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The objective of this study was to determine the differential effects of the presentation position of the augmented reality–head worn display (AR-HWD) interface and the audiovisual-dominant multimodal learning material on learning performance and cognitive load across different learning tasks in training for high-speed train driving. We selected 48 participants to conduct an AR driving training experiment for high-speed trains. The results indicated that whether or not the AR interface was presented next to the learning target did not significantly affect learning performance and cognitive load. In complex learning tasks, such as learning to operate the controller of a high-speed train and to remember the steps of swapping the front and tail of the train, the auditory-led AR learning materials were effective in improving learning performance and reducing cognitive load compared with the visual-led AR learning materials. In the simple task of icon recognition, the visual-led AR learning materials performed better in terms of learning performance and cognitive load. The results of this study can guide the design of AR-HWD interfaces for different learning tasks in training for high-speed train driving, which can improve learning performance and reduce cognitive load during the learning process. HIGHLIGHTS We studied the position of AR interface presentation and AR multichannel learning for high-speed train-driving training. Whether or not the AR interface was presented next to the target did not have a significant effect on learning performance for that target. Auditory-dominant interfaces outperformed visual-dominant interfaces in complex learning tasks. Visual-dominant interfaces outperformed auditory-dominant interfaces in simple recognition tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the difference-in-differences method combined with the propensity score matching, this study identifies the causal relationship between high-speed rail (HSR) and energy productivity in China. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanism through which HSR affects energy productivity, as well as the heterogeneity of the impact across quantiles and distances. The results show that HSR connection contributes to the improvement of energy productivity. This finding is consolidated after a potential endogeneity problem is addressed using the instrumental variable method and a variety of potential confounders are controlled through a series of robustness checks. On average, the marginal impact of HSR on energy productivity is approximately 9%. Moreover, HSR connection cannot be completely substituted by traditional railway and aviation in improving energy productivity. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that the positive energy productivity effect of HSR gradually decreases with an increasing distance to the nearest HSR station. In addition, HSR network accessibility has a significant positive effect on energy productivity, while technological innovation mediates the relationship between HSR development and energy productivity. We propose that to achieve the long-term improvement of energy productivity, policymakers should comprehensively consider both transit-oriented development and ecology-oriented development modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the influence of high-speed rail (HSR) on innovation has drawn sustained attention, few studies have investigated the effect on technology transfer (TT), and even fewer studies have examined the structural dependency between transportation and TT. Using the exponential random graph model for multilevel networks, this study attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact from a two-level network perspective, with the associated network configuration providing insights into how HSR shapes intercity TT. Our findings suggest that HSR facilitates inter-city TT and promotes innovation convergence. Specifically, cities with a higher degree centrality are more active in exporting technology rather than absorbing it. In contrast, the betweenness and closeness centrality of cities have no significant effect on TT. The effect of HSR, which is apparent among cities with direct connections along HSR lines, decays significantly in cities with indirect connections. This work allows for the identification of the conducive HSR layout for promoting inter-regional TT. • Explore the impact of HSR on inter-city technology transfer using MERGM. • HSR induces the technology diffusion effect and promotes innovation convergence. • The direct connection effect of HSR far exceeds the indirect effect. • Degree centrality of cities in HSRN can significantly promote technology export. • Digital economy and fiscal expenditure for innovation contribute to technology absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study elaborated an evolutionary game model to optimize the decision-making process on the interaction between civil aviation and high-speed rail under alternative passenger ticket prices (PTPs) and carbon trading prices (CTPs). First, a logit model was used to calculate the passenger flow distribution rate in civil aviation and HSR, and their revenue loss function was determined according to varying PTPs and CTPs. Second, an evolutionary game model with incomplete information was developed to assess the respective revenues. Third, the stable strategy solution of the game model was derived from replicator dynamics, and an investigation of stable conditions under variable cases was performed. Finally, the simulation of a case study on the Beijing–Shanghai corridor was conducted to validate the proposed model's feasibility. The additional revenue is shown to be the key influencing factor, mainly controlling the strategic decisions of airport and high-speed rail companies. Besides, the final strategy was strongly influenced by the alteration of PTPs and CTPs: higher PTPs promoted civil aviation and high-speed rail collaboration, while increased CTPs forced their competing behavior. The results obtained are instrumental in outlining the optimal strategy range for passenger ticket and carbon trading prices, encouraging high-speed transportation system growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of an effort aimed at improving train operation schedules on Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway (WG-HSR). The real-record train operation and passenger tickets-booking records of WG-HSR are used for statistical analysis on the train service quality and passenger distribution. More specifically, the train service frequency and interval time at each station are analyzed. Based on this, the temporal and spatial distribution of capacity utilization in each section are investigated. In order to get a holistic view of passenger flow characteristics, the passenger volume during different time periods and between several origin and destination (OD) pairs are investigated to characterize travellers' spatial-temporal preferences. The passenger distributions on some long-distance trains are shown to get the number and proportion of cross-line passengers travelling on the WG-HSR. Moreover, for a better understanding of the seat capacity utilization of trains, the load rates of trains in various sections and time periods are investigated. Specifically, the relationship between the average load rate of trains and trains' running distance is explored, finding that the longer the non-cross-line train travels is, the higher the average load rate is. This study provides insightful findings that help understanding HSR operation and conducting further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Express Railway Link (XRL) offers unprecedented mobility within the Pearl River Delta and connects Hong Kong to mainland China's high-speed rail network. As reflected in the pages of regional and national newspapers, the XRL figures prominently in the re-imagining of scales of community and governance in the Pearl River Delta. These 'infrastructural imaginaries' are shaped not just by the transportation infrastructure of trains and stations, but also by the migration infrastructure of travel permits and identification cards. Drawing on infrastructure studies and the politics of scale to shed light on the multi-scalar politics of infrastructure in contemporary China, this article traces how understandings of infrastructure and scale changed as the XRL went from regional project to one component of China's national high-speed rail grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-speed