BCOR-CCNB3 tumors enhanced with 33% demonstrating flow voids and 66% exhibiting necrosis. On PET, the mean SUVmax was 6.3 (range 5.7–6.9). Conclusion: CIC-DUX4 sarcomas often present as necrotic and hypermetabolic soft tissue masses while sarcomas with BCOR-CCNB3 translocations are vascular bone lesions with necrosis at imaging. CIC-DUX4 sarcomas are clinically more aggressive than BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe imaging and clinical features of primary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS) and evaluate for presence of a distinct biphasic pattern on imaging. Material and methods: Patients with a pathologic diagnosis of MCS were identified along with imaging of their primary tumor. Size, location, appearance (lytic, sclerotic, or mixed), presence, extent and distribution of calcifications, cortical destruction, soft tissue extension, periosteal reaction, contrast enhancement, and radiotracer uptake were recorded. The presence of T2-hyperintense tumor lobules on MRI and a biphasic morphology (distinct calcified and non-calcified components) on CT were assessed. Presence and location of metastases were documented. Results: Twenty-three patients (mean age 28.0 ± 13.8 years) were reviewed (13 skeletal, 10 extraskeletal). Overall mean tumor size was 10.2 ± 7.2 cm, 7.1 ± 7.3 cm in non-metastatic and 13.2 ± 5.9 cm (p = 0.004) in metastatic cases. Locations were extremities (n = 11), head/neck (n = 4), chest wall (n = 4), pelvis (n = 3), and retroperitoneum (n = 1). Skeletal MCS were aggressive mixed lytic and sclerotic (n = 8), purely lytic (n = 4), or juxtacortical (n = 1) lesions with cortical destruction and soft tissue extension. Chondroid calcifications were common (80%). On MRI, the presence of T2-hyperintense lobules was seen in 35%. A biphasic morphology on imaging was seen in 30%. Metastases were common (52%) with the most common site being the lungs (75%). All tumors were hypermetabolic with a mean SUVmax of 14.3 (5.6–34) on PET/CT. Conclusion: Skeletal MCS commonly present as aggressive lytic bone lesions with chondroid calcifications. A biphasic morphology was seen in one-third of cases. Metastases were common at initial presentation and more commonly seen with larger tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalexin loaded electrospun nanofibers with core-shell structures were prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blended with various biopolymers such as chitosan (CH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), and hydroxyproyl cellulose (HPC) in PVA:biopolymer ratio of 90:10. The electrospun nanofiber mats were cross-linked by heat treatment to avoid disintegration in water. Molecular interactions between the polymeric chains and the drug were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of nanofiber mats was studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and the core-shell structure formation through emulsion electrospinning was confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The in vitro drug release profile was studied and the mechanism was determined through kinetic models using non-linear regression methods. Drug release was gradual within the first 8 h. Furthermore, release predominantly occurred by a diffusion mechanism which makes this system suitable for wound healing treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of chondromyxoid fibroma can sometimes resemble those of other benign or malignant tumors. Recently, recurrent GRM1 rearrangements have been identified in chondromyxoid fibroma, and GRM1 positivity by immunohistochemistry has emerged as a dependable surrogate marker for this molecular alteration. Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor is a rare tumor that often exhibits overexpression of fibroblastic growth factor 23 (FGF23) through various mechanisms. In this report, we present a case of GRM1 -rearranged chondromyxoid fibroma that also exhibited FGF23 expression via in situ hybridization, posing significant diagnostic challenges during workup of the initial core biopsy. We hope that this case can serve as an educational resource, shedding light on a rare diagnostic pitfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a unique case of an aggressive scapular osteoblastoma that produced β-hCG as a paraneoplastic manifestation in a 20-year-old woman. Serum β-hCG was found to be elevated during presurgical workup and consequently delayed surgical resection of the increasingly painful tumor because of suspected pregnancy. The paraneoplastic production of β-hCG was later proven by positive immunohistochemical stain of β-hCG in a curettage specimen and normalization of β-hCG levels after surgical resection of the aggressive osteoblastoma. Production of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) has been reported in several carcinomas and sarcomas but, to our knowledge, it has not been reported in osteoblastoma in the English-language literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient electrocatalysts using low-cost nanostructured transition metals as an alternative to noble metals is receiving strong interest in the field of clean and sustainable energy technology. In this study, highly dispersed bimetallic nickel-molybdenum nanoparticles on electrospun carbon nanofibers (Ni-Mo/CNFs) were prepared using a sol-gel-assisted electrospinning technique followed by calcination. The chemical composition of the Ni-Mo/CNFs with different ratios of Mo and their morphology have been characterized by various techniques. The SEM and TEM images revealed that the Ni 0.6 Mo 0.4 /CNFs had a nanofibrous morphology, the Ni-Mo nanoparticles were highly dispersed over carbon nanofibers, and the average particle size was 9.02 nm. The Mo ratio plays a crucial role in enhancing the electrochemical performance, and Ni 0.6 Mo 0.4 /CNFs showed higher electrocatalytic activity than other samples. The maximum current density of Ni 0.6 Mo 0.4 /CNFs was 10 and 43.89 mA/cm2 for the methanol oxidation at 0.45 and 0.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, and the onset potential was 0.31 V. The synergistic effect between Ni and Mo NPs and the morphology and structure of substrate (CNFs) were responsible for its electrochemical performance. [Display omitted] • Bimetallic Ni/Mo supported on CNFs are fabricated by sol-gel-assisted electrospinning. • Ni-Mo/CNFs have a nanofibrous structure and bimetallic NPs are highly dispersed on CNFs. • The Mo content effect on the electrooxidation of methanol was investigated. • The co-catalyst of Mo shows good performance at 10% of its precursor weight is used. • Ni 0.6 Mo 0.4 /CNFs catalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at 0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective 3D anode was prepared by graphitization of corncob biomass at high temperature under an inert atmosphere. As an anode in the microbial fuel cells, the proposed electrode revealed very good performance in both batch and continuous modes when the process parameters were optimized. The physicochemical characterizations indicated that the surface of the prepared anode is decorated by micro porous layers array and composed of SiO 2 ‒incorporated graphite. Moreover, investigation