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Life history characteristics of Watases lanternfish Diaphus watasei from a deep sea fishing ground of the East China Sea were studied. Overall, 452 adult individuals with standard length ranging from 91 to 147 mm were collected in the continental slope during 3 years. The growth pattern and hatching date were inferred from otolith microstructure analysis, and the stomach contents were examined to clarify feeding ecology. Three distinct zones of the otolith microstructure were depicted, the numbers of increments in the central and middle zones of the D. watasei otolith are in the lowest level in myctophid species studied. The maximum number of growth increments indicated a short lifespan of 2 years. The spawning time almost lasted throughout the year, and then two cohorts were separated according to the estimated hatching time. The length–weight relationship revealed a negative allometric pattern and significant difference between the two cohorts, and a significant seasonal difference was also detected in somatic growth pattern. A piscivorous habit dominated by Maurolicus muelleri was revealed across sampling seasons and standard length groups. Overall, D. watasei show distinct life history characteristics compared to coinhabiting myctophids, and such characteristics could reduce interspecific competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction This study aims to clarify differences in mood, craving, and treatment response between reward and relief/habit individuals in a study of naltrexone, varenicline, and placebo. We hypothesized that relief/habit individuals would have a poorer mood during early abstinence and higher levels of alcohol craving than reward individuals. We hypothesized that reward individuals would demonstrate better drinking outcomes on naltrexone versus placebo. Methods Data were culled from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trial of 53 individuals (18F/16M) with alcohol use disorder randomized to varenicline (n  = 19), naltrexone (n  = 15), or matched placebo (n  = 19). In this 6-day practice quit trial, participants attempted to abstain from drinking and completed daily diaries. Participants were classified into reward or relief/habit subgroups based on self-reported motivation for drinking. Multilinear models tested differences in mood and alcohol craving between reward and relief/habit individuals. General linear models tested differences between reward and relief/habit individuals' drinking outcomes on each medication versus placebo. Results Relief/habit individuals showed decreases in positive mood and increases in negative mood over the quit attempt across medications, compared to reward individuals (P 's < .05). Reward individuals' tension decreased on naltrexone, while relief/habit individuals' tension remained stable (F  = 3.64, P  = .03). Reward individuals in the placebo group had higher percent days abstinent than relief individuals in the placebo group (P  < .001). Discussion This study suggests relief/habit individuals' mood worsens during early abstinence. Our finding that reward individuals' tension decreased on naltrexone and increased on placebo may suggest a clinical response to the medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study aimed to compare reward, relief, and habit treatment-seeking individuals on recent drinking, alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenomenology, and mood. The second aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive validity of reward, relief, and habit profiles. Method Treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD (n = 169) were recruited to participate in a medication trial for AUD (NCT03594435). Reward, relief, and habit drinking groups were assessed using the UCLA Reward Relief Habit Drinking Scale. Group differences at baseline were evaluated using univariate analyses of variance. A subset of participants were enrolled in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled medication trial (n = 102), and provided longitudinal drinking and phenomenology data. The predictive validity of group membership was assessed using linear regression analyses. Results At baseline, individuals who drink primarily for relief had higher craving and negative mood than those who drink for reward and habit. Prospectively, membership in the relief drinking group predicted greater alcohol use, greater heavy drinking, and fewer days abstinent compared to those in the reward drinking group. Membership in the relief drinking group also predicted greater alcohol craving, more alcohol-related consequences, and more anxiety symptoms over 12 weeks compared to those in the reward drinking group. Conclusions This study provides support for reward and relief drinking motive profiles in treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD. Membership in the relief drinking motive group was predictive of poorer drinking outcomes and more negative symptomology over 12 weeks, indicating that individuals who drink for relief may be a particularly vulnerable sub-population of individuals with AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do states sustain failing policy? The literature on path dependency and cognitive habits shows how foreign policy logics become axiomatic. Yet these explanations focus too much on people and not enough on policies. We argue that the content of policies matters for the degree and depth of their entrenchment. Policies with long-term time horizons, immeasurable objectives and diffuse effects are especially vulnerable to stasis. Engagement policies toward China are a paradigmatic example. We focus on Canada's engagement policy, which exhibits both stasis and change, and refer to similar policies of other countries. Drawing on primary evidence including interviews with high-level diplomats and decision-makers, we find that engagement aimed at socializing China was sustained despite growing evidence of its failure—including through a multi-year diplomatic crisis. Change only became possible through 'institutionalized debate', meaning the purposeful creation of formal channels for debate. The article makes three contributions. First, we identify a novel explanation of stasis, showing that the content of policies matters. Second, we introduce a practical pathway—institutionalized debate—that can disrupt stasis once a policy logic is habituated. Finally, we identify an aspect of socialization ignored in the literature: when operationalized as policy, it becomes resistant to reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning-based interventions are often used to help individuals form habits. Existing literature suggests a one-size-fits all approach to habit formation, but planning interventions may be optimized if tailored to individual differences and/or behavioral complexity. We test the hypothesis that planning to do a relatively complex behaviour (exercise) at a time that matches an individuals' diurnal preference will facilitate behavioral engagement; whereas for a simpler behaviour (calcium supplementation), the optimal time-of-day for a new behavior will occur in the morning. Young, women volunteers (N = 317) were randomly assigned to take calcium supplements or to exercise for 4 weeks and to control (no planning) or to one of three planning interventions (morning plan; evening plan; unassigned-time plan). Participants reported diurnal preference at baseline and habit strength and behavioral frequency weekly. Fitbit Zips and Medication Event Monitoring System Caps (MEMS) were used to objectively assess behavioral engagement. Multilevel modelling found that calcium-supplementation was greatest for morning-types in the morning-cue condition, whereas exercise was greatest for morning-types with morning cues and evening-types with evening cues. Habit-formation strategies may depend on diurnal preference and behavioral complexity. Future research can evaluate the role of other individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "Head and Shoulders" and challenges the common interpretation of the story as a simple reversal of gender roles. The authors argue that the story is more complex and nuanced, and that the characters should not be reduced to stereotypes. They suggest that the references to philosophers in the story and the banter between the characters indicate a deeper meaning and potential for analysis. The article emphasizes the importance of considering historical context and challenges traditional gender roles. [Extracted from the article]