rail (HSR) is one of the most important, if not the most important, emerging transportation that could exert significant influences in many areas, including economic development, social development, financial development, environmental protection, etc. This paper focuses on examining the impacts of HSR on the development of the industrial structure. Since most of the studies in this area are related to central cities (provincial capitals and municipalities directly under the central government), to fill in the gap in the literature, in this paper, we investigate the impacts of HSR on non-central cities in China. To do so, we use the propensity score matching difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method to investigate the siphoning, spillover, and moderating effects of the opening of the HSR on the development of the industrial structure in the cities along with or nearby the HSR. In addition, we conclude both the robustness tests and the heterogeneity analysis in our study. We find that the opening of HSR significantly promotes the rationalization of non-central cities' industrial structure, as well as improves the advancement of the industrial structure for non-central cities which are less than 100 km away from the central city. Moreover, the four moderating variables, the urban innovation index, the new urbanization construction level, the nearest distance from the central city, and the medical services insurance coverage rate, make the HSR has a positive impact on the rationalization level of industrial structure. Our findings are useful for both central and local governments and policymakers in accurately formulating policies related to the planning and construction of HSR, city planning, and planning the development of the industrial structure for each city nearby the HSR. • Investigate the impacts of HSR on industrial developments for non-central cities. • Propose five hypotheses in terms of the siphoning, spillover and moderating effects. • Construct econometric models and conduct empirical studies to prove the newly proposed hypotheses are correct. • Provide policy suggestions for both central and local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Competition and coopetition of airline, intercity bus, and entrant HSR operators. • The main driver for the operators' pricing competition is identified. • Non-pricing strategies may be necessary for the incumbent operators' survival. • Short-term government policies may not guarantee the passengers' full satisfaction. We investigate pricing competition between passenger transportation modes in a transportation market by using a game-theoretic approach. Airplane and intercity bus operators are considered as incumbent; while a High-Speed Rail (HSR) operator decides on whether or not to enter the market. If the incumbent operators evaluate the entrance threat of HSR as serious, they have two alternatives: a barrier pricing strategy (BPS) to deter its entrance, and an accommodation pricing strategy (APS). Their interaction involves two competitive and cooperative aspects, called the coopetition interaction. Moreover, we extend the analysis to a real-world situation in which a government, as a social welfare maximizer, intends to certify and support one operator out of two candidate HSR operators. Our analyses reveal that: (a) the passengers' heterogeneity (with respect to their perceptions on the operators' quality of services) is the main driver for pricing competition between the three operators. (b) Under certain conditions, implementing a BPS is not only precluded for the incumbent operators, but also their pricing strategies cannot even guarantee their survival in the market. To address this issue, we suggest the incumbent operators adopt non-pricing strategies. Nevertheless, an incumbent operator may freely ride on the other ones' non-pricing strategy. (c) Under a short-term (long-term) planning horizon, the government should specifically concentrate on compensating for the HSR operating cost (procurement cost of rolling stock). (d) In contrast to the short run, government expenses and the HSR's profit exploitation provide a strong foundation for the passengers' full satisfaction in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) on the formation of consumer cities in China. We employ the market access (MA) approach and construct the least-cost path spanning tree network as an instrument to estimate the causal impact of HSR development on the socio-economic changes of counties from 2007 to 2016. Through a set of instrumental variable regressions, we find that districts with high MA growth experienced service sector agglomeration, manufacturing sector decentralization, and land price appreciation. These effects are relatively large for the urban districts of first- and second-tier Chinese cities. Through counterfactual analysis, we find that the absence of an HSR network decreases the growth of the number of service firms and service land price by 6.11% and 52.2%, respectively. These results suggest that HSR plays a key role in the rise of consumer cities by improving market access/integration, which transfers the economic structure from production to consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyperloop concept is not new, but for many years it was hard for engineers to believe that it could be economically and technically feasible. Nowadays some technical solutions, which could enable construction and operation of a guided transport system based on hyperloop concept, are much more imaginable. Therefore a number of start-up companies are working on comprehensive proposals and chosen technologies aiming at creating the fifth transport mode thanks to innovative concepts, new technologies, and chosen railway, air transport, and space technologies. As new transport mode is expected to offer transport with high speed nearly equal to the speed of sound its feasibility will strongly depend also on coherency between transport means and transport infrastructure in a scale of a future fifth transport mode continent-wide transport network. To meet this challenge railway and start-up companies work together in two streams - in the formal framework of the European standardisation to prepare future hyperloop related EN standards and in research and development projects. The scale of required wide technical coherency on one side and the diversification of products and existence of different developers/producers/contracting entities providing infrastructure and transport means and creating market on the other side contradict if appropriate rules are not set precisely early enough. Such rules in railway transport are based on interoperability concept supported by agreed stable essential requirements and defined in the Railway Interoperability Directive and Technical Specifications for Interoperability. Paper presents findings regarding poor applicability of the railway interoperability to the hyperloop type transport systems at their early stage of development as well as challenges and proposed approaches for the dedicated hyperloop coherency approach - the hyperoperability as it is being discussed in the framework of the Hypernex European project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's commitment to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, as well as its strategy to build a strong transportation country, it is of foremost importance to study the carbon emission reduction effect of the opening of high-speed rail (HSR). This paper innovatively introduces the frequency of HSR stops as an indicator of HSR operation, and uses a time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model, a mediating effect model and a spatial DID model to assess the direct and indirect impact, transmission mechanism, and spatial spillover effects of the opening and operation of HSR on carbon emission reduction based on a panel of 279 prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2017. We found that the opening and operation of HSR significantly reduced urban carbon emissions. The direct transmission mechanism analysis shows that the opening of HSR can reduce carbon emissions by replacing highway passenger traffic. Indirect mechanism analysis shows that the opening of HSR can reduce carbon emissions through technological effect, structural effect and opening effect. The test of spatial spillover effect shows that the opening of HSR can promote carbon emission reduction not only in node cities, but also in neighboring cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-speed rail (HSR) network