the electrical properties showed very good electrical conductivity dependent on the preparation temperature; 6.9, 8.6 and 8.9 S/m for the electrode prepared at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C, respectively. The performance of the proposed anode was evaluated in air‒cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell driven by domestic wastewater without using exterior microorganisms. The electrochemical measurements, for the batch mode cell, displayed high power density generation upon utilizing the corncob electrode compared to commercial anodes; 100 ± 8, 135 ± 11 and 2010 ± 85 mW/m2 from cells assembled using carbon paper, carbon cloth and corncob‒1100 °C, respectively. Moreover, addition of sodium acetate strongly enhanced the cell performance as the generated power density was increased from 475 ± 30 to 1963 ± 90 mW/m2 after addition of the salt (5 g/l), however the experimental results indicated that 5 g/l is the optimum salt concentration. In a continuous mode cell, the results concluded that the proposed 3D anode can be used fresh or after colonization of a biofilm. Interestingly, the generated power from the continuous mode cell is higher than the batch mode system due to mass transfer resistance elimination. • Corncob has been successfully exploited as an effective anode in the microbial fuel cells. • The introduced anode has been utilized in batch and continuous mode cells. • The generated power density reached to be twenty folds compared to commercial electrodes. • The detected power density was further improved in continuous mode microbial fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel zero-valent nickel/nickel oxide@graphene nanosheets (ZVNi-NiO@Gr) composite was successfully fabricated by a single-step method and used as nanoadsorbents for the removal of crystal violet dye (CV) from its contaminated aqueous solution. Morphological characterization of nZVNi-NiO shows unique morphology with two-dimensional core-shell nanosheets supported on graphene layers. The one-step simultaneous preparation of nZNi-NiO nanosheets on the graphene notably limits the effect of nZNi-NiO agglomeration and enhanced the adsorption sites on the surface. The adsorption performance of ZVNi-NiO@Gr was investigated in terms of pH, temperature, initial concentration of CV dye, and contact period. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity climbed from 1028 to 1230 mg/g with increasing temperature from 30° to 45°C, and CV dye adsorption was preferable in alkaline media at pH 10. The isothermal and kinetic analysis showed that the nonlinear form of the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model is more fitting for adsorption data. The results of the thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption of CV dye was spontaneous, endothermic and physical. The unique structure of ZVNi-NiO@Gr and the synergistic effect made it promising adsorbent for removing cationic dyes from aqueous media, and it can be used practically to treat wastewater of textile industries. [Display omitted] • A novel ZVNi-NiO@Gr nanosheet composite was synthesized by one-step method. • The ZVNi-NiO@Gr has core-shell nanosheets structure. • The maximum adsorption capacity of ZVNi-NiO@Gr for dye sorption was 1028 mg/g. • Synergetic effect and nanoscale core-shell structure make ZVNi-NiO@Gr an effective adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the template for reporting results of biomarker testing of specimens from patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) developed by the College of American Pathologists to help pathologists in the useful reporting of relevant information. Topics discussed include the molecular and immunohistochemical analyses of GIST, and the most common mutations affecting the juxtamembrane domain encoded by exon 11.

Clear cell sarcoma ( CCS) typically presents as a tumor in the deep soft tissue of extremities, but when centered in the dermis it may be confused with a melanocytic nevus, primary nodular or metastatic melanoma. Compound variants of CCS, i.e. tumor cells present in both the epidermis and underlying soft tissue have not yet been described. Herein we report such a case, which initially presented as a nodule on the left wrist of a young woman at 19 years of age. The lesion was then interpreted as 'Spitz nevus, compound type'. Twelve years later the patient noticed an enlarged lymph node in the right axilla. The excised lymph node was nearly completely replaced by malignant tumor cells, which were immunoreactive for S100 protein. They resembled the tumor cells of the wrist lesion. Cytogenetic analysis of the metastatic tumor revealed a t(12;22) translocation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed Ewing's sarcoma breakpoint region 1 ( EWSR1) rearrangement in 70% of the tumor cells, thereby supporting the diagnosis of metastatic CCS. Our case is of interest because it documents that CCS can involve the epidermis. This observation expands the morphological spectrum associated with this tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is one of the most common benign soft tissue tumors in the extremities, and is frequently associated with bone abnormalities. Although extrinsic bone erosion is the most common bone abnormality associated with GCTTS, intraosseous invasion of GCTTS occurs rarely and may mimic a primary bone tumor, making diagnosis more challenging. We report an unusual imaging presentation of GCTTS mimicking a primary intramedullary metatarsal tumor and review the literature on the frequency of bone involvement of GCTTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumor is a presumably benign, intravertebral lesion of notochord origin, which can be found incidentally on removal of the vertebra for unrelated lesions or during an autopsy. The notion of a larger benign notochordal cell tumor that is macroscopic, occasionally symptomatic, and seen radiologically was recently introduced, and described as giant vertebral notochordal rest, giant notochordal hamartoma of intraosseous origin, and benign chordoma. Because of the location, size, and similar histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, larger benign notochordal cell tumors are easily misdiagnosed as the malignant notochord- type of tumor/chordoma, with critical implications. In this review, we attempt to shed light on the major differences between benign notochordal cell tumors and chordoma and other related notochord lesions, such as notochordal vestiges of the intervertebral disk and ecchordosis physaliphora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chondrosarcomas of the bone are malignant hyaline cartilage-forming tumors with an annual incidence rate of 3.6% of all primary bone malignancies in the United States. Specimens of 25 chondrosarcomas (10 grade I, 9 grade II, 1 grade III, and 5 dedifferentiated) from 23 patients were collected from the Department of Pathology at the University Hospital at UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School from 1996 to 2007. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) studies were performed on frozen tumor specimens. Recurrent deletions observed in at least in six tumors were 5q13.2, 5q14.2∼q21.3, 6q12∼q13, 6q16∼q25.3, 9p24.2∼q12, and 9p21.3. There was a statistically significant association between high-grade tumor (grade III and dedifferentiated) and the recurrent genetic deletions at 5q14.2∼q21.3, 6q16∼q25.3, 9p24.2∼q12, and 9p21.3. There is consistency between increased levels of aneuploidy and the progression of chondrosarcoma from lower to higher grades. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cellular angiofibroma is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm of female and male genital tract composed of prominent vasculature and stromal spindle cells, often with admixture of adipose tissue. The tumor has histomorphologic similarities to angiomyofibroblastoma and spindle cell lipoma. Herein we describe a tumor arising in the perineal region of a 60-year-old man with morphological and immunohistochemical features of cellular angiofibroma and showing cytogenetic characteristics similar to spindle cell lipoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cytogenetic changes in cellular angiofibroma. The genetic overlap of these entities supports their origin from the same mesenchymal stem cell. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Context.—Primary small round cell tumors of the bone are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms presenting predominantly in children and adolescents. They include Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor or Ewing family tumors, lymphoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and small cell osteosarcoma. Even though they share many morphological similarities, their unique biological and genetic characteristics have provided substantial insights into the pathology of these diverse neoplasms. Objective.—To provide an overview of the clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and genetic characteristics of these tumors along with a pertinent review of the literature. Data Sources.—A literature search using PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE was performed, and data were obtained from various articles pertaining to clinicopathologic, biological, and genetic findings in these tumors. Additionally, findings from rare cases have been included from author's subspecialty experience. Conclusion.—The diagnosis of small round cell tumors can be made accurately by applying clinicopathologic criteria, as well as a panel of immunohistochemical and genetic studies in appropriate cases. Molecular genetic studies may provide further insight into the biology, histogenesis and prognosis of these tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcomas account for about 20% of all primary bone neoplasms, and affect predominantly adolescents. Important prognostic factors include the presence or absence of metastases at the time of presentation and tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Biological markers predicting metastases and chemoresistance are not well characterized. cDNA microarray analysis enables one to examine the expression of thousands of genes in tumor samples. We performed cDNA microarray analysis of histologically low and high grade areas in osteosarcomas to identify gene expression patterns which may depict aggressive behavior. Microarray analysis with 1.2 K cancer array revealed many differentially expressed genes (both upregulated and downregulated), in histologically high grade tumor samples as compared with a low grade sample. Selected up and down regulated markers in the high grade sarcomas were tested in a group of high grade osteosarcomnas (OS) with varying responses to chemotherapy. Of the multiple markers analyzed, ezrin, a member of the ERM family of membrane-cytoskeleton linkers showed an expression pattern statistically significant between tumors with good response to chemotherapy compared with tumors with poor response (p = 0.036). We discuss our findings, with current review of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of dedifferentiation typically occurs in soft tissue sarcomas where a low grade or well-differentiated tumor shows an abrupt transformation to a high-grade sarcoma without lineage specificity. The biological behavior and metastatic potential of these tumors is dictated by the dedifferentiated phenotype. Tumor material was available from two dedifferentiated liposarcomas. We performed cDNA microarray analysis of a dedifferentiated liposarcoma in which the atypical lipomatous/well-differentiated and dedifferentiated portions were grossly distinct, to find differentially expressed genes in the dedifferentiated component compared to the well-differentiated component. There were 100 differentially expressed genes, both up- and down-regulated in the high grade sarcoma. In addition, we performed RT-PCR on selected genes in both cases to confirm the microarray findings. We discuss the expression patterns of these genes in comparison to other studies in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicines loaded in macrophages (MAs) can actively target tumors without dominantly relying on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, making them effective for treating EPR‐deficient malignancies. Herein, copper‐crosslinked carbon dot clusters (CDCs) are synthesized with both photodynamic and chemodynamic functions to manipulate MAs, aiming to direct the MA‐mediated tumor targeting. First, green fluorescent CDs (g‐CDs) are prepared by a one‐step hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the g‐CDs are complexed with divalent copper ions to form copper‐crosslinked CDCs (g‐CDCs/Cu), which are incubated with MAs for their manipulation. Experimental results revealed that the prepared g‐CDCs/Cu displayed good aqueous dispersibility and fluorescent emission properties. The nanoassemblies can be activated to deplete the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of laser irradiation through the combined Cu‐mediated chemodynamic therapy and CD‐mediated photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, the ROS produced in MAs enabled polarization of MAs to antitumor M1 phenotype, suggesting the future potential use to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These results obtained from the current study suggest a significant potential to develop g‐CDCs/Cu for GSH depletion, ROS generation, and MA M1 polarization as a theransotic agent to tackle cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In colorectal carcinoma (CRC), tumor deposits (TDs) are described as macroscopic/microscopic nests/nodules in the lymph drainage area discontinuous with the primary mass, without identifiable lymph node (LN) tissue, and not confined to vascular or perineural spaces. A TD is categorized as pN1C only when no bona fide LN metastasis exists. However, there has been an ongoing debate on whether TDs should be counted as LNs. The fact that the origin of TDs is not fully understood adds further uncertainty. This pilot study aims to evaluate whether whole-block imaging by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT WBI) that enables three-dimensional reconstruction of whole-mount (WM) blocks can serve as a tool to assess the origin and path of CRC TDs. We evaluated whole-slide imaging (WSI) and micro-CT WBI of 