The author presents a critical response to S. Pearl Brilmyer's essay "Queer Rigidity: Habit and the Limits of the Performativity Thesis" published in the Summer 2024 issue. Topics include the author's reflexive thoughts on the training method of kata or karate in Japan, her argument on the prismatic perspective on habit adopted by Brilmyer referencing the characters of Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle in the 1956 musical "My Fair Lady," and her views on the queerness of the work.

Habit change is often seen as key to successful long‐term behaviour change. Making 'good' behaviours habitual—that is, ensuring a behaviour is prompted automatically on exposure to situational cues, based on cue‐response associations learnt through context‐consistent repetition—is portrayed as a mechanism for sustaining such behaviours over time. Conversely, disrupting 'bad' habits is expected to terminate longstanding unwanted actions. Yet, some commentators have suggested that the role of habit in real‐world behaviour and behaviour change has been overstated. Such critiques highlight a gap between habit theory and the reality of human behaviour 'in the wild'. This state‐of‐the‐field review aims to narrow this gap. Building on a core distinction between habit and habitual behaviour, our review seeks to offer interpretations of habit theory and evidence that will better manage intervention designers' expectations regarding how modifying habit can realistically be expected to promote behaviour change. We emphasise that habit is just one potential influence on behaviour at any given moment, and highlight instances in which habit may dominate over intention, and in which intention may dominate over habit, in determining behaviour frequency. We suggest that, while it may assist behaviour maintenance, habit formation may be neither necessary nor sufficient to sustain real‐world behaviour change. We draw attention to the various ways in which habit may be 'broken' (i.e., disrupted), and discern the implications of each habit disruption mechanism for long‐term cessation of unwanted behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluntary behaviors (operants) can come in two varieties: Goal‐directed actions, which are emitted based on the remembered value of the reinforcer, and habits, which are evoked by antecedent cues and performed without the reinforcer's value in active memory. The two are perhaps most clearly distinguished with the reinforcer‐devaluation test: Goal‐directed actions are suppressed when the reinforcer is separately devalued and responding is tested in extinction, and habitual behaviors are not. But what is the function of habit learning? Habits are often thought to be strong and unusually persistent. The present selective review examines this idea by asking whether habits identified by the reinforcer‐devaluation test are more resistant to extinction, resistant to the effects of other contingency change, vulnerable to relapse, resistant to the weakening effects of context change, or permanently in place once they are learned. Surprisingly little evidence supports the idea that habits are permanent or more persistent. Habits are more context‐specific than goal‐directed actions are. Methods that make behavior persistent do not necessarily work by encouraging habit. The function of habit learning may not be to make a behavior strong or more persistent but to make it automatic and efficient in a particular context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habits are a prominent feature of both adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Yet, despite substantial research efforts, there are currently no well-established experimental procedures for habit induction in humans. It is likely that laboratory experimental settings, as well as the session-based structure typically used in controlled experiments (also outside the lab), impose serious constraints on studying habits and other effects that are sensitive to context, motivation, and training duration and frequency. To overcome these challenges, we devised a unique real-world free-operant task structure, implemented through a novel smartphone application, whereby participants could freely enter the app (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) to win rewards. This procedure is free of typical laboratory constraints, yet well controlled. Using the canonical sensitivity to outcome devaluation criterion, we successfully demonstrated habit formation as a function of training duration, a long-standing challenge in the field. Additionally, we show a positive relationship between multiple facets of engagement/motivation and goal-directedness. We suggest that our novel paradigm can be used to study the neurobehavioral and psychological mechanism underlying habits in humans. Moreover, the real-world free-operant framework can potentially be used to examine other instrumental behavior-related questions, with greater face validity in naturalistic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determinate growth habit is farmer-preferred trait in dolichos bean. Fresh pods are harvestable and marketable economic products in dolichos bean. For ready acceptance of determinate cultivars, they should be in high fresh pod yielding background. Empirical evidence based on non-isogenic backgrounds indicated that genotypes with indeterminate growth habit produce greater fresh pod yield than those with determinate growth habit. However, confounding effects of the genes other than those controlling growth habit on fresh pod yield cannot be ruled out. Near isogenic lines (NILs) are ideal genetic resources to assess un-confounding effect of growth habit on fresh pod yield. Methods: Six pairs of NILs differing for growth habit developed from heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) of F2:5 recombinant inbred population were field-evaluated in two-replicated RCBD design at three locations for days to 50% flowering, number of fresh pods plant-1 and fresh pod yield plant-1. Significance/other-wise of differences between determinate and indeterminate components of NILs were examined using two-sample ‘t’ test with unequal variance. Result: Indeterminate NILs were late to flower by one week and produced two-fold greater number of fresh pods and higher fresh pod yield compared to their determinate counterpart NILs. Given that NILs used in the present study differed only for loci controlling growth habit, we strongly believe that genes controlling growth habit perhaps have pleiotropic effects on number of fresh pods and fresh pod yield in dolichos bean. These results are discussed in relation to strategies to maximize fresh pod yield potential of determinate cultivars in dolichos bean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In eggplant, two kinds of fruit‐bearing habits can be observed, that is, cluster and solitary. The fruits grown in cluster are small in size but contribute towards yield and productivity. In this investigation, we have studied the genetics of fruit‐bearing habit and identified the SSR markers linked to this trait. Pusa Safed Baingan 1 (cluster bearer) and Pusa Hara Baingan 1 (solitary bearer) having contrasting traits were crossed to generate F1 (20 plants), F2 (215 plants), B1 (73 plants) and B2 (64 plants). Genetic analysis of the trait was carried out using Chi‐square test. The segregation of plants in F2 suggested recessive epistasis with ratio of 9:3:4 (solitary: mixed: cluster) indicating involvement of two genes for controlling the fruit‐bearing habit. The parental polymorphic 6 SSR markers were used for genotyping F2 plants and co‐segregated with the fruit‐bearing habit (Bh1) locus in 1:2:1. A linkage map covering 63.86 cm distance was developed, the SSR marker emf11A03 was closest with a distance of 4.37 cm, emk03O04 at 12.5 cm distance, and emf21O06 at 14.5 cm. The physical positions of the SSR markers emb01J19 and emf11A03 flanking Bh1 gene were located at 4.77 mb position of contig Sme2.5_05721.1 and 5.18 Mb position of contig Sme2.5_00994.1, respectively. The findings in the present study will be helpful in marker‐assisted breeding to enhance yield in eggplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-help habit reversal training and decoupling are effective in improving