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An infinite-equilibria memristive chaotic system (MCS) with plentiful parameter-relied and initial-relied dynamics is constructed from a six-term three-dimensional (3D) system by leading into a flux-controlled memristor. The stabilities of equilibria and dynamical behaviors are discussed. Period-doubling bifurcation corresponds to system parameters and initial values are investigated to reveal its chaos generation. Infinite coexisting chaotic and periodic attractors are discovered in the system by using bifurcation diagrams and phase portraits. Changing multiple parameters of the system, the oscillation amplitude of variables increase or decrease accordingly, yielding the amplitude control feature. Not only the parameter-relied amplitude control, but also the initial-relied amplitude control is found as well. Moreover, the circuit implementation is given to support the physical existence and reliability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the construction of the indane skeleton through palladium‐catalyzed ring‐opening diarylation of Cyclobutanols with aryl 1,2‐dihalides has been described. The ring‐expansion reaction involves β‐carbon elimination of Cyclobutanols and subsequent α‐carbon arylation of ketone to give 2‐acylindanes in 42–93% yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a response to feedback received regarding a research study on idiopathic scoliosis combined with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The authors address the suggestions made by readers, including the use of 4D spine analysis technology, the inclusion of parameters related to the severity of hip dysplasia, and the evaluation of static and dynamic trunk balance. The authors explain the limitations of their study, such as the lack of access to a 4D spine analysis device and the absence of a significant correlation between hip dysplasia and spinal and pelvic balance. They express gratitude for the feedback and plan to consider the recommendations in future research. [Extracted from the article]

Background: We evaluated long-term outcomes (radiographic parameters and pulmonary function) at a minimum follow-up of 5 years after use of dual growing rods (DGRs) to treat severe early-onset scoliosis (sEOS). Methods: Among a total of 112 patients who were diagnosed with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) and were treated with DGRs between 2006 and 2015, 52 patients had sEOS, with a major Cobb angle of >80°. Of these patients, 39 with a minimum follow-up of 5 years had complete radiographic and pulmonary function test results and were included. The Cobb angle of the major curve, T1-S1 height, T1-T12 height, and maximum kyphosis angle in the sagittal plane were measured on radiographs. Pulmonary function test results were collected in all patients before the initial operation (preoperatively), 12 months after the initial operation (postoperatively), and at the last follow-up. The changes in pulmonary function and complications during treatment were analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients before the initial operation was 7.7 ± 1.2 years, and the mean follow-up period was 75.0 ± 14.1 months. The mean number of lengthenings was 4.5 ± 1.3, and the mean interval between lengthenings was 11.2 ± 2.1 months. The Cobb angle improved from 104.5° ± 18.2° preoperatively to 38.1° ± 10.1° after the initial surgical procedure (postoperatively) and 21.9° ± 8.6° at the final follow-up. The T1-S1 height increased from 25.1 ± 4.0 cm preoperatively to 32.4 ± 3.5 cm postoperatively and to 39.5 ± 4.0 cm at the final follow-up. However, no significant difference was detected between the increased pulmonary function parameters at 1 year and those before the operation (p > 0.05), except for residual volume, whereas pulmonary function parameters had significantly increased at the final follow-up (p < 0.05). During the treatment period, 17 complications occurred in 12 patients. Conclusions: DGRs are effective in treating sEOS in the long term. They allow longitudinal growth of the spine, and the correction of the spinal deformity can provide conditions that make improving pulmonary function possible in patients with sEOS. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to propose the apical vertebras distribution modifier to supplement the coronal balance (CB) classification for adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS). An algorithm to predict postoperative coronal compensation and avoid postoperative coronal imbalance (CIB) was proposed. Methods: Patients were categorized into CB and CIB groups according to the preoperative coronal balance distance (CBD). The apical vertebras distribution modifier was defined as negative (−) if the centers of the apical vertebras (CoAVs) were on either side of the central sacral vertical line (CSVL) and positive (+) if the CoAVs were on the same side of the CSVL. Results: A total of 80 AdIS patients, with an average age of 25.97 ± 9.20 years, who underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) were prospectively recruited. The mean Cobb angle of the main curve was 107.25 ± 21.11 degrees at preoperation. The mean follow-up time was 3.76 ± 1.38 (2–8) years. At postoperation and follow-up, CIB occurred in 7 (70%) and 4 (40%) CB− patients, 23 (50%) and 13 (28.26%) CB+ patients, 6 (60%) and 6 (60%) CIB− patients, and 9 (64.29%) and 10 (71.43%) CIB+ patients. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was significantly better in the CIB− group compared with that of the CIB+ group in the dimension of back pain. To avoid postoperative CIB, the correction rate of the main curve (CRMC) should match the compensatory curve for CB−/+ patients; the CRMC should be greater than the compensatory curve for CIB− patients; and the CRMC should be less than the compensatory curve for CIB+ patients, and the inclination of the LIV needs to be reduced. Conclusions: CB+ patients have the least postoperative CIB rate and the best coronal compensatory ability. CIB+ patients are at a high risk of postoperative CIB and have the poorest coronal compensatory capacity in the event of postoperative CIB. The proposed surgical algorithm facilitates the handling of each type of coronal alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The three-dimensional printing (3DP) technique has been reported to be of great utility in spine surgery. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical application of personalized preoperative digital planning and a 3DP guidance template in the treatment of severe and complex adult spinal deformity. (2) Methods: eight adult patients with severe rigid kyphoscoliosis were given personalized surgical simulation based on the preoperative radiological data. Guidance templates for screw insertion and osteotomy were designed and manufactured according to the planning protocol and used during the correction surgery. The perioperative, and radiological parameters and complications, including surgery duration, estimated blood loss, pre- and post-operative cobb angle, trunk balance, and precision of osteotomy operation with screw implantation were collected retrospectively and analyzed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of this technique. (3) Results: Of the eight patients, the primary pathology of scoliosis included two adult idiopathic scoliosis (ADIS), four congenital scoliosis (CS), one ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and one tuberculosis (TB). Two patients had a previous history of spinal surgery. Three pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSOs) and five vertebral column resection (VCR) osteotomies were successfully performed with the application of the guide templates. The main cobb angle was corrected from 99.33° to 34.17°, and the kyphosis was corrected from 110.00° to 42.00°. The ratio of osteotomy execution and simulation was 97.02%. In the cohort, the average screw accuracy was 93.04%. (4) Conclusions: The clinical application of personalized digital surgical planning and precise execution via 3D printing guidance templates in the treatment of severe adult rigid deformity is feasible, effective, and easily generalizable. The preoperative osteotomy simulation was executed with high precision, utilizing personalized designed guidance templates. This technique can be used to reduce the surgical risk and difficulty of screw placement and high-level osteotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological order is a new quantum phase that is beyond Landau's symmetry-breaking paradigm. Its defining features include robust degenerate ground states, long-range entanglement and anyons. It was known that R and F matrices, which characterize the fusion-braiding properties of anyons, can be used to uniquely identify topological order. In this article, we explore an essential question: how can the R and F matrices be experimentally measured? We show that the braidings, i.e. the R matrices, can be completely determined by the half braidings of boundary excitations due to the boundary-bulk duality and the anyon condensation. The F matrices can also be measured by comparing the quantum states involving the fusion of three anyons in two different orders. Thus we provide a model-independent experimental protocol to uniquely identify topological order. By using quantum simulations based on a toric code model with boundaries encoded in three- and four-qubit systems and state-of-the-art technology, we obtain the first experimental measurement of R and F matrices by means of an NMR quantum computer at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study was aimed