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A 10-yr-old female sulcata tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata) was presented for evaluation of a non-healing wound on her left rostrum. Physical examination revealed a 5-mm × 5-mm defect dorsolateral to the left nares with compacted plant material inside. Intraoral examination revealed a 3-mm × 3-mm keratin defect at the level of the premaxilla with visible compacted plant material. A computed tomographic study was performed and revealed an oronasocutaenous fistula with compression nasomaxillary fractures and left-sided rhinitis and food impaction. A PCR from a nasal flush sample for intranuclear coccidia was negative. The patient underwent general anesthesia for fistula repair. A rhinotomy and a rhinoscopy were performed to aid in the understanding of the extent of the fistula and treatment. The foreign plant material was removed and the cavity cleaned. The fistula was covered over the intraoral keratin defect and along the maxillary tomium with a dental bis-acryl composite resin, and the cutaneous defect was covered with a wound dressing patch. Postoperative plan included a course of tulathromycin for broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage, in addition to meloxicam and tramadol for multimodal analgesia, which was initiated via esophagostomy tube. Subsequent rechecks were conducted at 3 and 7 wk and 7, 8, and 19 months postoperatively, with recheck CT scans performed at the 8th and 19th months for healing monitoring. At the 19-month recheck, the rostral cutaneous lesion was completely healed, and no keratin defect along the oral rhinothecal ridge was found. Recheck CT demonstrated ongoing bone healing. This case documents the diagnosis and successful treatment of an oronasocutaneous fistula in a chelonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the plasma concentrations and determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin and its primary active metabolites (para- and orthohydroxyatorvastatin) after administration of a single oral dose in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). ANIMALS: 14 adult cockatiels (7 male, 7 female) around 2 years of age. METHODS: A compounded oral suspension of atorvastatin 10 mg/mL made with an oral suspending agent and an oral sweetener was administered via oral gavage at 20 mg/kg to each bird. Blood samples were collected at 7 different time points from 0.5 to 24 hours postadministration in a balanced incomplete block design with 3 blood samples per bird and 6 replicates per time point. Plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, parahydroxyatorvastatin, and orthohydroxyatorvastatin were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: The estimated time to maximum concentration (tmax) for atorvastatin, parahydroxyatorvastatin, and orthohydroxyatorvastatin was 3 hours for each. The estimated maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for atorvastatin, parahydroxyatorvastatin, and orthohydroxyatorvastatin was 152.6, 172.4, and 68.8 ng/mL, respectively. The terminal halflives were 4, 6.8, and 4.6 hours, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results support the therapeutic use of atorvastatin at the dose evaluated in this species based on human pharmacokinetic data. A starting dose of 20 mg/kg PO every 12 to 24 hours could be used to treat lipid disorders in cockatiels pending more data on multidose use and hypolipidemic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate behaviors associated with inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan injection in the cockatiel and determine interobserver agreement. ANIMALS: 16 adult cockatiels. METHODS: Cockatiels were randomly assigned as either treatment (carrageenan injection) or control (sham injection) group. The treatment group received a subcutaneous injection of 0.05 mL of a 1% lambda carrageenan solution into the left footpad. Following treatment or control procedures, all cockatiels were video recorded individually for 9.5 hours. Ten minutes of video at each of 11 time points postinjection and/or handling were evaluated by 3 different observers. Twenty-five behaviors within 6 categories (resting, locomotion, maintenance, intake, interaction with environment, and limb and body posture) were assessed, in addition to crest position and mentation. Differences in individual behaviors tallies were assessed using serial Wilcoxon sum rank tests. Interobserver agreement was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient for a 2-way design for consistency among multiple observers. RESULTS: Treatment cockatiels exhibited significantly increased focal preening (q = .023) and increased burst preening (q = .036), while control cockatiels spent significantly more time in an upright stance (q = .036). Although the remainder of behaviors observed were not statistically significant between groups, additional variables of interest seen more frequently in treatment cockatiels included non-weight-bearing stance, holding of the body low, and being nonvigilant. The level of agreement between observers was variable based on the specific behaviors; nevertheless, the dynamic behaviors were substantial to strong. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carrageenan-induced inflammation-associated behaviors may be valuable in developing a pain scale and evaluating mild inflammatory pain in small psittacine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of hydromorphone hydrochloride and its metabolite, hydromorphone3-glucuronide (H3G), after a single IV and IM dose in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). ANIMALS 6 healthy adult great horned owls (3 females and 3 males). PROCEDURES A single dose of hydromorphone (0.6 mg/kg) was administered once IM (pectoral muscles) and IV (left jugular) with a 6-week washout period between experiments. Blood samples were collected at 5 minutes and 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after drug administration. Plasma hydromorphone and H3G concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and a noncompartmental analysis was used for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Hydromorphone had a high bioavailability of 170.8 ± 37.6% and rapid elimination after IM administration and rapid plasma clearance and a large volume of distribution after IV administration. Mean Cmax was 225.46 ± 0.2 ng/mL at 13 minutes after IM injection. Mean volume of distribution and plasma drug clearance was 4.29 ± 0.5 L/kg and 62.11 ± 14.6 mL/min/kg, respectively, after IV administration. Mean t1/2 was 1.62 ± 0.36 and 1.35 ± 0.59 hours after IM and IV administration, respectively. The metabolite H3G was readily measured shortly after administration by both routes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A single dose of 0.6 mg/kg was well tolerated in all birds. Hydromorphone rapidly attained plasma concentrations following IM administration and had high bioavailability and short t1/2. This study is the first to document the presence of the metabolite H3G in avian species, which suggests similar hydromorphone metabolism as in mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of 8 cannabinoids and 5 metabolites after oral administration of single and multiple doses of a cannabidiol (CBD)-cannabidiolic acid (CBDA)–rich hemp extract to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) as well as to evaluate the extract’s adverse effects. ANIMALS 12 birds. PROCEDURES Based on pilot studies, a single-dose study based on 30/32.5 mg/kg of cannabidiol/cannabidiolic acid of a hemp extract was administered orally to 8 fasted parrots, and 10 blood samples were collected over 24 hours after administration. After a 4-week washout period, the hemp extract was administered orally to 7 birds at the previ- ous dose every 12 hours for 7 days, and blood samples were collected at the previous time points. Cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and 5 specific metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem/ mass-spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Adverse effects and changes in the plasma biochemistry and lipid panels were evaluated. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters for cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and the metabolite 11-hydroxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were established. For the multiple-dose study, cannabidiol/cannabidiolic acid mean Cmax was 337.4/602.1 ng/mL with a tmax of 30 minutes and a terminal half-life of 8.6/6.29 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were detected during the multidose study. The predominant metabolite was 11-hydroxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Twice daily oral administration of the hemp extract based on 30 mg/kg/32.5 mg/kg of cannabidiol/cannabidiolic acid was well tolerated and maintained plasma concentrations considered to be therapeutic in dogs with osteoar- thritis. Findings suggest different cannabinoid metabolism from mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, transition metal perovskite chalcogenide materials have been proposed as possible candidates for solar cell applications. In this work, we provide accurate theoretical calculations for BaZrS 3 and two phases of SrZrS 3 , which have been recently synthesized and their optical properties elaborated. In this study, we consider the substitution of S in BaZrS 3 with Se to form BaZrSe 3. Evolutionary methods are used to find the optimal structure of this compound, and accurate calculations of its optoelectronic properties are presented. Using phonon frequency calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics, we assess the stability of this compound. We find that BaZrSe 3 is likely to be stable under typical conditions, with a low bandgap and high optical absorption coefficients. This suggests that BaZrSe 3 could be useful for solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using first principles calculations, the use of strain to adjust electronic transport and the resultant thermoelectric (TE) properties are discussed using 2H phase CuAlO2 as a test case. Transparent oxide materials, such as CuAlO2, a p-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO), have recently been studied for high temperature TE power generators