20 WM blocks from a rectal cancer resection that contained TDs. Each TD was tracked through the contiguous blocks to define their origin and path. Of eleven TDs identified on WSI, six were detected on WBI. Strikingly, six of six TDs trackable through the blocks on WBI revealed an origin from the main tumor. This pilot study provided evidence that micro-CT WBI can serve as an effective tool to evaluate the origin and path of CRC TDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore pre-treatment imaging findings of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK)-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm, an emerging group of molecularly defined soft tissue tumors and summarize the clinical course, including TRK inhibitor therapy response. This retrospective study included 8 women and 4 men with NTRK -rearranged spindle cell neoplasm (median age, 35.5 years, range, 0–66). Available pre-treatment MRI, CT, PET, and US imaging were reviewed. Tumor histology and the patients' clinical course were reviewed. Primary tumors were located within the soft tissue, lungs, kidney, and breast with soft tissue being the most prevalent site (n = 6). Pre-treatment MRI (n = 4) revealed linear hypointense signal foci and contrast enhancement in all patients with hemorrhage in half of the tumors. A tail sign (n = 1) and fluid levels (n = 1) were less frequent. Ultrasound showed well-marginated hypoechoic masses with internal flow. Primary tumors were all non-calcified on CT (4/4). Metastases were FDG-avid (4/4). Among the 8 patients who developed metastasis, 7 developed pulmonary metastases. All four patients who received NTRK inhibitor therapy showed an initial decrease in tumor size or FDG uptake. NTRK -rearranged neoplasms may occur as enhancing masses with linear hypointense signal foci on MRI and FDG avid metastases on PET. Pulmonary metastases were frequent in our study. Initial treatment response is observed in most patients. • NTRK -rearranged spindle cell neoplasms are an emerging group of soft tissue tumors in the 2020 WHO Classification of Tumors. • These tumors exhibit a wide spectrum of histologic morphology ranging from benign fat containing tumor to high grade sarcomas. • Primary tumors show linear hypointense signal and enhancement, without fatty components despite presence of fat in histology. • Metastases are FDG avid on PET and lungs were frequent sites for metastases. • Initial treatment response to NTRK inhibitors is observed in most patients with varying durations in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chordomas are rare, low-grade malignant tumors often found in the sacrococcygeal region and prone to local recurrence. We report an atypical presentation of a 40-year-old patient with a symptomatic midline retrococcygeal lesion that was presumptively treated as a pilonidal cyst due to its clinical and imaging features. After surgical pathology rendered the diagnosis of chordoma, the patient required salvage surgery in the form of partial sacrectomy with soft tissue flap coverage. In addition to the unusually predominant retrococcygeal location, surgical pathology identified an intervertebral disc origin rather than the typical osseous origin. To our knowledge, this presentation of chordoma with coccygeal intervertebral origin and a large subcutaneous mass at imaging has rarely been reported in the literature. We describe this case to raise awareness of atypical presentations of sacrococcygeal chordoma that may lead to erroneous presumptive diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods and results Conclusion Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare, benign bone tumour which arises primarily in young adults and is occasionally diagnostically challenging. Glutamate metabotropic receptor 1 (GRM1) gene encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor and was recently shown to be up‐regulated in chondromyxoid fibroma through gene fusion and promoter swapping. The aim of this study was to interrogate cases of CMF for the presence of GRM1 gene rearrangements, gene fusions and GRM1 protein overexpression.Selected cases were subjected to testing by fluorescent in‐situ hybridisation (FISH) with a GRM1 break‐apart probe, a targeted RNA sequencing method and immunohistochemical study with an antibody to GRM1 protein. Two cases were subjected to whole transcriptomic sequencing. In 13 of 13 cases, GRM1 protein overexpression was detected by immunohistochemistry using the GRM1 antibody. Of the 12 cases successfully tested by FISH, nine of 12 showed GRM1 rearrangements by break‐apart probe assay. Targeted RNA sequencing analysis did not detect gene fusions in any of the eight cases tested, but there was an increase in GRM1 mRNA expression in all eight cases. Two cases subjected to whole transcriptomic sequencing (WTS) showed elevated GRM1 expression and no gene fusions.GRM1 gene rearrangements can be detected using FISH break‐apart probes in approximately 75% of cases, and immunohistochemical detection of GRM1 protein over‐expression is a sensitive diagnostic method. The gene fusion was not detected by targeted RNA sequencing, due most probably to the complexity of fusion mechanism, and is not yet a reliable method for confirming a diagnosis of CMF in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Context.--Next-generation sequencing--based approaches using RNA have increasingly been used by clinical laboratories for the detection of fusion genes, intragenic rearrangements, and exon-skipping events. Correspondingly, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) has advanced RNA sequencing proficiency testing (PT) to ensure optimal performance of these assays. Objective.--To report on laboratory performance and practices of RNA sequencing for the detection of fusion genes, intragenic rearrangements, and exon-skipping events using CAP PT data from 8 mailings (2018-A through 2021-B). Design.--CAP PT RNA sequencing program results from 153 laboratories across 24 proficiency test specimens, interrogating 22 distinct engineered fusion transcripts, were analyzed for correct identification of the fusion event, associated performance variables, and laboratory practices. Results.--Overall, the 4-year program detection rate (sensitivity) was 95.5% (1486 of 1556 results). False-negative rates were 3.6% (53 of 1463) and 18.3% (17 of 93) for fusion gene and intragenic rearrangement/exon-skipping events, respectively. Only 19 false-positive results were reported among the 8 PT mailings, and most were likely the result of preanalytical or postanalytical errors. There were no practice characteristics (eg, instrumentation, sequencing method) significantly associated with the fusion detection results. Conclusions.