body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs). However, most studies to date on self-help techniques have assessed short-term effects only. The present study aimed to elucidate whether treatment effects would be sustained over a longer period of time. Methods: We conducted a 2-year follow-up study of a cohort of 391 participants with mixed BFRBs who were initially randomized to four conditions (wait list control, habit reversal training, decoupling, decoupling in sensu). At post assessment, participants were allowed to use other treatment techniques, enabling us to explore treatment effects in those who continued to use the initial method only versus those who used additional techniques. The Generic Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Scale (GBS-36) served as the primary outcome. Results: Improvements achieved at post assessment were maintained at follow-up for all experimental conditions, with decoupling showing significantly greater treatment gains at follow-up relative to the wait list control group (last observation carried forward: p =.004, complete cases: p =.015). Depression at follow-up slightly improved compared to baseline and post assessment similarly across all conditions, arguing against "symptom displacement" to other psychopathological syndromes. Retention rates were similarly low across the four conditions (48.5–54.6%), making bias unlikely (but not firmly excluding it). Participants who adhered to the initial protocol until follow-up showed a pattern of improvement similar to those using additional techniques. Discussion: Our study speaks for the long-term effectiveness of behavioral self-help techniques to reduce BFRBs, particularly decoupling. Of note, participants were allowed to use other self-help manuals after completing the post assessment; thus, randomization was removed. However, a minority of the participants chose this option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides size and purity, habit represents a critical quality attribute of pharmaceutical crystals, influencing efficiencies of downstream processing steps and final drug product's qualities. In particular, needle-like habit poses problems in pharmaceutical manufacturing due to its difficult handling. Various habit modification strategies based on both chemical and physical routes have been developed to suppress needle-like crystal formation. Lately, habit modification is also performed on non-needle crystalline drugs to improve their qualities. The present review discusses recent advances in in situ crystal habit modification strategies for both small-molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. The following modification strategies are reviewed, namely (1) supersaturation variation, (2) solvent selection, (3) addition of habit modifiers, (4) pH variation, (5) temperature profile, and (6) ultrasound application. Integrated approaches that combine multiple strategies and incorporate ex situ/in situ milling, feedback process control, and habit monitoring are also presented. Positive impacts of habit modification on crystals' dissolution rate, flowability, stability, and tabletability are discussed. Solvent selection stands out as the most popular habit modification strategy, particularly for small-molecule pharmaceuticals, followed by supersaturation and temperature variations. The impacts of several habit modification strategies are often found to be drug-specific, necessitating development and validation of habit predictive models over broader experimental conditions. [Display omitted] • Solvent selection is the most widely used in habit modification of pharmaceuticals. • Supersaturation, temperature variations are effective for small and large molecules. • Impacts of varying supersaturation on habit are specific to the drug. • Integrated approach involving milling is superior to a single strategy. • Habit modification has been demonstrated in both batch and continuous platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we treat behavior within an evolutionary framework and as temporally extended flow, two fundamental questions arise: (a) What is an organism? and (b) What is behavior? An organism is a process that stays intact by constantly exchanging energy with the environment. It takes in resources and puts out waste. The behavior of an organism consists of those process parts of the organism process that make up the exchange. These activities serve the function of reproducing, which generally depends on surviving. Surviving and reproducing depend on responding to phylogenetically important events (PIEs). A PIE induces activities that enhance or mitigate the PIE. Organisms respond not only to a PIE but also to events that covary with the PIE. Both activities and environmental features may covary with a PIE. When either type of covariance is introduced to an organism, behavior adapts over time. The early stages of adaptation constitute what researchers call "goal direction," and the later stages constitute what researchers call "habit." Behavior and environment constitute a dynamic system, and manipulations of the covariances and environmental features of the system allow many experimental interventions. This molar approach allows experiments on goal direction and habit to be understood without appeal to everyday mentalistic terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airlines should ensure reliable maintenance support for aircraft operations, especially when introducing new aircraft types. To realize alternations in technicians' cognition and habit in executing routine checks is vital to identify and set training principles during starting stages of type changes. This study compiled possible alterations for A350XWB maintenance from senior practitioners and then conducted a comprehensive survey of China Airlines A-check crew members. A ranked pair-wise comparison (RPC) approach distinguished the priorities of gaps in crew cognition differences and habit changes. Fuselage anti-collision regulation resulted in larger gaps in cognition and habits. Procedures for powering the electrical system on and off, concepts for fuselage structure and materials, and reports of visual inspection procedures after collisions were the sub-criteria with the most significant changes for all respondents. Senior technicians presented more significant cognition differences with juniors in regulations for safety ranges between ground equipment and fuselage. Crew accumulating specific working experience performed more cautiously and carefully. New knowledge and procedures generated alternations of the crew's cognition and habit in implementing A350XWB A-checks than previous types. This study identified the relative gaps in practical operations. Airlines must be continuously aware of these gaps in aircraft maintenance during aircraft type changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHigh rates of medication non-adherence have been reported in Chilean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although habit is relevant to medication adherence, few studies have examined the antecedents of habit strength in taking diabetes medication. The aim of the present study was to assess the mediating role of habit strength in the association between determinants of habit formation and medication adherence in Chilean patients with T2DM. Participants were 245 T2DM patients from Chile. Variables were measured using self-report scales. Hypotheses were tested using a series of mediation models. Results supported the mediating role of habit strength in the relationships of medication adherence with planning, exposure to contextual cues, behavior repetition, perceived benefits, and intrinsic motivation. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the treatment of T2DM are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The habit formation model of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that overreliance on stimulus-driven behaviors leads to repetitive compulsive rituals. Failure in task control, which leads to the stimulus-driven behaviors overriding the goal-driven system, could explain the mechanisms involved in this process. Methods: Patients with OCD and non-psychiatric controls completed the affordance task to understand the role of task control in maintaining compulsive behaviors. In the affordance task, participants are required to respond to a stimulus with one hand, while the stimulus on screen triggers a motor activation in either the congruent (same) or incongruent (other) hand. The affordance effect (accuracy for incongruent minus congruent trials) measures task control—the ability to suppress irrelevant, stimulus-driven, behaviors. Results: The affordance effect was larger in the OCD group, indicating a deficit in task control in those patients. Furthermore, a binary logistic regression analysis, using the affordances effect as a predictor and group as the outcome variable, revealed that the affordance effect correctly classified about 65% of the individuals with OCD compared to the non-psychiatric controls. The correlation between the affordance effect and OCD symptom-severity was not significant. Limitations: Handedness was assessed through self-report and OCD symptoms were mild–moderate. Conclusions: These findings strengthen the notion that task control deficits might account for the imbalance between the goal-directed and habit formation systems and that this deficit might be a risk factor for OCD but does not account for symptom-severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the optimal consumption and investment for an agent, considering statistical arbitrary opportunities caused by mispriced stocks. The agent exhibits consumption habit formation and has access to a risk-free asset, a market index, and a pair of mispriced stocks. The optimization problem is to find the optimal consumption and investment strategies to maximize the expected utility from consumption and terminal wealth. The utility of consumption stems from the difference between the consumption and habit levels. Based on the dynamic programming method, a verification theorem is provided, and the analytical solution of the optimization problem is obtained. The numerical results show the behaviors of our formulas and are used to make practical recommendations. By studying the sensitivity of consumption and investment strategies to habit formation, mispricing, and a delta-neutral arbitrage strategy, we uncover and analyze the behaviors of the agent. Meanwhile, we define and discuss the wealth-equivalent utility loss in three cases, including ignoring habit formation, ignoring mispricing, and adopting the delta-neutral arbitrage strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysfunctions in reward and/or habit formation have been proposed as factors contributing individually to the maintenance of restrictive eating and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, despite the high comorbidity between these behaviors, the associations between reward and habit formation in their co-occurrence remains unclear. This study examined self-reported reward responsivity and habit strength among individuals with co-occurring restrictive eating and NSSI (Comorbid group; n = 108) and those with one behavior only (One-behavior group; n = 113). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses assessed the association between reward and habit features and the co-occurrence of restrictive eating and NSSI, accounting for the effects of impulsivity (a characteristic commonly considered to underlie co-occurring disordered eating and NSSI). Partial correlations examined the relationships between these features and the severity of eating disorder and NSSI symptoms, also controlling for impulsivity. Lower reward responsivity was associated with the co-occurrence of restrictive eating and NSSI, even after accounting for impulsivity (p = 0.017). In exploratory analyses, this relationship was no longer significant after accounting for self-reported depression. No significant associations were found regarding habit formation and restrictive eating and NSSI co-occurrence. Lower reward responsivity was linked to increased NSSI frequency and versatility in both groups and associated with severity of eating pathology in the Comorbid group (ps < 0.05). Our findings suggest that blunted reward responsivity may relate to the co-occurrence of restrictive eating, NSSI, and depressive symptoms, as well as the severity of restrictive eating and NSSI. Reward disturbances may serve as a crucial target in the treatment of multiple self-destructive behaviors. • Lower reward responsivity was associated with comorbid restrictive eating and NSSI. • The link between reward responsivity and comorbidity extended beyond impulsivity. • Habit strength had no significant link with comorbid restrictive eating and NSSI. • Lower reward responsivity correlated with elevated NSSI and eating disorder severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a critical response to S. Pearl Brilmyer's essay "Queer Rigidity: Habit and the Limits of the Performativity Thesis" published in the Summer 2024 issue. Topics include the author's argument on queer studies' antipathy toward habit as the field's critical habit as claimed in the essay, thoughts on Brilmyer's insistence that the field's critical rigidity arises from its allegiance to the performativity thesis, and views on the metadiscourse of queer theory.

This article argues that every performance of habit‐driven action requires attention. I begin by revisiting the conception of habit‐driven actions as reducible to automatically performed responses to stimuli. On this conception, habitual actions are a counterexample to Wayne Wu's action‐centered theory of attention. Using the biased competition model of attention, and building on findings from affective cognitive neuroscience, I challenge this position. I claim that the performance of a habitual action requires experiential history to be exerting an influence that is best understood as implicit selection‐biasing. It follows from this that habit‐driven action is compatible with Wu's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the distinction between goal-directed behavior and habitual behavior in operant behavior. It explains that goal-directed behavior is influenced by the current value of its reinforcing consequence, while habits occur independently of that value. The article discusses various studies that examine the characteristics and measurement of habits, as well as their persistence and susceptibility to change. It also presents alternative frameworks for understanding habits and goal-directed behavior. The article highlights the evolving understanding of habits and their role in behavior. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates a stochastic model of a continuous-time target benefit pension system with habit formation, where members' contributions are predetermined and pension payments depend on the financial condition of the system. Moreover, risk sharing among different generations is considered and we incorporate the habitual benefit payment process into the plan manager's objective. Concretely, the plan manager aims to minimize the deviation between actual payments and habitual payments, which can minimize the combined benefit-risk (i.e. deviation from the habitual target) and intergenerational transfers effectively. Furthermore, the pension fund is allowed to invest in a risk-free asset and a risky asset. By employing the martingale method, we derive the optimal investment strategy and the benefit adjustment strategy explicitly. Finally, numerical analysis is provided to illustrate the effects of model parameters on the optimal strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory and research about trust in news typically draws on normative understandings of news as a conduit for information transmission in the service of the media’s role as the Fourth Estate in democratic systems. These approaches rely on a narrow top-down view of trust, and of how and why people use news in their daily lives. In this study, we offer a complementary audience-centric view of trust in news, which foregrounds three attributes beyond politics and professional practice, closer to Carey’s formulation of communication as ritual, which we argue is better aligned with how much of the public engages with news. Our qualitative analysis of focus groups and interviews in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States identifies three attributes of trust in news that extend beyond the transmission view of communication—specifically those pertaining to habit, emotion, and identity. These findings show the importance of considering how trust operates through sociocultural levels sometimes in tandem with, but in other ways orthogonal to, political factors. We