at investigating the reliability of computer-assisted three-dimensional surgical simulation (CA3DSS) of posterior osteotomies in thoracolumbar kyphosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis (TLKAS) patients. Methods. Eligible TLKAS patients who underwent posterior correction surgery with posterior osteotomies were consecutively included. Simulated posterior osteotomies were performed in Mimics and 3-Matic Medical software. Coronal and sagittal angle and alignment parameters were measured in preoperative full-length X-ray, preoperative original 3D spine (Pre-OS), simulated 3D spine (SS), and postoperative original 3D spine (Post-OS). Reliability was tested by both intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. Results. A total of 30 TLKAS patients were included. Excellent consistency of radiological parameters was shown between preoperative X-ray and Pre-OS model. In SS and Post-OS models, excellent reliabilities were shown in global kyphosis (ICC 0.832, 95% CI 0.677-0.916), thoracic kyphosis (ICC 0.773, 95% CI 0.577-0.885), and lumbar lordosis (ICC 0.896, 95% CI 0.794-0.949) and good reliabilities were exhibited in the main curve (ICC 0.680, 95% CI 0.428-0.834) and sagittal vertical axis (ICC 0.619, 95% CI 0.338-0.798). ICCs of correction angle achieved by pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) was 0.754 (95% CI 0.487-0.892), and that of posterior column osteotomies (PCO) was 0.703 (95% CI 0.511-0.829). Bland-Altman analysis also showed good agreement for both Cobb angle and distance measurements in Pre-OS and SS models, and good reliabilities were shown in PCO and PSO in real spine and SS models. Conclusions. CA3DSS can provide an accurate measurement, and it is a reliable and effective method to conduct proper simulation for correction surgery with posterior osteotomies in TLKAS patients. This trial is registered with Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100053808. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology and heterogeneity of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) are poorly understood. Studies using scoliotic zebrafish models have indicated a potential link between ciliary defects and scoliosis. They may further explain the onset of IS partially. However, it is necessary to further interpret the link between this progress and clinical medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the validity of the Roussouly classification system for assessing distal junctional problems (DJP) after long instrumented spinal fusion in degenerative scoliosis. Methods: Sixty-four patients with degenerative scoliosis and long-segment fixation receiving treatment at our hospital between December 2012 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified preoperatively and postoperatively (Roussouly classification) and divided into DJP and control groups. We observed whether patients restored to their preoperative Roussouly classification (based on pelvic incidence [PI]) postoperatively. Results: The incidences of DJP were 11.11% and 50% in patients who did and did not match their sagittal Roussouly classification immediately postoperatively, respectively. The adjusted Chi-square test that showed whether the sagittal profile matched the Roussouly classification immediately after surgery was statistically significant (P = 0.012). PIs were 55.83 ± 4.94 and 47.21 ± 10.81 in the DJP and non-DJP groups, respectively (t' = 4.367, P < 0.001). Distal junctional kyphosis angles were 6.33 ± 4.19° and 11.56 ± 5.02° in the DJP and non-DJP groups, respectively (t = − 2.595, P = 0.015). Preoperative PI–lumbar lordosis values were 29.14 ± 13.82 and 16.67 ± 11.39 in the DJP and non-DJP groups, respectively (t = − 2.626, P = 0.013). The logistic regression model showed that patients whose Roussouly classification did not match the postoperative PI value were more likely to have DJP (odds ratio [OR] = 4.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51–31.61) and preoperative distal junctional kyphotic changes. Conclusion: If the postoperative sagittal profile can be restored to match the patient's own PI value, use of the Roussouly classification can greatly reduce the possibility of postoperative DJP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an interesting four-dimensional chaotic system with different equilibria and attractors. The proposed system has three quadratic nonlinearities and has no equilibrium, three equilibria and infinite equilibria for different regions of system parameters. As the values of parameters change, the system performs stable, periodic and chaotic states. Also it has period-doubling bifurcation which leads to chaos and has Hopf bifurcation which makes the system loses stability. Moreover, the system generates hidden chaotic attractor when it has no equilibria and generates coexisting chaotic attractors for different initial values. The electronic circuit implementation of the system is given to illustrate the corresponding dynamical properties of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic, intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes represents an efficient and diverse protocol for the buildup of molecular complexity from abundant materials by forging two chemical bonds in a single operation. Despite important progress in this area, transition-metal-catalyzed three-component difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes remains underdeveloped, mainly because of the low reactivity, reduced polarization, and high tendency toward β-hydride elimination of these compounds. In this context, nickel-catalyzed, selective, intermolecular difunctionalization methods that generally proceed via two distinct reaction pathways, migratory insertion of nickel species into alkenes and radical addition to alkenes, have been developed. This short review highlights recent advances in this area. 1 Introduction 2 Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Difunctionalization of Unactivated- Alkenes via Migratory Insertion Processes 3 Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Difunctionalization of Unactivated- Alkenes via Radical Processes 4 Conclusions and Perspectives [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption causes renal injury and compromises kidney function. The underlying mechanism of the alcoholic kidney disease remains largely unknown. In the present study, an alcoholic renal fibrosis animal model was first employed which mice received liquid diet containing alcohol for 4 to 12 weeks. The Masson's Trichrome staining analysis showed that kidney fibrosis increased at week 8 and 12 in the animal model that was further confirmed by albumin assay, Western blot, immunostaining and real-time PCR of fibrotic indexes (collagen I and a-SMA). In vitro analysis also confirmed that alcohol significantly induced fibrotic response (collagen I and a-SMA) in HK2 tubular epithelial cells. Importantly, both in vivo and in vitro studies showed alcohol treatments decreased Smad7 and activated Smad3. We further determined how the alcohol affected the balance of Smad7 (inhibitory Smad) and Smad3 (regulatory Smad). Genome-wide methylation sequencing showed an increased DNA methylation of many genes and bisulfite sequencing analysis showed an increased DNA methylation of Smad7 after alcohol ingestion. We also found DNA methylation of Smad7 wasmediated by DNMT1 in ethyl alcohol (EtOH)-treated HK2 cells. Knockdown of Nox2 or Nox4 decreased DNMT1 and rebalanced Smad7/Smad3 axis, and thereby relieved EtOH-induced fibrotic response. The inhibition of reactive oxygen species by the intraperitoneal injection of apocynin attenuated renal fibrosis and restored renal function in the alcoholic mice. Collectively, we established novel in vivo and in vitro alcoholic kidney fibrosis models and found that alcohol induces renal fibrosis by activating oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation of Smad7. Suppression of Nox-mediated oxidative stress may be a potential therapy for long-term alcohol abuse-induced kidney fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative intestinal obstruction is one of the most common and challenging complications after patients receive pelvic or abdominal surgery. The effectiveness of conventional therapies is varied and they are associated with a high recurrence rate. Traditional Chinese Medicine can be beneficial in the treatment of intestinal obstruction. In this case, a 65-year-old woman had progressively increasing abdominal pain, distension, and constipation following total hip replacement surgery. The patient was diagnosed with partial intestinal obstruction and was treated for 6 days without success using conventional Western medicine, including Enema Glycerini and Sodium Phosphates Rectal Solution. We received a request from the surgical department for a Chinese medicine consultation. Two doses of modified Dachengqi Decoction herbal formula were prescribed for the patient. The patient had her first flatus and defecation within 2 hours after ingestion of the first dose of herbal medicine and subsequently all of the symptoms were relieved. The patient was soon discharged without any further complications; a 5-year follow-up indicated that the patient had no recurrence of intestinal obstruction. This case is the first to report the effect of a Chinese herbal decoction in achieving remission of intestinal obstruction with only 1 dose. Large scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior multiple-level asymmetrical Ponte osteotomies for rigid adult idiopathic scoliosis. A retrospective study was conducted for adult patients with rigid idiopathic scoliosis (flexibility