--These data reveal a high overall sensitivity and specificity for fusion gene detection by participating laboratories using clinical RNA sequencing. Performance was comparable across all laboratories, regardless of methodology. The fraction of false-negative results for intragenic rearrangement/exon-skipping events was greater than that for the chimeric fusion genes. False-negative results could not be attributed to any specific practice characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, 50 groundwater samples from the bore wells and tube wells, were collected in North Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India during the premonsoon (June 2021) and postmonsoon (January 2022) seasons and their physicochemical properties were assessed. The majority of the physicochemical characteristics with the exception of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO 4 2-) were determined to be within the world health organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) was assessed and given one of six categories, from excellent to unfit for consumption. Gibb's plots showed that evaporation was the dominating type, while Piper and Chadha models predominantly showed sodium-chloride (Na-Cl) kinds. The interaction of freshwater and seawater has been observed through an ionic ratio analysis. In accordance to a groundwater quality research conducted in the study region, practically in all the sample locations, the levels of standard plate count (SPC) total coliforms (TC) bacterial contamination were higher than the acceptable guidelines (WHO). Water management and treatment policy decisions can be made with the support of water quality analysis which can also help to identify potential health issues. [Display omitted] • Groundwater quality assessment was carried out in North Chennai, South India. • Outlining the significant impact of anthropogenic processes on groundwater. • GIS was employed as a geospatial tool. • Using the WQI, several groundwater potability zones were categorized. • Urban groundwater quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a quiz on the pathology of sacral/pelvic mass with lower back pain in a 36-year-old man. Background of the case; Dimension of the surgical mass specimen; Components of the tumor.

Context.--Therapy targeted at human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; also known as ERBB2) was used initially for breast and gastroesophageal carcinoma and has more recently been adopted for endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). There is evidence that predictive biomarker testing algorithms for HER2 must be tumor type specific and that an algorithm validated for one tumor type cannot be applied to another. Objective.--To describe current laboratory practices for HER2 assessment in ESC and CRC. Design.--We surveyed laboratories participating in the 2021 College of American Pathologists (CAP) HER2 immunohistochemistry proficiency testing program. Results.--The survey was distributed to 1548 laboratories and returned by 1195, of which 83.5% (998) were in the United States. For ESC, 24.0% (287) of laboratories reported performing in-house testing for HER2 by immunohistochemical staining and/or in situ hybridization; of these, 44.3% (127) performed it reflexively on all cases of ESC. The most common criterion for evaluating HER2 was the American Society of Clinical Oncology/CAP 2018 guideline for breast carcinoma (69.0%; 194 of 281), whereas only 16.0% (45) of laboratories used guidelines specific to ESC. For CRC, 20.2% (239 of 1185) of laboratories performed in-house HER2 testing, and 82.0% of these (196) did the test only at the clinician's request. A plurality (49.4%; 115 of 233) used gastroesophageal cancer guidelines when scoring CRC, 30.0% (70) used the CRC scoring system from the HERACLES trial, and 16.3% (38) used the American Society of Clinical Oncology/CAP 2018 guideline for breast carcinoma. Conclusions.--Laboratories vary in their approach to HER2 testing in ESC and CRC. Most laboratories did not report using tumor type--specific recommendations for HER2 interpretation. The lack of standardization could present a challenge to evidence-based practice when considering targeted therapy for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive tumor that shows predilection for the metaphysis/epiphysis of long bones, with an incidence of 4–5% of primary bone tumors. GCTB shows two main populations of cells: mononuclear cells and non-neoplastic multi-nucleated giant cells, with or without fibrous background. On the other hand, giant-cell-poor GCTB are rare with only few reports in the literature. These cases offer a diagnostic challenge, given the absence of giant cells and such cases have consistently been shown to harbor the H3F3A gene mutation by sequencing. The H3.3 G34W mutation-specific monoclonal antibody has shown high specificity in the diagnosis of GCTB. Two cases of giant-cell-poor GCTB are presented in this study, in which giant cells were absent or sparse and the diagnosis of GCTB was confirmed by the expression of H3.3 G34W monoclonal antibody in the mononuclear cells by immunohistochemistry. Whether this represents a histologic variant of GCTB or partial involution of GCTB is not yet fully understood; however, an immune response, infectious/inflammatory reaction, and/or anti-tumor cytokine production have been purported to be factors inciting disease regression in GCTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposarcoma is one of the most common sarcomas in adults, but very rarely presents as a primary in the upper gastrointestinal system. Herein, we present a 71-year-old male patient who underwent wedge excision biopsy twice and then fine needle aspiration and total gastrectomy for a recurrent gastroeosophageal junction mass. In microscopic sections, both well-differentiated and dedifferentiated components were seen. Tumor cells were positive for MDM2, CDK4 and negative for CD117, DOG1, CD34, SMA, Desmin, S-100, HMB45, SOX10, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, CK18. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed and MDM2 gene (12q15) amplification was detected. According to these findings, a diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma was supported. We believe this is the first reported case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the gastroesophageal junction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrence of a soft tissue sarcoma typically manifests as a round or oval mass at imaging, and recurrent high-grade soft tissue sarcomas generally enlarge relatively rapidly. We present a case of high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in the calf of a 48-year-old male that recurred as a thin, curvilinear "tail" of enhancing tissue at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with extremely indolent growth over a 7-year period. The unusual imaging finding of a slowly enlarging "tail" should not be dismissed as postoperative changes, even for a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films were prepared using a simplistic sputtering technique. The films were grown on both traditional fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and Ti-metallic substrates. X-ray diffraction applied for investigation of the crystal structure proved that the Cu2O layer acquires the cubic structure with a (111) main peak at 2θ of 36.46°. The optical absorption and transmission were detected through the utilization of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the optical bandgap for the Cu2O layer was determined to be ~2.15 eV using Tauc's equation. XPS and scanning electron microscopy were also performed for chemical structure and