posit that journalists and reformer-advocates for journalism seeking effective strategies for rebuilding trust may need to look beyond politics and the professional practices in the industry to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Richard Schechner, the overall time-space sequence of performance is divided into three parts: proto-performance, performance and aftermath. Schechner's concept of restored behaviour falls under the time-space sequence of proto-performance, which comprises of training, workshop and rehearsal processes. As such, restored behaviour marks previously enacted embodiment and emphasizes the processes of repetition and revision. These behaviours can be aligned with habits as 'a settled disposition or tendency to act in a particular way, acquired through repetition of the action in question' (Felix Ravaisson (2008) Of Habit, trans. Clare Carlisle and Mark Sinclair, London: Continuum, p5). This article aims to open a window on the concepts of restored behaviour and habit and explores in the context of a particular aesthetic performance practice via an emphasis on repetition, enactment and embodied assimilation. Accordingly, this vignette focuses on Purulia Chhau of West Bengal, a tribal, martial, folk, masked dance-drama form of Eastern India, whose various habits of performance are considered in terms of restored behaviours. Within this context, we use Schechner's theory and employ a qualitative approach as the primary methodological tool to analyse the threefold habits of proto-performance practices in Purulia Chhau, close read the recurring patterns as habits in practices of repetition and their improvisation, and examine how restored behaviour works both in symbolic and reflexive ways during the performances offered to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we become more and more comfortable in our positions as leaders and managers, we create expanding domains of expertise. The creation of these knowledge bases is a productive yet stressful process that results in a sense of comfort and stability in our positions. These benefits grow out of a sense of confidence that we have achieved a number of important milestones. Yet with stability comes the risk that we may slip into stasis. New leaders can be aware of related risks as they build their own sense of achievement while established leaders can take stock and see where they can improve their own listening skills, which are often the first to slip as we enjoy the perks of experience. Deep listening is reviewed as a growth habit that can help to sharpen our leadership skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply a machine learning technique to characterize habit formation in two large panel data sets with objective measures of 1) gym attendance (over 12 million observations) and 2) hospital handwashing (over 40 million observations). Our Predicting Context Sensitivity (PCS) approach identifies context variables that best predict behavior for each individual. This approach also creates a time series of overall predictability for each individual. These time series predictability values are used to trace a habit formation curve for each individual, operationalizing the time of habit formation as the asymptotic limit of when behavior becomes highly predictable. Contrary to the popular belief in a "magic number" of days to develop a habit, we find that it typically takes months to form the habit of going to the gym but weeks to develop the habit of handwashing in the hospital. Furthermore, we find that gymgoers who are more predictable are less responsive to an intervention designed to promote more gym attendance, consistent with past experiments showing that habit formation generates insensitivity to reward devaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavior performed in the presence of consistent cues is a core element for successful habit development, with the repeated presence of consistent cues facilitating the activation of automatic responses in future. Yet, little is known about the effects of different cue types on habit. Using a two-wave prospective PLS-SEM model with a sample of 68 undergraduate students, we assessed the mediating effects of habit on the past-behavior-to-physical-activity relationship, and how the mediating effects of habit were moderated by the consistent presence of different forms of cues. Habit mediated the effects of past behavior on physical activity, with a significantly stronger mediating effect of habit in those reporting undertaking physical activity at the same time of day, doing the same activity, and in the same mood. Consistent place, people, and part of routine did not moderate the effects of habit. The results provide formative evidence for a key assertion of the habit theory that consistent contextual and internal cues are a cornerstone of habitual development and action, but they also indicate the importance of examining different forms of cues and their impact on the formation and enaction of habits as some cues may be more relevant than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the influence of Habit of Mind, Mathematical Resilience, and Self-Confidence on the ability of fifth-grade students at SDN Gugus Gajah Mungkur, Gajah Mungkur District, Semarang City, to solve HOTS mathematics problems. Employing a quantitative approach with a correlational design, the research sample consists of 110 students, selected through proportional random sampling from a population of 136 students across five elementary schools within the Gajah Mungkur cluster. The research instruments include a mathematical reasoning ability test and a questionnaire to measure the independent variables. Data collection techniques involve tests and questionnaires, while data analysis employs descriptive analysis using Microsoft Excel 2016 and inferential analysis using statistical software such as SPSS. This includes conducting correlation tests, and regression tests, after verifying analysis requirements like normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and autocorrelation. The results reveal a positive and significant relationship between Habit of Mind, Mathematical Resilience, and Self-Confidence, and the students' ability to solve HOTS Mathematics problems. Thus, this study highlights the importance of developing these three psychological aspects to enhance high-level mathematical problem-solving skills. Consequently, Habit of Mind, Mathematical Resilience, and Self-Confidence significantly contribute to improving students' abilities in solving HOTS Mathematics problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Interventions promoting habitual fruit consumption have the potential to bring about long‐term behaviour change. Assessing the effectiveness of such interventions requires adequate habit and behaviour measures. Habits are based on learned context‐behaviour associations, so measures that incorporate context should be more sensitive to expected habit and behaviour changes than context‐free measures. This study compared context‐specific and context‐free measures of fruit consumption habit and behaviour following a 3‐week habit formation intervention. Design: Prospective online study (n = 58). Methods: Behaviour frequency was assessed across five timepoints, retrospectively (Time 1 [T1], T5) or via daily diary data (uploaded weekly at T2, T3 and T4). Habit strength was assessed before (T1) and immediately after the intervention (T4), and again 2 weeks later (T5). Analyses of variance were run, with time and context specificity as within‐subject factors, and habit and behaviour frequency as dependent measures. Results: An interaction between time and context specificity was found in both analyses (habit: F(2,114) = 12.848, p <.001, part.η2 =.184; behaviour: F(2,114) = 6.714, p =.002, part.