in China has expanded rapidly, significantly reducing transportation costs and improving accessibility. However, scholars are concerned about whether HSRs further centralize resources and intensify regional polarization. This paper studies the role of HSR in the process of urban development and regional integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). We use two indicators (overall connectivity and weighted centrality) to examine the impacts of HSR connection on spatial redistribution, and we adopt a difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to investigate the effects of HSR on local economic development. The results show that HSR operation enormously improves the overall connectivity of urban networks in the YRD. However, it also exacerbates the disequilibrium of urban centrality, forming a hierarchical spatial structure with Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou as hubs. HSR connections also impede local economic growth in peripheral areas. Moreover, the results confirm the existence of a dynamic time-lagged effect on local economic growth, and the heterogeneous impact of HSR also aggravates regional economic disparities. This paper highlights the effects of HSR on the development of cities and regions, and suggests that government should exert greater efforts to reduce the negative effects of the development of HSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) on knowledge economy were analyzed in Japan. • The study used difference-in-differences specification with multiple timeframes. • HSR development had a significant positive effect on regional innovation. • Propensity score matching and instrumental variable analysis results are robust. • The innovation effect of HSR is larger in small town/villages than in large cities. This study investigates the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) on regional innovation through an empirical analysis that uses municipal-level panel data covering all 1,741 municipalities in Japan, and spanning the period from 1976 to 2016. The study assumes that the number of patent applications serves as a proxy for regional innovation and follows a negative binomial distribution. A difference-in-differences specification with multiple timeframes is employed for the empirical analysis. The results reveal that HSR development has had a significant positive effect on regional innovation, supporting the companion innovation hypothesis. Robustness checks, such as through combining propensity score matching and the instrumental variable methods with difference-in-differences analysis, are also conducted. The results suggest that the effect of HSR on regional innovation in small towns and villages is larger than that in large cities. This implies that inter-regional communication opportunities for employees could play a key role in fostering innovation in small rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air and high-speed rail (HSR) intermodal service (AHIS) breaks through the barriers of aviation and HSR, which builds a modern integrated transportation system. However, this system also poses a challenge to operators to provide satisfactory travel services for passengers. This paper aims to identify the service indicators that influence travelers' overall satisfaction with AHIS and the relationships between them based on research data acquired from a passenger behavior survey at Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport (SJW) in 2019. First, a Bayesian network (BN) is constructed by integrating the greedy thick thinning (GTT) algorithm with expert knowledge. Then, sensitivity analysis and overall satisfaction prediction are conducted to determine the correlation and influence effect between service indicators and overall satisfaction. The research findings are as follows: (1) Compared to a binary logit model, the Bayesian network shows high fitting and prediction accuracies. (2) Transfer time is negatively correlated with satisfaction, for AHIS with the same total travel time, travelers tend to choose services with less transfer time since this choice increases their satisfaction. Interestingly, passengers are more tolerant of the travel time of airline than HSR. (3) Service indicators such as real-time information, arrival punctuality and ticket price have the highest sensitivity values for overall satisfaction. The results can provide useful suggestions for AHIS operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, a gradual change in customers' attitudes towards transport service makes it more challenging to understand the reasons behind customers' travel decisions. High-speed rail (HSR) has been mentioned recently and is expected as the best and most modern transport option in long-distance trips in Vietnam. However, research studies have paid scant regard to how HSR's attributes may affect potential users, and therefore the motivations and barriers to adopting HSR are still unknown. Objectives: This study aimed at examining motivations and barriers to take-up HSR for considering customers' preference on the proper attributes and levels of HSR. Method: This study drew on a nationwide survey and conjoint analysis to investigate customers' behaviour. Results: In Vietnam's context, HSR ticket was found to be the principal barrier to adoption, whereas the speed of HSR was identified as the least important behavioural driver amongst potential HSR users. The results show that HSR design and planning should provide a combination of minimum check-in and waiting time, a 20-min frequency, average speed of 250 km/h, all add-on services and facilities, ticketing of approximately VND 500–700 thousand per 300–500 km and nearby all-day parking. Conclusion: This investigation has demonstrated the value of conjoint analysis to compare a wide range of attributes associated with consumers' decision to use HSR. The findings indicate that in countries such as Vietnam, in particular, where train usage is low, policymakers and transportation agencies seeking to boost the use of HSR must take attributes other than fare into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of urban and regional impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) has drawn much attention in the research literature over the last few years. Previous studies have mostly used traditional tools (cost–benefit analysis, hedonic models, discrete choice modeling, and so on) to conduct ex ante analyses of potential HSR impacts. However, little attention has been paid to know the views of representatives from different economic sectors and their potential contribution to the participatory phase of the planning process. To address this limitation, this paper developed an ex ante participatory approach for analyzing HSR's urban and regional impacts, which fed into and complement other traditional assessment tools. This approach was applied to the case study of San Sebastian and its province in Spain, which should be linked to the Spanish HSR network by 2025. The research found that different economic sectors agree on some economic impacts triggered by HSR but disagree on many social and regional equity impacts. The paper discussed the potential of this approach for policymaking, highlighting its value in complementing traditional impact assessment methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the China Health and Nutrition Survey data to investigate the relationship between infrastructure construction and health inequality, particularly by exploring a quasi-natural experiment, namely, high-speed rail (HSR) projects. We find that HSR accessibility improves the health of local residents with a coefficient of 0.298, which means that HSR operation will lead to a 2.30% increase in health. HSR accessibility also increases individual income, per capita household income, and the probability of purchasing medical insurance, thereby increasing the health level of individuals. Further analysis shows that HSR reduces the health gap across gender and urban–rural areas. Unfortunately, HSR also increases the health gap among different income groups. • This paper evaluates the health effects of high-speed rail (HSR). • HSR accessibility improves the health of local residents. • HSR accessibility have increased the health gap among different income groups. • HSR layout should be complementary with medical resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of regression-based multinomial models and artificial neural network models in intercity travel mode choices. The four intercity travel modes of airplane, high-speed rail (HSR), train, and express bus were used for analysis. Passengers' activity data over the process of intercity travel were collected to develop the models. The standard multinomial logit (MNL) regression and Bayesian multinomial logit (BMNL) regression were compared with the radial basis function (RBF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). The results show that MLP performs best in terms of predictive accuracy, followed by BMNL and MNL, and RBF is the least accurate. The performances of all models were examined against changes in data balance, and it was found that rebalancing can improve fitting performance while slightly reducing the predictive performance. This comparative study and its parameter estimation shed new light on the comparison of traditional and emerging models in travel behavior studies, and the findings can be used as heuristic guidance for all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equivalent circuit method (ECM) is developed to analyse the linear eddy current braking system (ECBS) of the maglev train. The distribution of eddy current in the rail is represented by dividing the rail into a series of small segments in which the current is assumed to be uniform. Each segment is described as an equivalent circuit with parameters of resistance and inductance. The circuit parameters, such as self‐inductance and mutual inductance, are evaluated from the geometry parameters using an analytic method. The state equation derived from the circuit equations and the Newton's equations is solved using the Runge–Kutta method, from which the dynamic performance of the linear ECBS can be obtained. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed ECM are verified by comparing the results with the one obtained from the finite element method. By adopting the developed ECM, the influence of parameters, such as speed, the exciting current and air gap of the linear ECBS, are analysed. The variation law of the linear ECBS with parameters is roughly grasped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 emergency and the cities lockdown have had a strong impact on transport and mobility. In particular, travel demand has registered an unprecedented overall contraction, dramatically dropping down with peaks of - 90%-95% passengers for public transport (PT). During the re-opening phase, demand is gradually resuming the levels before the crisis, although some structural changes are observed in travel behaviour, and containment measures to reduce the risk of contagion are still being applied, affecting transport supply. Objective: This paper aims at assessing to what extent keeping a one-meter interpersonal distancing on-board trains is sustainable for public transport companies. Method: The analysis is based on travel demand forecasting models applied to two case-studies in Italy: a suburban railway line and a High-speed Rail (HSR) line, differentiated by demand characteristics (e.g. urban vs. ex-urban) and train access system (free access vs. reservation required). Results: In the suburban case, the results show the need of new urban policies, not only limited to the transport domain, in order to manage the demand peaks at the stations and on-board vehicles. In the ex-urban case, the outputs suggest the need for public subsidies in order for the railways undertakings to cope with revenue losses and, at the same time, to maintain service quality levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For high speed multiplier implementation, the recursive architecture is a parallel and modular approach with low complexity. However, compared to the conventional array multiplier, it costs more area due to the interconnection between sub-modules. In this study, the multiplexer based multiplier is adopted as the lower-level multiplier in the recursive architecture because it outperforms the conventional array multiplier in terms of speed, area, and power consumption. To further improve the speed performance, the proposed hybrid architecture exploits the carry-select adders (CSL) for partial products accumulation. The design is synthesized using TSMC 0.18μm standard cell process. According to the experimental results, the propagation delay is reduced by 20.5% and 40.9% respectively, compared to the optimized mux-multiplier and the conventional array multiplier. In addition, we reduce the proposed architecture to a partially truncated circuit for error tolerant applications. Without affecting the speed, both the power consumption and circuit area are further reduced by 25% approximately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal issues over the use of hyperloop one technology in underwater tunnel construction by analyzing the proposed submerged floating tunnel project connecting Estonia and Finland. Also cited are the various forms of underwater tunnel construction like subsea bored rock tunnel, immersed tunnel, and submerged floating tunnel, as well as some relevant international laws like the International Seabed Authority Regulations (ISA).

High-speed rail (HSR) has emerged as a significant mode for intercity transport in several countries, particularly China, setting an environment that may promote integration between air and HSR networks. To better measure the current level of integration of China's air-HSR intermodal network and identify implementation issues, this paper establishes a novel assessment framework that considers three primary areas: service capability, network connectivity and transfer potential. The framework is based on a comprehensive literature review of network measurement and assessment methodologies. Then, fractal theory is used to establish an assessment model that associates the fractal dimension to the level of intermodal integration, which can serve as an important complement to traditional weighting methods. The model and framework are applied to the 10 cities in China with the potential for air-HSR integration. The results show that international hub airports, together with their closest HSR station, do not necessarily perform at a higher integration level than regional hubs. The paper also proposes policy and practical recommendations to enhance air-HSR network integration levels from service supply, network coordination and transfer design perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We study high-speed rail travelers' train choices for revenue management purposes using online booking data. • A new metric for quantifying a transport product's attractiveness is proposed incorporating booking lead time. • We apply two nonparametric machine learning methods requiring no utility maximization assumption. • Performances of SVR and ANN are comparable, and both methods clearly outperform the benchmark method. • Choice preferences of travelers in the Shanghai-Beijing rail market in China are revealed for the first time. Abstract This study explores two nonparametric machine learning methods, namely support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural networks (ANN), for understanding and predicting high-speed rail (HSR) travelers' choices of ticket purchase timings, train types, and travel classes, using ticket sales data. In the train choice literature, discrete choice analysis is the predominant approach and many variants of logit models have been developed. Alternatively, emerging travel choice studies adopt non-utility-based methods, especially nonparametric machine learning methods including SVR and ANN, because (1) those methods do not rely on assumptions on the relations between choices and explanatory variables or any prior knowledge of the underlying relations; (2) they have superb capabilities of iteratively identifying patterns and extracting rules from data. This paper thus contributes to the HSR train choice literature by applying and comparing SVR and ANN with a real-world case study of the Shanghai-Beijing HSR market in China. A new normalized metric capturing both the load factor and the booking lead time is proposed as the target variable and several train service attributes, such as day of week, departure time, travel time, fare, are identified as input variables. Computational results demonstrate that both SVR and ANN can predict the train choice behavior with high accuracy, outperforming the linear regression approach. Potential applications of this study, such as rail pricing reform, have also been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We propose an effective way of managing reliever gateways when catastrophe occurs. • We deal with the case where the airports are connected by the high