morphological investigation, respectively. The optoelectronic behaviors for the prepared samples were carried out using a Keithley source meter; the photocurrent density was measured in a range of applied voltage between −1 and 1 volt under the illumination of a xenon lamp with a power density of 100 mWcm−2. External quantum efficiency, sensitivity, responsivity, and detectivity were computed using proprietary models based on the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for reliable and efficient multifunctional optical and optoelectronic devices is always calling for the exploration of new fertile materials for this purpose. This study leverages the exploitation of dyed environmentally friendly biopolymeric thin films as a potential optical absorber in the development of multifunctional opto-(electronic) and solar cell applications. Uniform, stable thin films of dyed chitosan were prepared using a spin-coating approach. The molecular interactivity between the chitosan matrix and all the additive organic dyes was evaluated using FTIR measurements. The color variations were assessed using chromaticity (CIE) measurements. The optical properties of films were inspected using the measured UV-vis-NIR transmission and reflection spectra. The values of the energy gap and Urbach energy as well as the electronic parameters and nonlinear optical parameters of films were estimated. The prepared films were exploited for laser shielding as an attenuated laser cut-off material. In addition, the performance of the prepared thin films as an absorbing organic layer with silicon in an organic/inorganic heterojunction architecture for photosensing and solar energy conversion applicability was studied. The current-voltage relation under dark and illumination declared the suitability of this architecture in terms of responsivity and specific detectivity values for efficient light sensing applications. The suitability of such films for solar cell fabrications is due to some dyed films achieving open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current values, where Saf-dyed films achieved the highest Voc (302 mV) while MV-dyed films achieved the highest Jsc (0.005 mA/cm2). Finally, based on all the obtained characterization results, the engineered natural cost-effective dyed films are considered potential active materials for a wide range of optical and optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.-- Integration of molecular data into glioma classification supports diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision-making; however, testing practices for these informative biomarkers in clinical laboratories remain unclear. Objective.-- To examine the prevalence of molecular testing for clinically relevant biomarkers in adult and pediatric gliomas through review of a College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey prior to the release of the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors. Design.-- College of American Pathologists proficiency testing 2020 survey results from 96 laboratories performing molecular testing for diffuse gliomas were used to determine the use of testing for molecular biomarkers in gliomas. Results.-- The data provide perspective into the testing practices for diffuse gliomas from a broad group of clinical laboratories in 2020. More than 98% of participating laboratories perform testing for glioma biomarkers recognized as diagnostic for specific subtypes, including IDH. More than 60% of laboratories also use molecular markers to differentiate between astrocytic and oligodendroglial lineage tumors, with some laboratories providing more comprehensive analyses, including prognostic biomarkers, such as CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions. Almost all laboratories test for MGMT promoter methylation to identify patients with an increased likelihood of responding to temozolomide. Conclusions.-- These findings highlight the state of molecular testing in 2020 for the diagnosis and classification of diffuse gliomas at large academic medical centers. The findings show that comprehensive molecular testing is not universal across clinical laboratories and highlight the gaps between laboratory practices in 2020 and the recommendations in the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Soft‐tissue tumours are rare and both accurate diagnosis and proper treatment represent a global challenge. Current treatment guidelines also recommend review by specialised pathologists. Here we report on international consensus‐based datasets for the pathology reporting of biopsy and resection specimens of soft‐tissue sarcomas. The datasets were produced under the auspices of the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), a global alliance of international pathology and cancer organisations. Methods and results: According to the ICCR's guidelines for dataset development, an international expert panel consisting of pathologists, a surgical oncologist, and a medical oncologist produced a set of core and noncore data items for biopsy and resection specimens based on a critical review and discussion of current evidence. All professionals involved were subspecialised soft‐tissue sarcoma experts and affiliated with tertiary referral centres. Commentary was provided for each data item to explain the rationale for selecting it as a core or noncore element, its clinical relevance, and to highlight potential areas of disagreement or lack of evidence, in which case a consensus position was formulated. Following international public consultation, the documents were finalised and ratified, and the datasets, which included a synoptic reporting guide, were published on the ICCR website. Conclusion: These first international datasets for soft‐tissue sarcomas are aimed to promote high‐quality, standardised pathology reporting. Their adoption will improve consistency of reporting, facilitate multidisciplinary communication, and enhance comparability of data, all of which will help to improve patient's management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--Clinical testing for tumor cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has evolved rapidly, but no practice guidelines exist. Objective.--To summarize cfDNA laboratory practices based on self-reporting and assess preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical trends that may influence the quality, accuracy, and consistency of cfDNA testing. Design.--Data were derived from the College of American Pathologists cfDNA proficiency testing program submitted by 101 participating laboratories from 2018 to 2019. Results.