of main curve <25%) who underwent one-stage multiple-level asymmetrical Ponte osteotomies with a minimum of 2-year follow-up between February 2009 and November 2015. The demographic data and surgical issues were collected, and the improvement of clinical function scores and radiologic parameters were obtained after surgery and during the follow-up to assess deformity correction, spinal balance, and clinical outcome. A total of 49 patients were included (10 male and 39 female) in this study, with an average age of 26.53 years old. The average follow-up was 28.37 ± 6.98 months. All the cases presented a significant improvement of the main curve and focal kyphosis from 85.62 ± 19.80° to 36.19 ± 16.74° and 53.98 ± 26.80° to 30.88 ± 18.69°, with a mean correction rate of 57.73% and 41.23%. The postoperative coronal and sagittal parameters were all significantly improved, except coronal balance. The mean operative time and blood loss were 267.86 ± 54.49 minutes and 838.78 ± 538.93 mL. All the clinical function scores of patients were significantly improved at the final follow-up. Only one patient had a complication related to surgical incision, with no neurologic complications occurring. The surgical procedure of multiple-level asymmetrical Ponte osteotomy is a safe and effective technique, with reduced operation time, blood loss, and complications, and may offer an appropriate option to address the problems of rigid adult idiopathic scoliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have shown that adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is a common complication after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), even a second surgery is required for some patients. It remains unclear whether the non-fusion surgery can relieve ASD. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the clinical outcomes of Topping-off surgery (fusion combined with Coflex) and PLIF for degenerative lumbar disease (DLD) and the efficacy on preventing ASD. Method: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 99 patients with DLD from January 2011 to December 2014, who were performed by Topping-off surgery (L4–5 PLIF + L3–4 Coflex, n = 45) or PLIF (L3–5 PLIF, n = 54). All patients included in the analysis had a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. Clinical data were used to assess the clinical efficacy, and radiographic parameters were measured for evaluation of the incidence of ASD. Results: The mean ages of Topping-off group and PLIF group were 53.5 and 65.7 years old, respectively (P < 0.05). The surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and visual analog scale (VAS) were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Intervertebral mobility (L2-L3) of the Topping-off group was not changed significantly at 3 years after surgery than before (P > 0.05), while that of PLIF group was increased considerably (P < 0.05). As to intergroup comparison, intervertebral mobility (L2-L3) of Topping-off group was superior to those of the PLIF group (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the general adjacent segment mobility (GASM) at L2–4 of the Topping-off group and intervertebral mobility (L2–L3) of PLIF group at 3 years after surgery (P > 0.05). Lumbar MRI at three post-operative years indicated that the modified Pfirrman grading of disc (L2–L3) in the Topping-off group was much better than that of the PLIF group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that Topping-off surgery had the benefits of less invasiveness, less bleeding, and comparable clinical efficacy as PLIF for DLD. The segment with Coflex insertion undertook part of the mobility and stress in the proximal lumbar spine, which is conducive to alleviating ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) after posterior instrumentation and fusion (PIF) in patients with non-degenerative scoliosis.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 703 patients (224 males, 479 females) diagnosed with non-degenerative scoliosis who underwent PIF in our center from January 2010 to January 2018. Preoperative, perioperative, demographic data, surgical methods and radiographic parameters were extracted and analyzed to identify risk factors for PPC.Results: The mean age of the patients was 20.8 ± 9.0 years with the following diagnoses: congenital scoliosis (287/703, 40.8%), idiopathic scoliosis (281/703, 40.0%), neuromuscular scoliosis (103/703, 14.7%) and syndromic scoliosis (32/703, 4.5%). PPC manifested in 82 patients (11.7%) including pleural effusion (39/82, 47.6%), pneumonia (33/82, 40.2%), pneumothorax (3/82, 3.7%), respiratory failure (3/82, 3.7%), hemothorax (2/82, 2.4%), pulmonary edema (1/82, 1.2%) and pulmonary embolism (1/82, 1.2%). Multifactorial regression analysis confirmed that revision surgery [odds ratio (OR) = 2.320, P = 0.030], preoperative respiratory disease (OR = 14.286, P < 0.001), preoperative Cobb angle of main curve > 75° (OR = 1.701, P = 0.046) and thoracoplasty (OR = 4.098 P < 0.001) were risk factors for PPC after PIF in patients with non-degenerative scoliosis.Conclusions: A prevalence of 11.7% PPC was observed after PIF. Risk factors were preoperative Cobb angle of main curve > 75°, preoperative respiratory disease, revision surgery and thoracoplasty. Surgeons should recognize and pay attention to these risk factors and take appropriate preventive measures to prevent severe pulmonary complications. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient four-component radical cascade reaction of alkenes, enabled by an EDA complex between Togni's reagent and Hantzsch ester, has been reported. This operationally simple protocol demonstrates excellent selectivity, which is dominated by the innate polar effect, providing facile access to important δ-CF3 carbonyls under mild conditions. To further demonstrate the wide synthetic utility of this method, a three-step synthesis of CF3-naftidrofuryl has been successfully conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate patterns of spine sagittal alignment in asymptotic patients using radiological analysis. A number of studies focused on investigating normal patterns of spinal and pelvic alignment in Chinese populations, while few have evaluated Caucasian and other Asian populations. A total of 10 relevant pelvic and spinal parameters, including pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), cervical lordosis (CL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbopelvic lordosis angle (PR-T12), spino-sacral angle (SSA) and sacral pelvic angle (SPA), were evaluated in asymptomatic Chinese adults from Beijing, aged 21–65 years. Correlations among these parameters, as well as between these parameters and age, and associations with gender and body mass index (BMI) were assessed using Pearson's correlation analysis. A total of 39 males and 46 females, aged 50.9±13.2 and 41.8±13.6 years, respectively, were enrolled in the present study. The results of PI, PT, SS, LL, TK, CL, SVA, PR-T12, SSA and SPA values suggested that age was positively correlated with TK, CL and SVA, while it was negatively correlated with LL, PR-T12 and SSA. SSA and SVA were revealed to differ significantly between sexes. It was also demonstrated that LL and TK may be associated with BMI. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that spinopelvic parameters in the asymptomatic Chinese Han population (in Beijing) are correlated with age and may be associated with individuals' ethnicity, sex and BMI. The results of the current study may provide a basis for the restoration of LL or similar diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel process treated high-strength, recalcitrant textile dyeing wastewater. • Anaerobic granular sludge process removed 97% COD of the wastewater. • Integrated anaerobic–aerobic process removed 99% COD from a feed of 20,862 mg COD/L. • Anaerobic process has high feed loading, small footprint and little sludge production. • Anaerobic granular process possesses better stability than anaerobic counterparts. Eco-friendly treatment of complex textile and dyeing wastewaters poses a pressing environmental concern. An approach adopting different treatment paths and integrated anaerobic–aerobic processes for high-strength and recalcitrant textile dyeing wastewater was examined. The study demonstrated that over 97% of suspended solids (SS) and more than 70% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were removed by polyaluminum chloride pre-coagulation of suede fabric dyeing stream. Up to 58% of COD and 83% of SS were removed through hydrolysis pretreatment of other low-strength streams. Notable COD removal of up to 99% from a feed of 20,862 mg COD/L was achieved by integrated anaerobic–aerobic treatment of high strength stream. Besides achieving high COD removal of 97%, the anaerobic granular sludge process demonstrated multi-faceted attributes, including high feed loading, smaller footprint, little sludge production, and good stability. The integrated anaerobic–aerobic treatment offers a robust and viable option for highly contaminated and recalcitrant textile dyeing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a spinal deformity that affects adolescents and poses a challenging public health problem. Compared to the general population, adolescents with AIS have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia. However, the mechanisms underlying the impact of hip dysplasia on the coronal balance of the spine remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that the combination of AIS with hip dysplasia would exacerbate coronal imbalance. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records and radiographs of adolescents diagnosed with AIS between 2015 and 2020. Participants were divided into two groups: those with hip dysplasia and those without. We recorded parameters related to the coronal deformity of the spine, sacral and pelvic obliquity, and center edge angle (CEA). We investigated differences in these parameters in those with and without hip dysplasia and analyzed their relationships in those with combined AIS and hip dysplasia. Results: A total of 103 adolescents were included, 36 with hip dysplasia and 67 without. Those with hip dysplasia had significantly higher sacroiliac discrepancy (SID) compared to those without (t = − 2.438, P = 0.017). In adolescents with hip dysplasia, only iliac obliquity angle (IOA) was significantly correlated with SID (r = − 0.803, P < 0.001), with a linear relationship between them (r2 = 0.645, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of hip dysplasia is higher in the AIS population. In adolescents with combined AIS and hip dysplasia, pelvic obliquity is greater, potentially contributing to the increased prevalence of low back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Immune tolerance is considered the only way to manage liver transplantation (LT). The current study hypothesized that galectin-1 via the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is capable of inducing immune tolerance in LT. Methods: Lentiviral-mediated gene knockdown and overexpression of galectin-1 were conducted in HSC-T6 cells. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine galectin-1 expression. LT was performed in 20 C57BL/J6 mice and 20 C3H mice. T-cells were assigned into control, Galectin-1 shRNA, Galectin-1 OE, Galectin-1 OE SB431542, Galectin-1 OE Sulforaphane, Galectin-1 OE Y27632, and Galectin-1 OE UO126 groups. CFSE, flow cytometry, and ELISA were respectively employed to detect T-cell proliferation, CD4+/ CD8+ ratio and IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-β levels. After establishing mouse models of immune tolerance and acute rejection, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and immunofluorescence assay were performed to determine CD3+ expression, apoptosis, α-SMA, and desmin. Mouse models of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis were established, followed by assigning the control1 and CCl4 groups. ELISA was used to determine ALT, AST, TBIL and Hyp levels. A total of 3 C57BL/J6 mice (donor) and 6 C3H mice (recipient) were grouped into the control2 and UO126 groups, followed by ELISA detection for IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-β. Results: In T-cells, galectin-1 shRNA increased cell proliferation and IL-2 levels with reduced IL-10 and TGF-β levels, while the Galectin-1 OE and Galectin-1 OE UO126 groups revealed the opposite results. Galectin-1 overexpression elevated the ratio of the CD4+ to CD8+ T-cells. The acute rejection group exhibited enhanced desmin expression and reduced α-SMA expression. Compared with the immune tolerance group, the acute rejection group displayed higher galectin-1 expression, a positive expression rate of CD3+ T-cells, and an increased apoptosis rate. Compared with the control1 group, the CCl4 group exhibited higher galectin-1 expression, ALT, AST, TBIL, and Hyp levels, α-SMA expression and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio, in addition to decreased expression of desmin. Compared with the control2 group, UO126 increased galectin-1 expressions, IL-10 and TGF-β levels and reduced IL-2 levels with inactivated HSCs. Conclusions: The findings of the current study indicated that the overexpression of galectin-1 promoted the activation of HSCs, which reduced the inflammatory response by exerting immunosuppressive effects and accordingly contributed to immune tolerance in LT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of literature to determine risk factors and preventative measures of early and persistent dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS).Methods: On March 2017, we searched the database PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, Clinical key, Springer link and Wiley Online Library without time restriction using the term 'dysphagia', 'swallowing disorders', and 'anterior cervical spine surgery'. Selected papers were examined for the level of evidence by published guidelines as level I, level II, level III, level IV studies. We investigated risk factors and preventative measures of early or persistent dysphagia after ACSS from these papers.Results: The initial search yielded 515 citations. Fifty-nine of these studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three of them were level I evidence studies, 29 were level II evidence studies, 22 were level III evidence studies, and 3 were level IV evidence studies. Preventable risk factors included prolonged operative time, use of rhBMP, endotracheal tube cuff pressure, cervical plate type and position, dC2-C7 angle, psychiatric factors, tobacco usage, prevertebral soft tissue swelling, SLN or RLN palsy or injury of branches. Preventative measures included preoperative tracheal traction exercise, maintaining endotracheal tube cuff pressure at 20 mm Hg, avoiding routine use of rhBMP-2, use of zero-profile implant, use of Zephir plate, use of new cervical retractor, steroid application, avoiding prolonged operating time, avoiding overenlargement of cervical lordosis, decreasing surgical levels, ensuring knowledge of anatomy of superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve, to comfort always, patients quitting smoking and doctors ensuring improved skills. Unpreventable risk factors included age, gender, multilevel surgery, revision surgery, duration of preexisting pain, BMI, blood loss, upper levels, preoperative comorbidities and surgical type.Conclusion: Adequate preoperative preparation of the patients including preoperative tracheal traction exercise and quitting smoking, proper preventative measures during surgery including maintaining endotracheal tube cuff pressure at 20 mm Hg, avoiding routine use of rhBMP-2, use of zero-profile implant, use of Zephir plate, use of new cervical retractor, steroid application, avoiding prolonged operating time, avoiding overenlargement of cervical lordosis and decreasing surgical levels, doctors ensuring knowledge of anatomy, improved surgical techniques and to comfort always are essential for preventing early and persistent dysphagia after ACSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To understand crust‐mantle interactions in a continental subduction channel, we carried out a combined study of whole‐rock elements and Sr‐Nd isotopes, mineral elements, and whole‐rock and mineral O isotopes in orogenic peridotite and its host gneiss from the Sulu orogen in China. The results indicate that the peridotite originated from highly depleted subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton and underwent three episodes of metasomatism via crustally derived fluids. The peridotite was offscraped from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle wedge base and experienced petrographic transformation from a spinel peridotite to a garnet peridotite during continental subduction from forearc to subarc depths. The peridotite underwent the first episode of metasomatism via aqueous solutions at high‐pressure conditions. Afterward, the peridotite underwent a second episode of metasomatism by carbonate melts at ultrahigh‐pressure conditions and a third episode of metasomatism by aqueous solutions at high‐pressure conditions. While the aqueous solution was derived from the metamorphic dehydration of the subducting/exhuming continental crust at the forearc depths, the carbonate melts were produced by partial melting of the ultrahigh‐pressure metasedimentary rocks in the exhuming continental crust at subarc depths. These metasomatic agents did not originate from the gneiss directly hosting the peridotite but from another part of the deeply subducted continental crust that was not in direct contact with the peridotite. Therefore, the orogenic peridotite recorded the geochemical transfer from the subducting crust into the mantle in the continental subduction zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral water contents, together with the major and trace element compositions of minerals and whole-rock, were determined for garnet pyroxenites enclosed by ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic gneiss at Hujialin in the Sulu orogen. The garnet pyroxenites have low SiO 2 contents of 40.25 to 46.68 wt% and MgO contents of 10.99 to 14.79 wt%. They are characterized by enrichment in LREE and LILE (Ba, Sr, Pb) but depletion in HFSE (Nb, Zr) and HREE. They were generated in the Triassic by metasomatic reaction of the mantle wedge peridotite with hydrous felsic melts derived from partial melting of the deeply subducted continental crust. Measured water contents vary from 523 to 1213 ppm for clinopyroxene, and 55 to 1476 ppm for garnet. These mineral water contents are not only correlated with mineral major and trace element abundances but also relatively homogenous within single mineral grains. Such features preclude significant disturbance of the mineral water contents during pyroxenite exhumation from the mantle depth to the surface and thus indicate preservation of the primary water contents for the UHP metasomatites. The garnet pyroxenites are estimated to have bulk water contents of 424–660 ppm, which are higher than those for the MORB source, similar to or higher than those for the OIB sources and close to the lower limit for the arc magma source. The relationships between contents of mineral water and some elements suggest that the