speed rail. • The fare restriction of HSR is needed to regain sufficient passenger flow. • The fare support is effective to regain the passenger flow using reliever gateways. Abstract On the basis of model analysis, this study proposes an effective method for managing reliever gateway airports when the main gateway airport is completely dysfunctional owing to a catastrophe. In particular, we deal with the case where the main and reliever airports are connected by high-speed rail (HSR), and we discuss a desirable and effective support policy for regaining passenger flow from/to the affected area. First, we analyze the market behavior under the usual condition as the base case by adopting the bi-level model, which is a supply-demand interaction model. Second, under the supposition of a catastrophe, we set up some scenarios of management policies, i.e. (i) no special policy and (ii) providing support to HSR passengers to induce them to the reliever gateways. Through such scenario analyses, we show that (i) HSR fare restriction is required to regain sufficient passenger flow and (ii) providing fare support to HSR passengers is an effective way to regain passenger flow using reliever gateways, which can contribute toward building a robust air transport network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper quantifies the substitution and complementary effects of high-speed rail (HSR) on air travel demand in terms of both route traffic and airport enplanement. Employing the difference-in-differences (DID) method, the first part of the analysis measures the effect of new HSR routes on parallel air route traffic with a focus on East Asian regions (Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). The second part examines the effect of air-HSR integration on passenger enplanement at East Asian airports and compares with that in the Central European market. We find that in general the airport's access cost (reflected by the distance from central city) has a negative impact on the air traffic. The substitution effects of HSR are the most significant on short- and medium-haul (below 1000 km) air routes while introducing HSR services has encouraged long distance (over 1000 km) air travels in Mainland China. The complementary effect is investigated in the context of air-HSR integration, which has significantly positive impacts on airport enplanement at primary hub airports when fitted with on-site HSR links. The benefit is limited at secondary hubs and regional airports possibly by locations and HSR service frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 280 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2019, this paper provides an empirical investigation of the mechanism and the impact of high-speed rails (HSRs) on urban economic resilience. The economic resilience evaluation has been constructed from three levels: risk resistance ability, organization and adjustment ability, as well as renewal and development ability. The difference-in-differences (DID) model and spatial difference-in-differences (SDID) model are adopted to analyze the impact of the HSR service intensity on the urban economic resilience. Results imply that the HSR has significantly improved the urban economic resilience along the lines. Further analysis shows that HSR mainly increases the economic resilience through potential effect of human resources, dynamic effect of new economic sectors and vitality effect of innovation output. From a spatial spillover perspective, HSR not only improves the local economic resilience, but also improves that of neighboring cities. The spatial spillover effect of HSR conforms to the law of geographic distance attenuation with spillover coefficient changes. Moreover, the study documents a series of heterogeneity analysis concerning HSR effects across Chinese cities. Particularly, HSRs promote the development of talents, new economic sectors, as well as innovation output, and help resource-based cities unlock their over-reliance on resource industries, thereby improving their economic resilience. This paper introduces the concept of urban economic resilience into the analysis framework of HSR effect, and measures the geographical boundary and effective scope of the HSR's spillover effect. It provides a new lens for the sustainable development of transportation-regional social economy. • The determinants of urban economic resilience were analyzed from the HSR effect perspective. • This study explored the influence mechanism of HSR services on urban economic resilience. • The presence of HSR stations and the HSR service intensity both have important effects on urban economic resilience. • The HSR spillover effect is further estimated with the change of geographical distance and its effective influence scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A collision scene of high-speed train-moose collision was applied to the study. • A full finite element model of the moose was developed and validated. • Considering the impact on the pantograph after the obstacle was hit. • The collision force and trajectory of the moose after being hit were analyzed. Collisions between trains and moose that cross a track are common occurrences according to rail accident statistics. A moose lying on a track after a crash may increase the risk of train derailment. In addition, a moose thrown into the air during a collision may also hit and damage the pantograph, which prevents a train from running. This paper developed a finite element (FE) model of moose and is aimed at investigating the train crash safety and moose motion trajectory in train-moose collisions for different moose crossing scenarios using the FE method. Material biomechanics tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical property parameters of moose. Drop hammer impact tests were performed to validate the constitutive models of different moose segments. The whole moose FE model was verified against previous vehicle-moose crash tests. The numerical impact scenes of moose crossing the rail at different collision positions were established in LS-DYNA. The results showed that the impact force depends on the contact area between the train and the moose. A larger contact area corresponded to a larger impact force. The moose would be pushed away by the V-shaped locomotive and would not cause a derailment, and the height of the moose thrown into the air cannot reach the height of the pantograph, which would prevent damage to the pantograph of a bullet train. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Hyperloop is a proposed new mode of transport in which passengers or freight would travel in pods through a vacuum tube at very high speeds, enough to cover a hypothetical route between San Francisco and Los Angeles’ metropolitan areas in just 35 minutes. Whereas the “time-space compression” brought by this new technology can have significant impacts in residents’ travel behaviour and household mobility, similar to those documented for high-speed rail, this paper investigates how the proposed California Hyperloop could expand airline passengers’ choice of airports for long-distance domestic trips. Using an established method to determine airport catchment areas based on flight frequencies, access times, and travel costs, we provide an exploratory analysis of how airport competition could change if a Hyperloop service was introduced. Our results clearly show that the California airport network will move towards a single airport system, with significant short-term leakage effects between major airports. These effects should be taken into consideration in the economic assessment of potential Hyperloop routes connecting major cities. Highlights • We explore the short-term impact of a Hyperloop service on airport competition. • We analysed airport catchment areas based on flight frequencies and travel costs. • A Hyperloop would move the Californian network towards a single airport system. • Significant short-term net passenger leakage from North to South California. • LAX, BUR, and OAK airports benefit, while SFO would lose the most passengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-speed rail (HSR) networks is leading to a very complex situation in terms of network configuration and the variety of services. This new panorama presents very different feasible connections between city-pairs, multiplying the possibilities of travelling. This paper evaluates the characteristics of all city-pairs served by HSR in Spain through a clustering analysis, with the goal of deriving an HSR city-pair link typology. This assessment offers a