--Most laboratories performing clinical circulating tumor DNA testing are commercial/nonhospital (71.2%; 72 of 101) and international (77.2%; 78 of 101) laboratories. Commercial laboratories had higher monthly test volumes than hospital-based laboratories (median, 36 versus 7--8) and tended to have larger gene panels (median, 50 versus 11 genes) when panel-based testing was offered. The main clinical indications include therapy selection and treatment/disease monitoring. Plasma is the most commonly accepted specimen, which is predominantly collected in cell-stabilizing tubes. Equal proportions of laboratories use next-generation sequencing (NGS) and non-NGS methods to assess key genes, including EGFR, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and IDH1. Most laboratories reported a lower limit of detection (LLOD) of 0.5%, variant allele frequency or less, which did not differ by method, NGS or non-NGS, except for EGFR. Sixty-five percent (17 of 26) of laboratories using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved non-NGS EGFR assay report analytical sensitivities higher than 0.5%, as compared to 15% (16 of 104) of laboratories using an alternative NGS or non-NGS method. There is also a wider range in LLODs obtained for the FDA-approved EGFR assay than nonapproved assays. Conclusions.--These results highlight emerging practice trends and serve as a foundation to initiate future practice recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole slide imaging is revolutionizing the field of pathology and is currently being used for clinical, educational, and research initiatives by an increasing number of institutions. Pathology departments have distinct needs for digital pathology systems, yet the cost of digital workflows is cited as a major barrier for widespread adoption by many organizations. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) is an early adopter of whole slide imaging with incremental investments in resources that started more than 15 years ago. This experience and the large-scale scan operations led to the identification of required framework components of digital pathology operations. The cost of these components for the 2021 digital pathology operations at MSK were studied and calculated to enable an understanding of the operation and benchmark the accompanying costs. This paper describes the unique infrastructure cost and the costs associated with the digital pathology clinical operation use cases in a large, tertiary cancer center. These calculations can serve as a blueprint for other institutions to provide the necessary concepts and offer insights towards the financial requirements for digital pathology adoption by other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--: Wide adoption of digital pathology requires efficient visualization and navigation in Web-based digital slide viewers, which is poorly defined. Objective.--: To define and quantify relevant performance metrics for efficient visualization of cases and slides in digital slide viewers. Design.--: With a universal slide viewer used in clinical routine diagnostics, we evaluated the impact of slide caching, compression type, tile, and block size of whole slide images generated from Philips, Leica, and 3DHistech scanners on streaming performance on case, slide, and field of view levels. Results.--: Two hundred thirty-nine pathologists routinely reviewed 60 080 whole slide images over 3 months. The median time to open a case's slides from the laboratory information system was less than 4 seconds, the time to change to a slide within the case was less than 1 second, and the time to render the adjacent field of view when navigating the slide was less than one-quarter of a second. A whole slide image's block size and a viewer tile size of 1024 pixels showed best performance to display a field of view and was preferrable over smaller tiles due to fewer mosaic effects. For Philips, fastest median slide streaming pace was 238 ms per field of view and for 3DHistech, 125 ms. For Leica, the fastest pace of 108 ms per field of view was established with block serving without decompression. Conclusions.--: This is the first study to systematically assess user-centric slide visualization performance metrics for digital viewers, including time to open a case, time to change a slide, and time to change a field of view. These metrics help to improve the viewer's configuration, leading to an efficient visualization baseline that is widely accepted among pathologists using routine digital pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a primitive sarcoma defined by EWSR1-ETS fusions as the primary driver alteration. To better define the landscape of cooperating secondary genetic alterations in ES, we analyzed clinical genomic profiling data of 113 patients with ES, a cohort including more adult patients (> 18 years) and more patients with advanced stage at presentation than previous genomic cohorts. METHODS: The data set consisted of patients with ES prospectively tested with the US Food and Drug Administration–cleared Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets large panel, hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing assay. To assess the functional significance of ERF loss, we generated ES cell lines with increased expression of ERF and lines with knockdown of ERF. We assessed cell viability, clonogenic growth, and motility in these ES lines and performed transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses. Finally, we validated our findings in vivo using cell line xenografts. RESULTS: Novel subsets were defined by recurrent secondary alterations in ERF , which encodes an ETS domain transcriptional repressor, in 7% of patients (five truncating mutations, one deep deletion, and two missense mutations) and in FGFR1 in another 2.7% (one amplification and two known activating mutations). ERF alterations were nonoverlapping with STAG2 alterations. In vitro , increased expression of ERF decreased tumor cell growth, colony formation, and motility in two ES cell lines, whereas ERF loss induced cellular proliferation and clonogenic growth. Transcriptomic analysis of cell lines with ERF loss revealed an increased expression of genes and pathways associated with aggressive tumor biology, and epigenetic, chromatin-based studies revealed that ERF competes with EWSR1-FLI1 at ETS-binding sites. CONCLUSION: Our findings open avenues to new insights into ES pathobiology and to novel therapeutic approaches in a subset of patients with ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the imaging features of hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor (HFLT), which has a propensity towards local recurrence and the potential to transform into myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). Materials and methods: The study included 8 patients with a diagnosis of HFLT and imaging at a tertiary cancer center. Imaging studies included radiographs ( n = 2), ultrasound ( n = 3), and MRI ( n = 16). Imaging features were evaluated including location, calcification, sonographic echogenicity, vascular flow, size, border, signal characteristics, contrast enhancement, and blooming on MRI. Results: The HFLT was located in the ankle/foot in 4 out of 8 and was subcutaneous in 8 out of 8, ranging in size from 2 to 18 cm. Histology at initial diagnosis was HFLT in 5 out of 8 and HFLT with MIFS in 3 out of 8. None was calcified on radiography. On ultrasound 2 out of 3 were heterogeneously echogenic with ≥10 foci of vascular flow. Two out of 8 patients had MRI only at local recurrence. The tumor border was infiltrative in 4 out of 6 at initial diagnosis and in 2 patients with MRI at recurrence only. Fat and septae were present in 7 out of 8 at initial diagnosis and at recurrence. Signal intensity was iso-/hypointense to muscle on T1-weighted sequences in more than two thirds of the tumor in 4 out of 7 and hyperintense to muscle in at least one third of the tumor on fluid-sensitive sequences in 6 out of 8. Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous in 7 out of 7; blooming in two thirds of the tumor on gradient-echo sequence MRI indicated hemorrhage. Conclusion: The HFLT commonly presents as a mass with an infiltrative border, interspersed fat and septations at initial diagnosis and local recurrence on MRI regardless of histology of HFLT alone or with MIFS. Hemosiderin deposits may be detected as blooming on gradient-echo sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare, histologically benign but locally aggressive primary vascular neoplasm that can rarely arise in bone. Mainstay treatment is surgical resection or curettage with bone grafting. We report a novel multidisciplinary, joint-sparing treatment approach for an epithelioid hemangioma of bone arising in the acetabulum causing severe thinning of the subchondral bone plate. After 4 sessions of transarterial bland particle and ethanol embolization, the resultant increased ossification of the tumor allowed preservation of the articular surface during surgical resection. Imaging follow-up 14 months after surgical resection showed no evidence of recurrence and continued ossification of the portions of the lesion treated only with embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Context.--The diagnosis and clinical management of patients with diffuse gliomas (DGs) have evolved rapidly over the past decade with the emergence of molecular biomarkers that are used to classify, stratify risk, and predict treatment response for optimal clinical care. Objective.--To develop evidence-based recommendations for informing molecular biomarker testing for pediatric and adult patients with DGs and provide guidance for appropriate laboratory test and biomarker selection for optimal diagnosis, risk stratification, and prediction. Design.--The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and develop recommendations. A systematic review of literature was conducted to address the overarching question, "What ancillary tests are needed to classify DGs and sufficiently inform the clinical management of patients?" Recommendations were derived from quality of evidence, open comment feedback, and expert panel consensus. Results.--Thirteen recommendations and 3 good practice statements were established to guide pathologists and treating physicians on the most appropriate methods and molecular biomarkers to include in laboratory testing to inform clinical management of patients with DGs. Conclusions.--Evidence-based incorporation of laboratory results from molecular biomarker testing into integrated diagnoses of DGs provides reproducible and clinically meaningful information for patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole-block imaging (WBI) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allows the nondestructive reconstruction of a three-dimensional view of tissues, implying that WBI may be used for accurate pathological evaluation of patients with rectal cancer. HOWEVER, the clinical impact of this approach is unclear. We aimed to clarify the efficacy of WBI in the whole-mount specimens of locally advanced rectal cancer. A total of 237 whole-mount formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from 13 patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled and scanned with micro-CT to generate three-dimensional images. WBI was evaluated following the conventional pathological review of the corresponding whole-slide imaging (WSI). WBI identified all tumor sites detected using WSI. Furthermore, WBI revealed one additional tumor site, which was not detected using WSI. Tumor resection margin was significantly closer to the soft-tissue edge when measured using WBI (7.7 mm vs. 6.6 mm, p < 0.01). Seventy-six percent of tumor deposits on WSI were changed according to the evidence of tumor interaction with the surrounding tissues confirmed using WBI. Furthermore, WBI revealed 25 additional lymph nodes, six of which were metastatic. The combination of conventional hematoxylin and eosin-stained imaging and WBI may contribute to an accurate pathological assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine common imaging features of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS), a rare subtype of fibrosarcoma with a benign histological appearance but with a propensity for local recurrence and metastasis. Materials and methods: By review of medical records, 29 patients (14 males, 15 females) with mean age of 41 years (range, 11-64 years) with diagnosis of LGFMS and imaging available in PACS were identified. The study included radiography (9/29), ultrasound (1/29), CT (14/29), and MRI (22/29). Imaging features evaluated included anatomic site, and lesion size, number, location, US echogenicity, CT attenuation, calcifications, MR signal intensity pattern, and contrast enhancement. Results: Twenty-two patients had imaging at initial diagnosis, and seven had imaging only at local recurrence. The majority of tumors (27/29) were deep in tissue, with mean size of 6.2 cm (range, 1.4-19.0 cm). Tumor was single at initial diagnosis and multiple at local recurrence; lower extremity was the most common site. On radiographs, tumor was visible in four of nine without bone erosion or calcification. Areas of CT attenuation hypodense to muscle were seen in 13/14 patients. Calcification was uncommon (3/14). On fluid-sensitive MRI sequences, the predominant signal intensity was hyperintense to muscle in 11/21 patients. In 13/21 patients, tumor displayed either a brain gyriform pattern of alternating hypointense and hyperintense signal intensity (9/13) or intralesional nodules (3/13); 1 case had both patterns. On US tumor was solid with heterogeneous echogenicity. Conclusion: LGFMS is commonly single at initial diagnosis and multiple at local recurrence. LGFMS frequently shows areas of CT attenuation hypodense to muscle and gyriform patterns of signal intensity and contrast enhancement at MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study sought to determine the effects of long-term kindled seizures of the basal amygdala upon immune function in rat, utilizing the thymus, as a principal target for study. Histopathology from kindled Sprague–Dawley rats revealed the presence of epithelial cell thymoma in 70% of these rats. The results revealed an increased rate of apoptosis and proliferation in thymic epithelial cells. Analysis of thymocytes indicated a decrease in the ratio of CD4 to CD8 positive T cells and reduced proliferative response to T-cell mitogens. To determine whether these effects were mediated through the sympathetic nervous system, animals were treated with guanethidine, which blocked the development of epithelial cell thymomas, while mifepristone treatment, employed to determine the possible role of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, was ineffective in attenuating thymoma development. Thus, the present study demonstrated that functional and pathological changes in the thymus during kindled seizures are mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]