η2 =.105). Expected habit formation patterns 5 weeks post‐baseline were only detected by the context‐specific habit measure. Likewise, increased behaviour frequency was only found when the target context was specified (p's <.001). Conclusions: Assessments of purposeful dietary habit and behaviour change attempts should incorporate context‐specific measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little research has examined telehealth delivery of habit reversal training (HRT) for body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; i.e., trichotillomania and excoriation disorder) and no known studies have directly compared these two modalities relative to one another. The present study examines providers and their perceptions of in-person and telehealth delivery of HRT for BFRBs. Methods: HRT providers (n = 172) completed an online survey assessing experiences with in-person and telehealth HRT. Feasibility ratings were recorded for telehealth relative to in-person delivery of HRT for different patient ages, and BFRB symptom severity. Additionally, perceived ability to identify and address factors that may interfere with delivery of HRT, individual differences that may interfere with HRT, and overall ability to implement different aspects of HRT over both mediums were also recorded. Results: Providers reported high feasibility for both in-person and telehealth HRT. Providers also reported greater ability to identify and address factors that can adversely impact HRT, and better ability to address patient individual differences that may influence treatment in an in-person environment relative to telehealth. Greater feasibility was reported for telehealth relative to in-person for ages greater than 13 years and lower feasibility for less than 13 years relative to the mean of all other groups, and greater feasibility for telehealth HRT for less severe BFRB presentations. Conclusion: Findings suggest that providers perceive delivery of the various components of HRT are feasible in-person and via telehealth; however, various factors may differentially impact these perceptions and create contexts in which one modality is perceived to be more feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advance of immersive and virtual technologies draws into starker contrast the analogue modalities of dominant approaches to actor training and makes more visible certain of their dynamics, which are analysed here using a philosophical framework of habit and habitus as propositionally causative. This technology is disruptive to habit and habitus in actor training and signifies potential to experiment with these dynamics to address extant problems in actor training. Problems in training habitus discussed here derive from trainers' habits but arise primarily for trainees, and especially so for certain groups. I use Lazlo Pearlman and Deirdre McLaughlin's critique of the effects on LGBTQ+ trainees of Meisner Technique to exemplify this. I make three philosophically derived practical proposals to address the problems caused by trainers' language-use habits that are germane to the Meisner Technique context but applicable to actor training, and training more generally. This article does not propose an un-tested adoption of technology or prejudge its effects; it builds the philosophical case for experimenting now before this technology becomes ubiquitous in actor training and makes provocative proposals about future use-cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Re-generative Habit: Dancing the mimetic faculty' examines the role of habit in choreographic practice through a comparison with Walter Benjamin's concept of the 'mimetic faculty'. This article considers the intersection of habit, dance and language as being distinct yet interconnected expressions of an innate mimetic ability. Drawing on Benjamin's theories of the 'mimetic faculty' and 'non-sensuous similarity' from his philosophy of language, I examine how these concepts intersect in my choreographic practice, using my recent screendance project 'Mimeisthai' as a case study. This project presents a specific example of a 'performance-generating systems' approach to dance-making, inspired by Danish Canadian dance theorist Pil Hansen, and highlights the inherent tension between established habit and the desire for creative innovation. By emphasizing the relational, performative and dynamic aspects of habit within creative practice, this article challenges familiar views of habit as being simply automatic behaviour. Instead, habit is depicted as a flexible, versatile element that not only offers stability but also opens up possibilities for new forms of expression to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preface to the English translation of Félix Ravaisson's De l'habitude (2008 [1838], eds and trans. Claire Carlisle and Mark Sinclair, London: Continuum), Catherine Malabou identifies 'two basic ways of speaking of habit' in the European philosophical tradition, either as 'a primary ontological phenomenon' or as an 'epitome of inauthenticity'; she suggests that we are 'habituated' to the second (vii). Indeed, in our everyday experience, especially in the West, habit has acquired this overall negative connotation of an automatic routine. However, even when considered more positively as an 'ontological phenomenon', this acknowledgement of habit's decisive role in the constitution of identity is no guarantee against the deadening effects of its automatisms. Since these effects can be quite explicit, whatever creative force underlies the phenomenon will remain concealed unless it is somehow brought to the surface of experience. In other words, one has to reconcile the potentially stultifying forces of habit with the perhaps more subtle, but just as resilient, generative ones. To this end, a performance practice that may at once manifest habit's hidden sense and neutralize its side effects would go some way to complement a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Accordingly, in the spirit of a manifesto, this article first lays out a statement of values and then considers a number of workable principles for the theatre, with both instances based on relevant theories of habit and on my practice-as-research on the work of actors, oscillating between spontaneity and repetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thread of my argument is wound between two basic determinations of human life: that to survive we must both be able to adapt and yet also to spontaneously perform actions without thinking. Thus conceived, habit is a polar phenomenon, with 'bad' habits (mechanical repetition) at one pole and 'good' habits (informed choices) at the other. Far from considering habit as a mechanically repeated action, I maintain it is the form taken by embodied knowledge. Habit is what we perform, and the more we learn, the richer our performance. We are dealing with a form of knowing that is evidenced through expert performance rather than verbal discussion – in this sense, it is tacit. The acquisition of tacit knowledge (the mastery of a skill) takes place in four stages: from unconscious incompetence to conscious incompetence, to conscious competence, to unconscious competence. Put another way, we begin by not knowing that we do not know, and upon realizing that we do not know, we embark on a course of learning during which time we know that we know, finally reaching a stage when we know more than we can tell. The three sections of this article offer different routes into understanding the interrelation between habit, training and performance. The first deals with repetition and creation in actor training. This leads to a discussion of awareness, a crucially important faculty that characterizes the mental state of the performer in performance. A discussion of the neuroscientific literature reveals how perception, action and memory are functionally and intricately intertwined through sensori-motor loops. This faculty could be summed up in one word: noticing. All of this leads to the conclusion that habit can only be seen as negative if considered as a response or performance that is unchanging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the concept of habit in the realm of performance practices and studies. It acknowledges the recent shift in the field towards decentralization, influenced by movements like #MeToo, Black Lives Matter, decolonization, and the climate crisis. Contrary to the common perception of habits as obstacles, the article argues that they can actually be beneficial in stabilizing and enabling generative change in various processes within the performing arts. It explores the historical and philosophical perspectives on habit, recognizing its dual nature as both a cure and a poison. The article also highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of habit and its intricate interactions with nature, culture, perception, memory, and the body. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigated the decision-making dynamics for pro-environmental behavior among Thai university students, focusing on reducing the consumption of single-use plastics (SUP). By adopting a dynamic approach to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research examined the influence of psychosocial factors, including attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, on SUP reduction intention at different phases of behavior change. Using structural equation modelling, we analyzed quantitative data (n = 317) from the selected universities. The results revealed that attitudes predicted behavioral intentions only among individuals in the contemplation phase of reducing SUP. Attitudes had a small but limited influence on the behavioral intentions of students who had not yet acted. Perceived behavioral control, on the other hand, significantly impacted behavioral intentions across all phases of behavior change, highlighting its importance in SUP reduction. The study also confirmed subjective norms' positive influence on students' behavioral intentions in the pre-contemplation phase. Practical implications suggested segmenting residents based on their behavior change phase so that public policymakers can allocate resources more efficiently and effectively by tailoring campaigns to specific behavior change phases, ultimately promoting sustainable behavior among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between depressive symptoms and infection prevention measures and daily lifestyle habits during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic among community‐dwelling Japanese older adults. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted on older residents (age ≥65 years) living in the Tama area of Tokyo and Sapporo, Hokkaido, in 2021. A self‐administered questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on demographics, the impact of the pandemic on physical condition, and depressive symptoms, infection prevention measures, and daily lifestyle habits during the pandemic. The Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. Results: In total, 554 respondents were included in the analysis. The results of multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that refraining from going out and visiting medical institutions were associated with depressive symptoms. Furthermore, those who went out almost every day were less likely to have depressive symptoms than the others, those who exercised almost every day were less likely to have depressive symptoms than were those who almost never exercised, and those who slept 6–7 h were less likely to have depressive symptoms than were those who slept ≤5 h. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest the necessity of having a place where older adults with physical and lifestyle concerns can consult with healthcare providers in a location other than a medical institution, even during infectious disease outbreaks. In addition, increasing the frequencies of going out and independent exercise and sleeping 6–7 h may help prevent depression among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation intentions (strategic "if-then" plans) have been shown to support behaviour change. This may be achieved by mentally forming stimulus-response associations, thereby promoting habit formation. Does this deliberate attempt to instal "strategic automaticity" only offer advantages, or does it also come at the cost of reduced flexibility that characterises learnt habits? To investigate this, we tested healthy, young participants on a computerised instrumental learning task. Critically, we introduced implementation intentions ("if I see stimulus X, then I will respond") versus goal intentions ("for outcome Z, I will respond)" during instrumental acquisition, and subsequently assessed behavioural flexibility in an outcome-revaluation test. In Experiment 1, we conducted a between-subjects manipulation of strategic planning, and in Experiment 2, a within-subject manipulation. We hypothesised that implementation intentions would lead to strong stimulus-response associations and consequently impair performance when the signalled outcome value changed and therefore required a different response, while benefitting performance when the outcome value (and required response) remained the same. We found that implementation intentions supported instrumental learning, but impaired test performance overall (most robustly in Experiment 2), irrespective of whether the signalled outcome value had changed. We argue that this general detrimental effect of implementation intentions on test performance is likely a consequence of their negative effect on stimulus-outcome learning. Our findings warrant caution when applying if-then plans to situations where the agent does not already possess perfect knowledge of behavioural contingencies.While implementation intentions may support efficient and fast behavioural execution, this may come at the expense of behavioural flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to consumption-portfolio control problems with regime-switching-modulated habit formation. The formation of a habit depends on the current regime, which leads to time inconsistency in optimal control. General utility functions are used to evaluate the preference for the consumption net of the habit. To derive an analytical solution, we consider an enlarged financial market with Markov jump assets. Then, the time-inconsistent problem for pre-commitment controls is reduced to solving a regime-switching Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation. In seeking a time-consistent control, we investigate an alternate problem by means of multi-person sequential games with an essentially cooperative approach. The analytical expression of the time-consistent control is derived via a straightforward application of the pre-commitment control results. Moreover, the limit case in which the mesh size of time approaches zero is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Use multimodal functional imaging data. • Explore abnormalities in goal-directed and habitual-learning in patients with OCD. • Abnormal brain regions of goal-directed is associated with duration of illness. • Abnormal brain regions of goal-directed can distinguish the duration of illness. It is increasingly evident that structural and functional changes in brain regions associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are often related to the development of the disease. However, limited research has been conducted on how the progression of OCD may lead to an imbalance between goal-directed and habit-learning systems. This study employs resting-state functional imaging to examine the relationship between illness duration and abnormal brain function in goal-directed/habitual-learning systems. Demographic, clinical, and multimodal fMRI data were collected from participants. Our findings suggest that, compared to healthy controls, individuals with OCD exhibit abnormal brain functional indicators in both goal-directed and habit-learning brain regions, with a more pronounced reduction observed in the goal-directed regions. Additionally, abnormal brain activity is associated with illness duration, and the abnormalities observed in goal-directed regions are more effective in distinguishing different courses of OCD patients. Patients with different durations of OCD have functional abnormalities in the goal-directed and habitual-learning brain regions. There are differences in the degree of abnormality in different brain regions, and these abnormalities may disrupt the balance between goal-directed and habitual-learning systems, leading to increasing reliance on repetitive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of the rising popularity of Subscription Video On Demand (SVOD), the industry faces significant challenges. The high churn rate and the abundance of competitors in the SVOD industry necessitate that service providers develop strategies to maintain consumer interest. Consumers who significantly contribute to the high churn rate are Generation Y and Generation Z, also known as digital natives. This study aims to analyze how factors within the Expectancy Confirmation Model can influence the Continuance Intention of SVOD users. This descriptive study employs a cross- sectional design. The respondents of this study consist of 159 active SVOD users. The findings reveal that confirmation and individual mobility significantly influence