new perspective on the HSR network as a multi-role system encompassing eight types of links with very different characteristics. Identifying these types of HSR links will be a useful transport-planning tool for emerging HSR networks to anticipate the different kinds of links they will encompass and for future HSR cities to foresee the possibility of benefiting from one or another type of link and adapting their policies and strategies according to their potential services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The rapid expansion of China's high-speed rail (HSR) networks presents an opportunity to make urban economies more consumer-oriented. Many commercial and business districts have been planned in the areas surrounding stations. This study examines and critiques the impacts of HSR on commercial land markets in Jiangsu: a pioneering province for HSR development in China. After considering various locational and contextual factors, this study focuses specifically on how HSR stations and the frequency of train services have affected the dynamics of commercial land markets, using a spatial panel approach. The results show that the opening of HSR services has significantly impacted trade volumes, while the frequency of train services has significantly affected trade prices. Further analysis shows variation in the impacts of HSR stations and train service frequency on commercial land markets between Jiangsu's developed south and less-developed central and northern sub-regions. The findings suggest that the study of HSR impacts is sensitive to the selected spatial scale. Moreover, HSR development may not result in the creation of dynamic commercial economies for every city. Consequently, locally based policies are needed to take advantage of the transport-induced opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and efficient prediction method for noise emanating from rotating sources such as helicopter rotors and aircraft propellers, is presented. Combining bifurcation analysis of the retarded time equation with different emission surface topologies, a new Emission Porous Surface (EPS) algorithm has been developed. The algorithm can be used in the framework of hybrid methods that combine Computational Fluid Dynamics, for noise generation, and integral formulations for noise propagation. A panel-by-panel reconstruction of the supersonic emission surface is also proposed, which allows to manage an unstructured mesh. The noise prediction method is applied to the analysis of the UH1H rotor in strong shock delocalization conditions, a well known and extensively studied case of High Speed Impulsive (HSI) noise. The present results are compared with experimental and numerical data available in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The large-scale transnational HSR construction evaluation problem in the B&R region is studied. • An index of comprehensive cooperation between China and other countries is proposed. • A method for calculating the weighted travel time of all road sections in the B&R region is proposed. • A method for predicting the comprehensive cooperation index of different countries is proposed. • Two indexes are proposed to depict the importance of port cities and road sections in the B&R region. Abstract This study deals with the large-scale transnational high-speed railway construction evaluation problem, which is a major issue in implementing the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative. We proposed a method for the selection of the most urgent need for transnational high-speed railway construction in the B&R region, which was tested on massive experimental data. The results show that 18 sections in the B&R region have priority conditions to build high-speed railways in current situations, which to a great extent coincide with those road sections covered by high-speed railway projects under construction or to be put into construction in the B&R region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates, both theoretically and empirically, the effects of high-speed rail (HSR) speed on airline traffic and price, taking into account the degree of substitutability between the two services. Our model incorporates two countervailing effects of HSR speed, namely the “travel time” effect and the “safety” effect: while increasing HSR speed reduces HSR travel time, it may bring about a safety concern especially in emerging HSR markets such as China. Our theoretical analysis suggests that HSR speed impact on airline traffic and price depends on the relative dominance of the travel-time and safety effects, and air-HSR substitutability may reinforce the HSR speed effect. Furthermore, HSR speed has a larger impact on airline traffic than on airline price. Our empirical results from a rare natural experiment of HSR speed reduction in China show that HSR speed reduction raises both airline traffic and price, suggesting the dominance of travel-time effect. More importantly, consistent with the theoretical prediction, the HSR speed effect is empirically stronger on short-haul routes where the airline and HSR services are more substitutable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-driving is a traffic operation measure that may lead to important energy savings in high speed railway systems. Eco-driving optimization has been applied offline in the design of commercial services. However, the benefits of the efficient driving can also be applied on-line in the regulation stage to recover train delays or in general, to adapt the driving to the changing conditions in the line. In this paper the train regulation problem is stated as a dynamic multi-objective optimization model to take advantage in real time of accurate results provided by detailed train simulation. If the simulation model is realistic, the railway operator will be confident on the fulfillment of punctuality requirements. The aim of the optimization model is to find the Pareto front of the possible speed profiles and update it during the train travel. It continuously calculates a set of optimal speed profiles and, when necessary, one of them is used to substitute the nominal driving. The new speed profile is energy efficient under the changing conditions of the problem. The dynamic multi-objective optimization algorithms DNSGA-II and DMOPSO combined with a detailed simulation model are applied to solve this problem. The performance of the dynamic algorithms has been analyzed in a case study using real data from a Spanish high speed line. The results show that dynamic algorithms are faster tracking the Pareto front changes than their static versions. In addition, the chosen algorithms have been compared with the typical delay recovery strategy of drivers showing that DMOPSO provides 7.8% of energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the low-cost configuration of the lateral active suspension system for the high-speed train. First, the full-scale railway vehicle dynamics with 17-degree-of-freedom are introduced, where the actuator saturation, suspension deflection, and random and periodic track irregularities are considered. Then, based on the internal model principle, some classic active vibration control methods, e.g., the PID, positive position feedback, repetitive, and resonant controls, are unified as an internal model (IM)-based form and an IM-based resonant control is further presented. After that, to suppress various vibrations, three principles are presented to set the damping ratio and natural frequency of the IM-based resonant controller according to the properties of the controlled plant and/or the external disturbances. In consequence, an active suspension with the IM-based resonant controller is designed to improve the ride quality of the high-speed train, where the H\infty method is used to calculate the unique gain. Moreover, the configuration of the active suspension is low cost and consists of two independent control systems, where one control system only has a pair of actuators and an accelerometer. Finally, the random and periodic track irregularities are employed to show the efficiency of the proposed resonant-control-based active suspension by comparing with the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and H\infty controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Trains with different numbers of cars running in the open air were simulated using the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES). The numbers of cars included in the simulation are 3, 4, 5 and 8. The aim of this study was to investigate how train length influences the boundary layer, the wake flow, the surface pressure, the aerodynamic drag and the friction drag. To certify the accuracy of the mesh and methods, the drag coefficients from numerical simulation of trains with 3 cars were compared with those from the wind tunnel test, and agreement was obtained. The results show that the boundary layer is thicker and the wake vortices are less symmetric as the train length increases. As a result, train length greatly affects pressure. The upper surface pressure of the tail car reduced by 2.9%, the side surface pressure of the tail car reduced by 8.3% and the underneath surface pressure of the tail car reduced by 19.7% in trains that included 3 cars to those including 8 cars. In addition, train length also has a significant effect on the friction drag coefficient and the drag coefficient. The friction drag coefficient of each car in a configuration decreases along the length of the train. In a comparison between trains consisting of 3 cars to those consisting of 8 cars, the friction drag coefficient of the tail car reduced by 8.6% and the drag coefficient of the tail car reduced by 3.