high water contents of garnet pyroxenites are primarily determined by the abundance of water-rich clinopyroxene. Garnet also has the high water contents, suggesting its importance in hosting water at mantle depths. Calculated whole-rock H 2 O/Ce ratios are 63–145, higher than those for Hawaiian garnet pyroxenites and SWIR abyssal pyroxenites. These observations suggest that metasomatic pyroxene-rich lithologies have the capacity to contribute high H 2 O concentrations and variable H 2 O/Ce ratios to the mantle. This lends support to the interpretation that the source of some intraplate basalts may be a heterogeneous mixture of peridotite and pyroxenite. On the other hand, the high water contents of garnet pyroxenites suggest that the presence of ultramafic metasomatites in the mantle wedge would enhance its water storage and thus reduce the water transport into deeper mantle by subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of distraction spinal cord injury (DSCI), which results from spinal cord ischemia due to vascular compromise and spinal cord tract disturbances, remains high. Furthermore, because no ideal animal model that mimics DSCI in clinical settings is available thus far, the related molecular mechanisms underlying DSCI remain unclear. This study aimed to establish a porcine model of DSCI and investigate the neuroinflammation and apoptosis mechanisms in these pigs. Animal experiment. Before surgery, all pigs were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, osteotomy surgery only; the incomplete distraction spinal cord injury (IDSCI) and complete distraction spinal cord injury (CDSCI) group, osteotomy plus DSCI surgery with a motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude decreased by approximately 75% and 100%, respectively. 1. The neurologic function changes of hind limbs following DSCI. 2. The DSCI lesions examined by MRI in different groups. 3. The pathological changes in the spinal cord tissues of different groups following DSCI. 4. The representative images of spinal cord tissues stained with H&E (40 × and 400 ×) and LFB staining (40 ×). 5. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in spinal cord tissues and cerebrospinal fluid at 7 days after DSCI. 6. Immunofluorescence staining of GFAP, Iba-1, and NeuN in the central DSCI lesions at 7 days after DSCI in different groups. 7. Determination of the expression levels of P53/ Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 signaling pathway-related proteins following DSCI. After surgery, modified Tarlov scoring and MRC muscle strength scoring were used to evaluate neurologic function in each group. We observed the distracted spinal cord using MRI, and then all pigs were sacrificed. We used immunofluorescence staining to assess the neuronal and microglial structure, and function and astrocyte hyperplasia in the central DSCI lesions (T15). Inflammatory cytokine levels in the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were also analyzed. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Results showed that the modified Tarlov scoring and muscle strength decreased significantly in the two DSCI groups. T2-MRI showed a relative enhancement at the center of the DSCI lesions. H&E and Lxol fast blue staining revealed that spinal cord distraction destroyed the normal structure of spinal cord tissues and nerve fiber tracts, exacerbating inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperemia, and edema. The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels increased in the spinal cord and CSF following DSCI. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated the GFAP, Iba-1 expression increased following DSCI, whereas the NeuN expression reduced. Moreover, DSCI promoted the protein expression of P53, Bax, and Caspase-3 in the spinal cord tissues, whereas it reduced the Bcl-2 expression. This study successfully established a porcine DSCI model that closely mimics DSCI in clinical settings, and clarified the mechanisms underlying DSCI-associated neuroinflammation and apoptosis; thus, our findings highlight potential DSCI-treatment strategies for further establishing suitable drug therapies. This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of mechanical complications is high in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adult spinal deformity (ASD), especially for cases with severe sagittal malalignment or a prior spinal fusion requiring three-column osteotomy (3-CO) or spinopelvic fixation (SPF). The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the complications, revisions, radiographic spinopelvic parameters, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and surgical data of PSF using multiple-rod constructs to those of two-rod constructs for the treatment of ASD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for relevant studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Complications, revisions, spinopelvic parameters, HRQoL, and surgical date were compared between patients with ASD who underwent PSF using multiple-rod constructs (multi-rod group) and two-rod constructs (two-rod group). Results: Ten studies, comprising 797 patients with ASD (399 in the multi-rod group and 398 in the two-rod group), were included. All these studies were retrospective cohort studies. There were no significant differences in the surgical, wound-related, and systemic complications between the groups. In the multi-rod group, we noted a significantly lower incidence of rod fracture (RR, 0.43; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.57, P < 0.01), pseudoarthrosis (RR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.53, P < 0.01), and revisions (RR, 0.44; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.58, P < 0.01); a superior restoration of PI-LL (WMD, 3.96; 95% CI 1.03 to 6.88, P < 0.01) and SVA (WMD, 31.53; 95% CI 21.16 to 41.90, P < 0.01); a better improvement of ODI score (WMD, 6.82; 95% CI 2.33 to 11.31, P < 0.01), SRS-22 total score (WMD, 0.44; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.83, P = 0.02), and VAS-BP score (WMD, 1.02; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.73, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Compared with the two-rod constructs, PSF using multiple-rod constructs was associated with a lower incidence of mechanical complications, a lower revision rate, a superior restoration of sagittal alignment, and a better improvement of HRQoL, without increasing surgical invasiveness. Multiple-rod constructs should be routinely considered to for ASD patients, especially for cases with severe sagittal malalignment or a prior spinal fusion requiring 3-CO or SPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This case-control study is designed to explore the relationship between microRNA-196a2 ( MIR196A2) rs11614913 C > T polymorphism and the risk of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in liver cirrhosis. Methods From January 2013 to January 2015, 163 liver cirrhosis patients with HPS (case group), 264 liver cirrhosis patients without HPS (control group), and 195 healthy people (normal group) were selected. A DNA extraction kit was used to extract plasma DNA from peripheral blood. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the allele and genotype frequencies of MIR196A2 C > T polymorphism. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was adopted to detect the relative expression of MIR196A. Results The frequencies of C allele in the case group were higher than those in the control and normal groups (all P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between the control and normal groups, which indicated that MIR196A2 C > T polymorphism was closely associated with an increased risk of HPS in patients with liver cirrhosis. Compared with the normal group, the relative expression of MIR196A in the case group was significantly increased ( P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the control group ( P > 0.05). In the case group, compared with patients carrying the TT genotype, the relative expression of MIR196A of patients carrying the C allele (CT + CC) evidently increased ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The MIR196A2 rs11614913 C > T polymorphism may contribute to an increased risk of HPS in liver cirrhosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Extract (ABBE) on carrageenaninduced chronic prostatitis in rats. Methods: Experimental chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) was induced in rats by 1 % carrageenan (0.1 mL). Prostate index (PI) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were determined after 3 weeks of adiministration. Relative inflammatory factors, viz, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PEG2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the prostate tissues of all group rats were measured. Results: In CNP model, ABBE decreased PI and PSA compared with untreated control group (p < 0.01). Morphometric analysis showed a significant reduction in chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial fibrosis compared to control group. Reduced values of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, PEG2 were observed in ABBE-treated groups compared with model group respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover, the levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF in ABBE-treated groups were significantly lower, and in addition, there was alleviation of the inflammatory state of the prostate gland (p < 0.01). Conclusion: ABBE showed antichronic non-bacterial prostatitis effect by multiple ways in rats, thus indicating its potential suitability for the treatment of chronic prostatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined study of rock-forming mineral and O isotope compositions, zircon U-Pb ages, trace element compositions, mineral inclusions and Hf-O isotopes was made on orogenic peridotites from North Qaidam in northern Tibet to provide insights into crustal metasomatism at the slab-mantle interface in a continental subduction channel. Rock-forming mineral O isotope analyses yield olivine δ18O values of 5.0-5.6% for lherzolites and 3.5-5.3% for dunites; orthopyroxene has δ18O values of 4.5-5.3% for lherzolites, 4.5-5.3% for dunites, and 7.8% for pyroxenites. It appears that the protolith of these ultramafic rocks underwent high-temperature metasomatism by both low- and high-δ18O fluids. The occurrence of zircon in thin section and the presence of olivine inclusions in zircon from these rocks explicitly indicates the growth of metasomatic zircon during continental subduction zone processes. Two distinct groups of zircon domains are distinguished. Intermediate- to highluminescent zircon domains have U-Pb ages of 417±4 to 426±3Ma, variable Th/U ratios, low rare earth element (REE) contents, flat heavy REE (HREE) patterns with a relative lack of negative Eu anomalies, and inclusions of olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and graphite. These features are interpreted as zircon growth through metasomatic reaction by addition of fluids in the early exhumation stage of deeply subducted continental crust. The Hf-O isotope compositions of these zircon domains suggest the same origin for these fluids. In contrast, low-luminescent zircon rims mostly exhibit younger U-Pb ages of 404±3 to 405±8Ma, low Th/U ratios<0.1, high REE contents, and steep HREE patterns with negative Eu anomalies, and contain calcite inclusions as well as multiphase solid inclusions of Cal+Kfs and Qtz+Kfs+Pl. Such observations indicate their growth through metasomatic reaction by infiltration of hydrous silicate melts during the late exhumation stage. All the zircon domains have variable Hf isotope compositions with a large difference between samples, but a narrow δ18O range from 5.4 to 6.6%. Their Hf-O isotope compositions are similar to those of UHP metamorphic rocks in North Qaidam, suggesting that the metasomatic fluids originated from deeply subducted continental crust. Whereas the high-δ18O fluids originated from deeply subducted continental crust, the low-δ18O fluids were derived from dehydration of the subducting oceanic crust that preceded the subduction of continental crust. The orogenic peridotites thus record the metasomatic reaction of mantle wedge peridotite with fluids of different origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the correlations of two hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene polymorphisms (rs5745652 and rs2074725) and their protein expression levels with the efficacy of transhepatic arterial chemotherapeutic embolism (TACE) and prognosis in patients with primary liver cancer (PLC). Methods: From March 2011 to June 2012, 109 PLC patients (the case group) who chose TACE as primary treatment and 80 healthy people (the control group) who had undergone physical examination in The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University were selected during the same period. Gene polymorphisms of HGF rs5745652 and HGF rs2074725 were detected. Serum HGF level, treating efficacy, survival quality, and 3-year survival rate for PLC patients who received TACE were observed. Results: There were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of HGF rs5745652 and HGF rs2074725, between the case and control groups (all P<0.05). Compared with CT+TT genotype of HGF rs5745652, patients carrying CC genotype had lower serum HGF levels, higher efficacy, better survival quality, and prolonged 3-year survival rate (all P<0.05). In rs2074725, patients carrying CA+AA genotype had lower serum HGF levels, higher efficacy, better survival quality, and prolonged 3-year survival rate compared with patients carrying rs2074725 CC genotype (all P<0.05). Gene polymorphisms of HGF rs5745652 and HGF rs2074725, tumor size, and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage were independent prognostic factors for PLC (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicated that HGF gene polymorphisms affect TACE efficacy and survival quality of PLC patients. Patients with HGF CC genotype of rs5745652 and CA+AA genotype of rs2074725 had decreased HGF level, better curative effect, high survival quality, and a good prognosis after TACE treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anaerobic–anoxic–oxic treatment treats high-strength PPS wastewater. • High feed chemical oxygen demand of up to 7,043 mg/L. • 0.11 g TKN/L.d and 400 mg NH 3 /L was removed. • 1470 mg/L sulfide was transformed with good process stability. • A2O scheme offers resilient and robust treatment for high-strength PPS wastewater. This paper outlines an integrated anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) treatment scheme for high-strength, highly recalcitrant wastewater from the production of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins and their composite chemicals. An integrated anaerobic granular sludge blanket (GSB) and anoxic–oxic (AO) reactor indicated that the A2O removed chemical oxygen demand (COD) of up to 7,043 mg/L with no adverse impact from high total dissolved solids (25,000 mg/L) on the GSB COD removal and effluent suspended solids. At a Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) nitrification load of 0.11 g TKN/L.d and 400 mg NH 3 /L, almost 99 % of the NH 3 was degraded with effluent NH 3 < 5 mg/L, meeting the limit of 35 mg/L. High S2- levels of up to 1470 mg/L can be transformed through aerobic microbial degradation to meet a limit of 1.0 mg/L. With proper microbial acclimation and process designs, the integrated A2O scheme offers a resilient and robust treatment for high-strength recalcitrant PPS wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination and supramolecular assemblies of alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions to perhydroxycucurbit[5]uril {(HO) 10 Q[5]} in the presence of [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions display markedly different conformations. Interaction of (HO) 10 Q[5] molecules with Rb + or Ba 2+ cations in the presence of [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions results in two-dimensional networks in which (HO) 10 Q[5] complexes and [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions link through Rb + or Ba 2+ cations via coordination bonds. Interaction of (HO) 10 Q[5] molecules with Ca 2+ cations in the presence of [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions forms a three-dimensional framework with seven different interaction conformations of the (HO) 10 Q[5]/Ca 2+ coordination pair and [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions through ion-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding. In contrast, interaction of (HO) 10 Q[5] molecules with Ba 2+ cations in the presence of [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4− anions forms six-membered “bracelets” via direct coordination of Ba 2+ to (HO) 10 Q[5]. The (HO) 10 Q[5]/Ba 2+ complexes show better selectively adsorption capacities for acetone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main treatment for congenital scoliosis is posterior hemivertebra resection with bilateral transpedicular fixation. Reports describing posterior unilateral intervertebral fusion and transpedicular screw fixation are rare, with no long-term follow-up results, especially in older children. Retrospective analysis of the long-term outcomes of unilateral fusion and fixation after hemivertebra resection for congenital scoliosis.Methods: From April 2004 to May 2012, 19 consecutive cases (12 males; age range 2.3-13.4 years) of congenital scoliosis treated by hemivertebra resection with posterior unilateral or bilateral exposure and unilateral intervertebral fusion with transpedicular screw instrumentation alone were investigated retrospectively. All cases were followed-up for at least 3 years.Results: The mean Cobb angle of the segmental scoliosis was improved from 34.8 to 13.4° (correction rate 61.5 %). The mean Cobb angle of the segmental kyphosis was improved from 23.5 to 5.8° (correction rate 75.3 %). The mean correction rates of compensatory cranial and caudal curves were 46.1 and 54.5 %, respectively. 