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The research aimed to evaluate quality profiles, optimize the antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid content in a mixture of three crude drug: turmeric, java tea, and seed-under-leaf, using the Simplex Lattice Mixture Design. Ultimately, a quadratic model was used, as it best adjusted to the experimental behavior. It predicted the optimal composition of herbal mixtures antioxidant activity, determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and Ferri Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) techniques, also in Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). The crude drugs were of good quality according to selected pharmacognostic quality parameters of the official Malaysian herbal monograph (MHM). The optimum responses with the highest synergistic effect were composed of 5% (w/w) of turmeric, 40% (w/w) of Java tea, and 55% (w/w) of seed-under-leaf. The values were 1796 mM TE/g, 2230 mM TE/g, 355 mg GAE/g, and 177 mg QE/g for DPPH, FRAP, TPC, and TFC, respectively. The greatest contribution of antioxidant activity was shown in that mixture as potential as a functional beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polyherbal formulation was developed from crude drugs of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall., Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma comosa Roxb., and Phyllanthus niruri L. The powdered crude drugs were combined in a ratio of 5-5-3-3-3. The determination of total phenolic content (TPC), the 2,2-diphenyl,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the polyherbal formulation and the individual constituents were conducted as per standard methods. The interaction effect of the constituents in the polyherbal formulation toward antioxidant activities was predicted by comparison and difference methods. C. longa and P. niruri contained the highest TPC. They showed the strongest antioxidant activities, while those of the polyherbal formulation were in the median range of the constituent's respective value. The combination of crude drugs generated interaction effects of additive and antagonist towards DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel approach to prepare spray‐dried encapsulated curcumin powder was investigated. The effects of surfactants viz. Tween 80 (at 0.25 to 0.75% wt) and lecithin (at 1% wt) and of a stabilizer viz. chitosan (at 0 to 0.375% wt) on the characteristics of curcumin‐based emulsions as well as on physicochemical properties of the resulting spray‐dried encapsulated powder were determined. The optimal emulsion was noted to be the one formulated with 0.50 and 0.25% wt, respectively, of Tween 80 and chitosan (T0.50/C0.25). Spray‐dried powder prepared from the optimal emulsion was compared to that prepared from an emulsion with 0.5% Tween 80 and 0% chitosan (T0.50/C0.00), as well as that from an emulsion with 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.25% chitosan (T0.25/C0.25). Physical properties of all powders were not significantly different. However, the encapsulation efficiency of T0.50/C0.25 powder (72.28%) was significantly higher than those of T0.50/C0.00 (47.19%) and T0.25/C0.25 powder (51.61%). Ferric reducing antioxidant powers of T0.50/C0.25 and T0.25/C0.25 powders were comparable but significantly higher than that of T0.50/C0.00 powder. After reconstitution, the mean particle sizes of T0.50/C0.25 and T0.25/C0.25 remained unchanged due to the protection by chitosan. T0.50/C0.00 powder was noted to exhibit the highest bioaccessibility (89.32%) in the simulated gastrointestinal tract. Practical Application: The results of this study can be used as a guideline to develop a stable formulation of curcumin feed emulsion that can later be transformed into an encapsulated powdery form via spray drying. Such a guideline should prove useful for a company looking for a way to produce high‐quality functional ingredients and/or products from curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae) has been known for demonstrating antimicrobial activity against food spoilage bacteria. These antimicrobial properties can be further utilized for the development of natural food preservatives. In this study, the compounds present in water extract and essential oil of lemongrass were analyzed and their potential as tofu preservatives was evaluated. The water extract was prepared by the infusion method, while the essential oil was made by steam and water distillation. The phytochemicals composition of the water extract and essential oil was analyzed by qualitative colorimetric phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique, respectively. Their preservative activity on tofu was evaluated by observing their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria on the tofu and the physical changes of tofu during 10 days of preservation at room temperature. The results showed that lemongrass water extract contained terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The GC-MS analysis identified 13 compounds in the essential oil. Neral, geranial, ß-myrcene, juniper camphor, and viridiflorol were found as the major compounds. At concentration of 20%, lemongrass water extract demonstrated inhibition of bacterial growth during 10 day storage of tofu and improved the shelf life by 4 days longer from those of the negative control. In contrast, lemongrass essential oil did not show inhibitory activity in bacterial growth in tofu but it was capable of maintaining the color, odor, and texture of tofu as well as delaying the slime formation up to 4 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polyherbal formula was developed from crude drugs of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall., Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma comosa Roxb., and Phyllanthus niruri L. The powdered crude drugs were combined in the ratio of 5-5-3-3-3, respectively. The determination of total phenolic content (TPC), the 2,2-diphenyl,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the polyherbal formula and the individual constituents were conducted as per standard methods. The interaction effect of the components in the polyherbal formula toward antioxidant activities was statistically predicted. Curcuma longa contained the highest TPC at 625.35±28.39 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW) crude drugs and showed the strongest DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP at 1546.18±88.16 and 1292.92±43.42 mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW, respectively. The polyherbal formula was in the median range of the component's value, with TPC, DPPH scavenging activity, and FRAP of 83.52±0.93 mg GAE/g DW, 652.63±28.84 mM TE/g DW, and 401.77±9.42 mM TE/g DW. TPC of all samples positively correlated to DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP. The combination of Andrographis paniculata, Tinospora crispa, Curcuma longa, Curcuma comosa, and Phyllanthus niruri generated interaction effects of additive and antagonist towards DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]