perceived usefulness. Additionally, confirmation, perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment significantly affect satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and habit are significant predictors of continuance intention. However, the influence of individual mobility and perceived enjoyment on continuance intention is not significant. Practically, this study provides insights for SVOD service providers to develop marketing strategies that enhance consumer habit and satisfaction. Academically, this study combines two models from previous researchs making the model and variables used more comprehensive in explaining the predictors of continuance intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suddenly, adjusting to a new way of learning is a major challenge for university students. The objective of this article was to study university student determinants of the well‐being in the context of the sudden transition towards e‐learning imposed by the COVID‐19 lockdown. Based on the antecedents linked to the structure of e‐learning and its influence on self‐management and ease of use, as well as using the mediating role of user intention, perceived enjoyment, and habits, a model was tested to find well‐being trajectories. Using a sample of 543 students from originally Spanish face‐to‐face universities and through a PLS‐SEM methodology, this research obtained relevant results in two main directions. First, research found that the self‐management and ease of use of e‐learning systems constitute direct antecedents of student well‐being. Furthermore, the research results confirmed two reinforcement itineraries of well‐being. The intention built an itinerary to reinforce ease of use, and perceived enjoyment added explanatory power to self‐management. However, the research also found a second explanatory and negative itinerary of sudden e‐learning student well‐being. This path of darkness is related to the adverse mediating effect exerted by the habit, understood from the perspective of technological dependence, when it interacts with perceived enjoyment. The article discusses their implications for educational strategy and policy, especially indicated for those e‐learning practices solely based on the enjoyment and immersion experience of their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the contributions of nineteenth-century philosophers of habit to understanding the rigidity of desire. Focusing on the work of Félix Ravaisson, I argue that Of Habit (1838) makes sense of something that much queer theory fails to address in its investment in the subversion of identity: the tendency of desire to return to known objects and follow well-worn paths, a tendency that does not always result in the affirmation of norms or the consolidation of power. Of Habit offers a new set of terms— crystallization , patterning , and necessity , among others—for comprehending the limits of desire's flexibility without naturalizing gender or sexuality as permanently fixed or inherent. In so doing, it offers an alternative to queer theories that, indebted to Judith Butler's performativity thesis, attribute the rigidities of sexual life entirely to the productive power of cultural prohibitions and discursively constructed norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In marketing, the traditional approach for teaching quantitative concepts uses individual courses, such as marketing research and business statistics. While this pedagogy is common, research indicates it is difficult for students to master quantitative concepts in a single course. Instead, quantitative reasoning (QR) requires repeated practice, so students develop a quantitative habit of mind. While the integration of analytics across the marketing curriculum could help students deepen their understanding of quantitative concepts, program-wide curricular change tends to be slow because it requires the coordination of multiple instructors across several courses. The current study investigated an innovative alternative – spiral pedagogy – that integrated quantitative concepts into a marketing management course. The study analyzed 384 QR assessments from 40 students before, during, and after the course. The time of the assessment had a large effect on students' use of QR (ηp2 =.93) and quantitative confidence (ηp2 =.89). Qualitative feedback also indicated the spiraled lessons fostered a quantitative habit of mind that helped students beyond the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between daily breakfast habits during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment remains unknown. We evaluated the association between breakfast habits during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment. Data of 72,260 women with singleton deliveries at and after 37 weeks of gestation enrolled during 2011–2014 in the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analysed. Offspring neurodevelopmental delays at 3 years of age were evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3). Participants were stratified by tertiles of maternal daily energy intake (DEI) (Groups 1, 2, and 3:< 1400, 1400–1799, and ≥ 1800 kcal, respectively) during pregnancy and by offspring sex. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for abnormality in communication among participants with daily breakfast consumption habit was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.96). A stratified analysis based on total DEI showed no significant differences in the neurodevelopment of Group 1 offspring. The aOR for abnormality in communication was 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.94) in Group 2. The aOR for abnormality in personal–social characteristics was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.99) in Group 3. Maternal daily breakfast habits are associated with offspring neurodevelopment at 3 years of age, with the association influenced by maternal DEI and offspring sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence to medication in long-term conditions is around 50%. The key components of successful interventions to improve medication adherence remain unclear, particularly when examined over prolonged follow-up periods. Behaviour change theories are increasingly interested in the utility of habit formation for the maintenance of health behaviour change, but there is no documentation on how habit has been conceptualised in the medication adherence intervention literature, or what effect the key technique identified in habit formation theory (context dependent repetition) has in these studies. To examine this, a machine-learning assisted review was conducted. Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PSYCInfo and the reference list of a comprehensive systematic review of medication adherence interventions yielded 5973 articles. Machine learning-assisted title and abstract screening identified 15 independent RCTs published between 1976 and 2021, including 18 intervention comparisons of interest. Key findings indicate that conceptualisations of habit in the medication adherence literature are varied and behaviour change technique coding identified only six studies which explicitly described using habit formation. Future work should aim to develop this evidence base, drawing on contemporary habit theory and with explicit demonstration of what techniques have been used to promote habit formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The habit of research contributes to the acquisition of new knowledge, where its function lies in understanding, explaining, describing, or seeking solutions to certain problems, so it is necessary to show the results obtained through the writing of scientific texts and apply it from the university, therefore, methodologies or techniques of systematic literature review should be applied to optimize the information. For this purpose, a systematic literature review (SRL) was carried out where 25 articles extracted from bibliographic databases were analyzed and compiled, such as: Scopus, Dialnet, ScienceDirect, Scielo and IEEE, scientific documents that provide answers to two research questions proposed in this study. From the results, different procedures were identified to encourage the research habit in university students and the systematic literature review techniques used to strengthen the writing of scientific articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]