11 patients (57.8 %) exhibited continuous segmental curve improvement during the follow-up. One pedicle fracture and one instrumentation failure were recorded.Conclusions: Unilateral transpedicular screw fixation provides satisfactory correction of the spinal deformity in both very young and older children. Unilateral intervertebral fusion and transpedicular fixation represents an advisable alternative method for the correction of congenital scoliosis and has advantages of reduced trauma, less surgery time and lower expense. Furthermore, the non-fused concave side offers the opportunity for correction of subsequent spine deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel catalyst-free aminochlorination of alkenes was developed by the direct addition of alkenes to N-chloro- N-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (CFBSA). The reaction produces 2-chloro-3-fluoramino and 3-chloro-2-fluoroamino adducts in 1,2-dichloroethane under reflux and dichloromethane at room temperature, respectively, in a regioselective manner. The electronic and steric effects of the fluorine atom of CFBSA have proven to be crucial for the reactivity and regioselectivity. A variety of transformations have been achieved to form 2-chloroenamines, chloroamines, aziridines and N-phenylbenzenesulfonamides under different conditions. Notably, the N-F bond in the adducts formed could be a useful handle for further transformations to useful compounds in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination of cucurbit[5]uril (Q[5]) with lanthanide cations and their supramolecular assemblies in different media were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In an acidic solution, Q[5] coordinated with Pr 3+ and formed a molecular bowl-like complex. In an acidic KCl solution, Q[5] formed heterometallic Sm 3+ and K + ions capsules. In a neutral aqueous NiCl 2 solution, an assembly of [Ni(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ cations and Q[5]/Ln 3+ molecular bowl-like complexes resulted in the formation of a hexagonal framework. In an acidic solution containing an alkali salt and a transition-metal salt, an assembly of [M trans (H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ cations and Q[5]-based heterometallic capsules also resulted in the formation of hexagonal frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of motion-preservation procedures to prevent the adjacent segment degeneration (ASDeg) or adjacent segment disease (ASDis) compared with fusion in lumbar spine.Methods: PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched and a meta-analysis was performed of all randomized controlled trials and well designed prospective or retrospective comparative cohort studies assessing the lumbar fusion and motion-preservation procedures. We compared the ASDeg and ASDis rate, reoperation rate, operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, visual analogue scale (VAS) and oswestry disability index (ODI) improvement of the two procedures.Results: A total of 15 studies consisting of 1474 patients were included in this study. The meta-analysis indicated that the prevalence of ASDeg, ASDis and reoperation rate on the adjacent level were lower in motion-preservation procedures group than in the fusion group (P = 0.001; P = 0.0004; P < 0.0001). Moreover, shorter length of hospital stay was found in motion-preservation procedures group (P < 0.0001). No difference was found in terms of operation time (P = 0.57), blood loss (P = 0.27), VAS (P = 0.76) and ODI improvement (P = 0.71) between the two groups.Conclusions: The present evidences indicated that the motion-preservation procedures had an advantage on reducing the prevalence of ASDeg, ASDis and the reoperation rate due to the adjacent segment degeneration compared with the lumbar fusion. And the clinical outcomes of the two procedures are similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. A number of studies have investigated the association of HIF-1a with prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma but yielded inconsistent results. Method: Systematic computerized searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant original articles. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the prognostic value of HIF-1a expression. The standard mean difference was used to analyze the continuous variable. Results: Finally, nine studies comprising 486 patients were subjected to final analysis. Protein expression level of HIF-1a was found to be significantly related to overall survival (HR =3.0; 95% CI: 1.46-6.15), disease-free survival (HR =2.23; 95% CI: 1.26-3.92), pathologic grade (OR =21.33; 95% CI: 4.60-98.88), tumor stage (OR =10.29; 95% CI: 3.55-29.82), chemotherapy response (OR =9.68; 95% CI: 1.87-50.18), metastasis (OR =5.06; 95% CI: 2.87-8.92), and microvessel density (standard mean difference =2.83; 95% CI: 2.28-3.39). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that overexpression of HIF-1a is a predictive factor of poor outcomes for osteosarcoma. HIF-1a appeared to play an important role in prognostic evaluation and may be a potential target in antitumoral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to assess the early effects of operatively and nonoperatively managed vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) in elderly polytrauma patients.Methods: A multi-center retrospective cohort study of operative treatment [vertebroplasty (VP) or kyphoplasty (KP)] versus nonoperative treatment (bed rest).Results: A total of 40 patients received operative treatment and 59 patients received nonoperative treatment. The mean length of hospital stay was 15.53 ± 6.994 days in the operative and 19.54 ± 12.012 days in the nonoperative group (P = 0.039). The incidence of complication was higher in the nonoperative group than the operative group (P = 0.009), especially the incidence of bed rest complication (P = 0.024). Mortality rate was not significant difference between two groups (P = 0.172).Conclusions: For VCFs in elderly polytrauma patients, VP or KP can reduce length of hospital stay and complications, especially bed rest complication compared with nonoperative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild and efficient procedure for the silver-catalyzed tandem trifluoromethylation and cyclization of aryl isonitriles with the Langlois reagent (sodium triflinate) is developed. A series of trifluoromethylated phenanthridines is prepared in moderate to good yields from a cheap and stable trifluoromethyl source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) is commonly elevated in osteosarcoma patients. A number of studies have investigated the prognostic role of SALP level in patients with osteosarcoma but yielded inconsistent results. Method. Systematic computerized searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant original articles. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and relative risks (RRs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the prognostic value of SALP level. Results. Finally, 21 studies comprising 3228 patients were included. Overall, the pooled HRs of SALP suggested that elevated level had an unfavorable impact on osteosarcoma patients’ overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.61–2.06; p<0.001) and event-free survival (EFS) (HR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.61–2.42; p<0.001). Combined RRs of SALP indicated that elevated level was associated with presence of metastasis at diagnosis (RR = 5.55; 95% CI: 1.61–9.49; p=0.006). No significantly different results were obtained after stratified by variables of age range, cancer stage, sample size, and geographic region. Conclusion. This meta-analysis demonstrated that high SALP level is significantly associated with poor OS or EFS rate and presence of metastasis at diagnosis. SALP level is a convenient and effective biomarker of prognosis for osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A copper and iodine-mediated C–H oxidative sulfenylation of olefins with diaryl disulfides has been developed for the stereospecific synthesis of vinyl thioether. With the combination of Cu(OTf)2 and I2, a variety of terminal alkenes underwent oxidative coupling reaction with various diaryl disulfides successfully to afford the corresponding E-vinyl sulfides in moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cereals are an important source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for humans, but their concentrations are generally low in white flour (which corresponds to the starchy endosperm) and their bioavailability is limited by high phytate content in the bran. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the phytate content of wheat grain affects the distribution of Fe and Zn to the bran and starchy endosperm. Methods: The stable isotopes Fe and Zn were applied to the flag leaves of four wheat lines differing in their phytate content. The isotopes were also applied to roots of a low phytate line. Isotopic compositions in bran, starchy endosperm and straw were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The low phytate line contained approximately half of the phytate-phosphorus concentration of the other three lines. Foliar applications of Fe and Zn increased the isotopic ratios Fe/Fe and Zn/Zn more in the bran than in the starchy endosperm. The low phytate line did not have a greater distribution of the isotope labels toward the starchy endosperm. The four wheat lines differed in the distribution of Fe and Zn from the flag leaves to the rest of the vegetative tissues and the grain. Little of the isotopes applied to roots at the anthesis stage reached the grain. Conclusions: Fe and Zn were preferentially distributed to the bran of wheat grain. Low phytate content in the bran does not appear to facilitate the distribution of Fe and Zn into the starchy endosperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report our 11-year minimum clinical and radiological outcomes, as well as complications of the Charite III total disc replacement (TDR). Methods: A total of 35 patients indicated for total disc replacement were implanted with the Charite III prosthesis. Clinical evaluation included visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Radiological parameters of intervertebral disc height (IDH), range of motion (ROM), lumbar lordosis, lumbar scoliosis and prosthesis position were evaluated. Complications and reoperation rates were also assessed. Results: Thirty-two patients had a minimum 11-year follow-up, and 33 prostheses were implanted. The mean follow-up time was 11.8 years, ranging from 11.3 to 13.8 years. Twenty-eight patients (87.5 %) had a successful outcome, as defined by the FDA. Reoperation was performed in 2 patients for adjacent segment degeneration and pedicle fracture (1 case each). Both VAS and ODI scores showed significant