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of high-speed rail (HSR) on household income inequalities in Italy at the province level. Gini index, both including and excluding rent expenses, is used as dependent variable to evaluate the effects of the policy in the timeframe 2003–2019. Two-way fixed-effects model is employed to measure the relationship, while augmented synthetic control with staggered treatment adoption, and staggered difference-in-differences explore the sensitivity of results. Main findings suggest a general reduction of inequalities among the provinces receiving HSR treatment, but the effect is not long-lasting many years over the policy outset. Heterogeneities arise depending on whether the station is basic-type or multimodal, and whether the treated province is core or intermediate. Small-sized provinces particularly benefited from the HSR introduction, showing a clear potential to pursue economic convergence objectives. Mechanisms analysis shows that HSR induced the reduction of household income inequalities by positively influencing per capita GDP and employment levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that high-speed rail (HSR) can reshape the spatial pattern of economic geography. However, there needs to be more logical argumentation and rigorous empirical design on the paths and mechanisms involved. This paper considers the impact of the border effect on HSR links and innovation clusters from the perspective of inter-regional collaborative innovation. It provides a logical and compact theoretical framework for HSR to reshape the pattern of the economic geography of innovation and then give a data-based empirical test. Using a benchmark sample of 285 cities in China from 2001 to 2020, the paper empirically examines the impact of HSR links on collaborative innovation and its mechanism in different border samples. The results show that HSR can break through various types of regional borders, shorten the tangible and intangible distances between regions, and increase cross-regional collaborative innovation through three primary mechanisms: market integration, matching human capital, and activating innovation activities. The paper also inspires how to improve collaborative innovation in regions with economic, cultural, policy, and administrative borders in addition to traditional geographical borders and verifies the negative superposition effect of regional borders to provide adequate references for policymakers. • The HSR can provide opportunities for innovative cooperation between cities. • The HSR between cities breaks through regional boundaries. • Study heterogeneous boundary effects based on the theory of the center-periphery. • Research on the three main micro mechanisms of "sharing, learning and matching". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessibility assessment of High-speed rail (HSR) should not be limited to station-to-station analysis, since "first and last mile" transport is crucial. Economic costs, time value, and travel time volatility significantly impact travel decisions but are underexplored. We conducted a multidimensional analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the accessibility of HSR stations from the perspective of departing passengers. With data collected from the API of navigation software, measurement methods for static characteristics of accessibility, including time accessibility, economic accessibility, and generalized travel cost accessibility, and dynamic characteristics, were proposed. In terms of dynamic characteristics, the daily fluctuation and long-period fluctuation of travel time were quantified using coefficients of variation. The empirical analysis was carried out for three cities with different scales and transportation system compositions, which are Chengdu, Mianyang, and Leshan. Results reveal significant time and economic accessibility advantages for private and public transport, respectively. The time value at the equilibrium point of the generalized travel cost between the two modes is higher in larger cities, reflecting greater reliance on public connecting transport in metropolitan areas. Private transport has a greater accessibility advantage in the areas of the HSR station away from the core city, while public transport has a more prominent advantage in other cases. Negative correlation is observed between daily fluctuations and linear distance, with public transport exhibiting weaker but more extreme fluctuations. During peak hours, private transport displays greater volatility towards the core urban area. These findings have important policy implications for HSR station location decisions and the planning and operation of connecting transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Definition of two different pumping timing sequences in high temperature superconducting Maglev-evacuated tube transport (HTS Maglev-ETT). • Experimental study on the working conditions' effect on levitation and guidance force of HTS bulk in two sequences. • Explanation of the phenomenon based on pinning effect of HTS bulk. • Comparison of the performance between two sequences. • Providing some comments for the levitation launch steps design of the HTS Maglev-ETT application. As a part of high temperature superconducting Maglev-evacuated tube transport (HTS Maglev-ETT), ETT technology provides a potential new solution to realize the proposition of higher ground speed transportation. In this system, due to the low pressure caused by tube evacuation, the temperature of liquid nitrogen (LN 2) changes and ultimately affects the performance of HTS bulks. Considering the significant necessity to guarantee HTS Maglev-ETT operational stability and safety, this paper focuses on the levitation and guidance performance variations of YBCO bulks caused by the pumping sequence under low pressure. One working condition is to pump the air out during the field cooling stage before levitating the vehicle, defined as "evacuating and then levitating" (E-L case). The other working condition is to pump the air out after the field cooling stage when the vehicle is already levitated, defined as "levitating and then evacuating" (L-E case). Based on the superconducting maglev measurement system (SCML-01) and a self-developed ambient pressure-reducing platform, the working conditions' effect on levitation and guidance force in the two sequences above is experimentally explored. Simultaneously, the difference between the two sequences is also discussed specifically. For a larger levitation force, the E-L case with high field cooling height (FCH) and low working height (WH) is an efficient condition; The L-E case with low FCH and low WH is suitable for a larger guidance force. In addition, the two specific conditions perform better under lower air pressure. All these conclusions are anticipated to provide a reference for practical startup procedures and future engineering design of HTS Maglev-ETT systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the opening of high-speed rail (HSR) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study adopts a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) method for investigating the impact of HSR on green development with the panel dataset including 281 cities in China from 2006 to 2019. According to the empirical results, HSR can facilitate green development, which holds by a series of robustness tests. HSR tends to exert a greater effect on green