improvement compared to baseline. At the final follow-up, the ROM of both the index- and adjacent-level showed an obvious decrease. The IDH of the index level showed a tendency to decrease, but the difference was not significant. The IDH of adjacent levels were not significantly affected by the surgery. Mean lumbar lordosis was increased at the final follow-up, and lumbar scoliosis over 3° was observed in 12 patients (37.5 %), with a mean angle of 5.6° (range 3°-12°). Of all 35 prostheses, 15 were left-shifted, 3 were right-shifted and 14 were just in the middle. In the coronal plane, 25 were rated as ideally placed, 5 were discretely shifted, 4 were slightly shifted and 1 was markedly shifted. In the sagittal plane, only 12 prostheses were rated as ideally placed, 14 were discretely shifted and 9 were suboptimally placed. Prosthesis subsidence was noted in 3 (9.4 %) patients (the subsidence distances were 3.1, 4.2 and 2.8 mm, respectively). Heterotopic ossification was detected in 25 segments (71.4 %), consisting of Class-I heterotopic ossification in 7 segments (20.0 %), Class-II in 9 segments (25.7 %), and Class-III in 9 segments (25.7 %). Class-IV heterotopic ossification was not observed. Conclusion: The cumulative survival was 100 % at a mean follow-up of 11.8 years. Clinical and radiological results were satisfactory and long-term clinical results were maintained for a mean follow-up of 11.8 years. Reoperation and complication rates are acceptable, and our study does not substantiate the fear of reoperation or late complications. The results of our long-term follow-up indicate that, with strict indication, TDR is a safe and effective procedure as an alternative to lumbar fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination and supramolecular assemblies of lanthanide cations and perhydroxycucurbit[5]uril {(HO)10Q[5]} in the presence of [SiW12O40]4- anions and transition metal salts show significant differences as the lanthanide atomic number increases. The molecular capsule (HO)10Q[5] coordinates with the light lanthanide cations Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, and Tb3+ but does not coordinate with heavier Ln3+ cations. However, (HO)10Q[5]/Na+-based molecular capsules form in the presence of the heavier lanthanide cations Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, and Lu3+ under the same synthetic conditions. These differences could be key in establishing a strategy for the isolation of light lanthanides from their heavier counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iron-promoted tandem carboxamidation and cyclization between aryl isonitriles and formamides has been developed. The one-pot strategy can be applied to a wide range of 2-isocyanobiphenyls and formamides with excellent functional group tolerance for the synthesis of phenanthridine-6-carboxamides in moderate to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) electrode with a hierarchical carbon-based conducting network has been developed for high rate lithium ion battery. The unique network is constructed by graphene sheets (GS) that are not only dispersed among (inter-) but also inside (intra-) LTO particles, together with a thin carbon layer wrapping around the LTO particles. The intraparticle GS promotes the electron transfer inside LTO particles while the interparticle GS together with carbon coating bridges the particles guaranteeing fast electron transfer among LTO particles, which construct a highway throughout the whole electrode sheet. Quantitatively, only a trace amount of GS (∼ 0.4 wt%) synergistic with carbon coating (∼0.8 wt%) contributes to a more effective conducting network in the produced LTO electrode and as a result much better performance as compared to the LTO case with similar carbon coating but free of GS. Due to the effectiveness of the conducting network, even with a tap density as high as ∼1.0 g cm −3 , the novel LTO possesses both excellent rate performance and cycling behaviors. The capacity of 123.5 mA h g −1 is obtained at a charge/discharge rate as high as 30 C and a very high capacity of 144.8 mAh g −1 is maintained even after 100 cycles at 10 C. Due to such a low fraction of carbon and a high tape density, the novel LTO electrode has a great practical application value in both the power and energy storage lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major contributor to back, neck, and radicular pain. It is related to changes in tissue structure and function, including the breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), aging, apoptosis of the nucleus pulposus, and biomechanical tissue impairment. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in IDD, and they are being explored as potential treatment targets for IDD and associated disorders. For example, interleukins (IL), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokines, and inflammasomes have all been linked to the pathophysiology of IDD. These inflammatory mediators are found in high concentrations in intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues and cells and are associated with the severity of LBP and IDD. It is feasible to reduce the production of these proinflammatory mediators and develop a novel therapy for IDD, which will be a hotspot of future research. In this review, the effects of inflammatory mediators in IDD were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCF) is a common procedure for treating patients with multilevel degenerative cervical spine disease. The selection of lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) relative to the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of PCF construct terminating at the lower cervical spine and crossing the CTJ. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for relevant studies in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library database. Complications, rate of reoperation, surgical data, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and radiographic outcomes were compared between PCF construct terminating at or above C7 (cervical group) and at or below T1 (thoracic group) in patients with multilevel degenerative cervical spine disease. A subgroup analysis based on surgical techniques and indications was performed. Results: Fifteen retrospective cohort studies comprising 2071 patients (1163 in the cervical group and 908 in the thoracic group) were included. The cervical group was associated with a lower incidence of wound-related complications (RR, 0.58; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.92, p = 0.022; 831 patients in cervical group vs. 692 patients in thoracic group), a lower reoperation rate for wound-related complications (RR, 0.55; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.96, p = 0.034; 768 vs. 624 patients), and less neck pain at the final follow-up (WMD, −0.58; 95% CI −0.93 to −0.23, p = 0.001; 327 vs. 268 patients). However the cervical group also developed a higher incidence of overall adjacent segment disease (ASD, including distal ASD and proximal ASD) (RR, 1.87; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.76, p = 0.001; 1079 vs. 860 patients), distal ASD (RR, 2.18; 95% CI 1.36 to 3.51, p = 0.001; 642 vs. 555 patients), overall hardware failure (including hardware failure of LIV and hardware failure occurring at other instrumented vertebra) (RR, 1.48; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.15, p = 0.040; 614 vs. 451 patients), and hardware failure of LIV (RR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.95, p = 0.005; 380 vs. 339 patients). The operating time was reasonably shorter (WMD, −43.47; 95% CI −59.42 to −27.52, p < 0.001; 611 vs. 570 patients) and the estimated blood loss was lower (WMD, −143.77; 95% CI −185.90 to −101.63, p < 0.001; 721 vs. 740 patients) when the PCF construct did not cross the CTJ. Conclusions: PCF construct crossing the CTJ was associated with a lower incidence of ASD and hardware failure but a higher incidence of wound-related complications and a small increase in qualitative neck pain, without difference in neck disability on the NDI. Based on the subgroup analysis for surgical techniques and indications, prophylactic crossing of the CTJ should be considered for patients with concurrent instability, ossification, deformity, or a combination of anterior approach surgeries as well. However, long-term follow-up outcomes and patient selection-related factors such as bone quality, frailty, and nutrition status should be addressed in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD8+ T cells play an important role in the anti-tumor activities of the body. The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in glioma is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the glioma cell-derived ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10) in the suppression of CD8+ effector T cells by the induction of regulatory B cells. In this study, glioma cells were isolated from surgically removed glioma tissue and stimulated by Phorbol myristate acetage (PMA) in the culture. The levels of ADAM10 in the culture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the isolated glioma cells express ADAM10, which was markedly up regulated after stimulated with PMA. The glioma-derived ADAM10 induced activated B cells to differentiate into regulatory B cells, the later suppressed CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as the induced regulatory T cells, which also showed the immune suppressor effect on CD8+ effector T cell proliferation. In conclusion, glioma cells produce ADAM10 to induce Bregs; the latter suppresses CD8+ T cells and induces Tregs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]