development in urban agglomeration cities and non-resource-based cities. Further analysis reveals that HSR can improve green development by fostering service industries' agglomeration and urbanization. In addition, the spatial spillover effect of HSR on green development is also confirmed. Our researches offer recommendations to enhance the development of HSR network and to improve the policies related to green development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the relationship between high-speed rail (HSR) and a city's carbon emissions is the critical premise behind transportation decarbonization and China's carbon target. Based on HSR's operational data, total carbon emissions data, and socio-economic statistics, this study examines how HSR affects a city's carbon emissions and the varying effects among different categories of cities using the Spatial Difference-In-Difference model from both static and dynamic perspectives. HSR would decrease a city's carbon emissions through the scale effect under the influence of the complex external and internal environment and the resulting uncertainty, with both substitution and stimulation. We find that, at the static level, the operation of HSR in cities with HSR stations, can statistically reduce carbon emissions by 0.58% at the 1% level. It also reduces the carbon emissions of neighboring cities' to a greater extent through the spillover effect, which is characterized by being multi-directional and multi-processed. The dynamic effect of HSR is related to its three-stage phase development, including the start-up phase, the expansion phase, and the intensification phase, which is characterized by a significant time lag. The intensity of HSR's carbon reduction effect on cities tends to increase initially and then decrease, as the HSR network improves and gradually reaches saturation. The impact of HSR on a city's carbon emissions varies with city characteristics, including economic growth, industrial structure, and city population. These findings can theoretically and empirically support the carbon reduction effect of HSR, and provide important decision-making reference for HSR construction driven by China's carbon target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Service reliability of the high-speed rail ballastless track structure. • The effect of wavelength distribution characteristics of the track irregularities. • An improved response surface method and an explicit solution of serviceability limit state the function of the ballastless track. • The improved response surface method can adaptively adjust the variable interpolation coefficient to increase the iterative convergence speed. The spectral feature of the track irregularity has a great impact on the running stability of high-speed trains. This study assesses the service reliability of the high-speed rail (HSR) ballastless track structure considering the effect of wavelength distribution characteristics of the track irregularities. The serviceability limit state (SLS) function of the ballastless track is established with respect to the derailment coefficient and wheel-unloading rate. To overcome the problem of high computational cost in the iteration of reliability assessment for the vehicle-track system, this study proposes an improved response surface method (RSM) and the explicit solution of the SLS function of the ballastless track can be realized. Compared with the traditional RSM, the improved RSM can adaptively adjust the variable interpolation coefficient to increase the iterative convergence speed. To obtain the vertical and lateral wheel-rail forces, a 3-D vehicle-track coupling model is established based on multibody dynamics and the finite element method (FEM). To analyze the wavelength effect of the track irregularities, a binary wavelet-based inversion algorithm is proposed to generate time series of both the vertical and alignment irregularities from the track irregularity spectrum (TIS). By comparing it with the MCS method, it is found that by using the improved RSM method, the convergence condition of the reliability index can be satisfied only by tens of iterations and the total computation time is 1.92 × 104 shorter than using MCS. Finally, the effect of different wavelengths of the track irregularity on the service reliability of track structure is discussed. The results show that the wavelength of 32 to 64 m is the main unfavorable wavelength range affecting the track service reliability under the normal operation condition of HSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of site monitoring results from a high-speed railway tunnel excavated in shallowly buried soft ground with irregular surface topography using the cross diaphragm method. The surface and subsurface settlements, the normal pressures between surrounding ground and primary lining and between primary and secondary linings were systematically monitored at three tunnel cross sections. The specific surface settlement characteristics associated with tunnelling under irregular surface topography conditions in comparison to those under horizontal surface conditions are illustrated. The “rebound” phenomenon of a relative settlement curve from the intermediate anchor to the top of the access tube is observed, which can be introduced to determine the stability of a tunnel project during construction. The normal pressures measured between the soft ground and the primary lining show close agreement with the theoretical analysis results. The normal pressures measured between the primary lining and the secondary lining should be used before the influences of cell installation effects and other related factors have been considered. But the pressure measurements can still provide valuable information of a tunnel project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impacts of Madrid-Seville High-Speed Rail (HSR) on land-cover change in the five HSR connected cities – Madrid, Ciudad Real, Puertollano, Cordoba, and Seville. The analysis period ranges from 1991 to 2006. The study finds that, in the Madrid-Seville region, the land development process concentrates mostly toward the two largest cities, Madrid and Seville, while other smaller HSR served cities are also benefited. The process of land development in each city varies largely. HSR contributes more to Ciudad Real and Cordoba than to Puertollano, with booming urban development in the former two cities. To study the accessibility impacts of HSR, binary discrete choice models are adopted. The results suggest that, the land development in smaller cities can be mainly explained by the improvement of regional accessibility and population growth. However, to model the urban development process in Madrid and Seville, the inputs with only accessibility and population are not sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There have been extensive studies on the monetary valuations for the transit service attributes such as fares, frequency, and in- and out-of-vehicle time. On the contrary, five categories of the elements relating to tangible, comfort, convenience, customer care, and safety and security have not been sufficiently evaluated. This paper explored the valuations based on the service improvements of Korean high-speed rail. The survey for attribute selection identified 11 user-tailored items for the betterment. Factors pertinent to comfort were predominantly preferred. Subsequently, choice experiments were conducted in the form of train-type choices. Binary logit models were then specified and estimated using the data collected. Monetary values were obtained in both individual attributes and a service bundle. Policy implications were also investigated in terms of price discriminations. The direction for future studies, particularly in examining user heterogeneity, was finally suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a 0–1 programming model aimed at obtaining the optimal inventory policy and transportation mode for maintenance spare parts of high-speed trains. To obtain the model parameters for occasionally-replaced spare parts, a demand estimation method based on the maintenance strategies of China’s high-speed railway system is proposed. In addition, we analyse the shortage time using PERT, and then calculate the unit time shortage cost from the viewpoint of train operation revenue. Finally, a real-world case study from Shanghai Depot is conducted to demonstrate our method. Computational results offer an effective and efficient decision support for inventory managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]