and coolers for waste heat. Given TCO materials with relative ease of fabrication, low cost of materials, and non-toxicity, the ability to tailor them to specific temperature ranges, power needs, and size requirements through the use of strain opens an interesting avenue. We find that strain can have a significant effect on these properties, in some cases detrimental and in others beneficial, including the potential for n-type power factors larger than the highest p-type case. The physical reasons for this behavior are explained in terms of the TE transport distribution and the Landauer distribution of modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To evaluate a carrageenan-induced inflammatory model in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) using weightbearing load, rotational perch locomotion, thermal threshold withdrawal, and footpad dimensions. ANIMALS 16 adult cockatiels (8 males and 8 females). PROCEDURES Cockatiels were randomly assigned into 2 groups as either treatment (carrageenan injection; n = 8) or control (handling only; 8). Treatment of cockatiels involved unilateral subcutaneous injection of 0.05 mL of 1% lambda carrageenan solution into the left footpad. Control birds were handled in a similar manner without an injection. Following baseline measurements and treatment or control procedures, posttreatment measurements at multiple time points involving weight-bearing perch load (for up to 336 hours), locomotive abilities when placed on a rotating perch (for up to 96 hours), thermal withdrawal threshold (for the 24- to 30-hour period), and both vertical and horizontal left footpad size and degree of swelling (for up to 84 days) were obtained. RESULTS Treatment cockatiels had a significant decrease in left foot weight-bearing load and increase in left footpad dimensions and swelling grade over time compared to control cockatiels. Rotational perch locomotion and thermal withdrawal threshold, conversely, did not differ significantly between groups. Cockatiels injected with carrageenan returned to normal weight-bearing within 2 weeks; however, left footpad dimensions did not return to baseline. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Carrageenan footpad injection prompts a measurable and grossly visible inflammatory response in the cockatiel. Additionally, it induces alterations in weight-bearing distribution in injected birds. This model provides a method to evaluate inflammation and lameness in small psittacine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate incorporated into poloxamer 407 (P407) after subcutaneous administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS Six orange-winged Amazon parrots, ages 28 to 45 years. PROCEDURES A sterile formulation of butorphanol in P407 (But-P407) as a 25% gel was created to produce a concentration of 8.3 mg/mL. The formulation was administered SC at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg to all birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline prior to injection (time 0) and then at 0.08, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 hours after drug administration. Butorphanol concentrations were quantitated via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis and a commercially available software program. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of butorphanol remained > 100 ng/mL for > 4 hours for some birds (3/5) but were < 100 ng/ mL for all birds by the 8-hour mark. Cmax and tmax were 346.9 ± 233.7 ng/mL and 1.3 ± 0.274 hours, respectively. Half-life was 1.56 ± 0.445 hours. No adverse effects were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Butorphanol was absorbed from the But-P407 25% by the majority of the orange-winged Amazon parrots in this study (3/5), although to a lesser extent compared to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Absorption followed a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with a sustained-release drug. A dose of 12.5 mg/kg, SC, would be expected to provide antinociception for 4 to 8 hours, although pharmacodynamic studies in this species using this formulation have not demonstrated this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate recognition and assessment of pain in animals is an essential tool that can be used by veterinary professionals, rehabilitators, household caregivers, and others to provide supportive care and analgesia to patients. Although the use of behavioral, postural, and facial changes to recognize pain have been studied in popular domestic species such as dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), very little is known relative to avian species. The purpose of this article is to provide a literature review comprising structured searches on the topic of avian pain recognition. The emphasis of the searches were based on the behavioral and postural alterations that have thus far been explored. The literature review was performed in the months of August–September 2020 over 5 online databases: MEDLINE/ PubMed, CAB Direct, Biosis, Zoological Record, and Scopus. Additional "snowballing" was incorporated by looking at the references and articles that cited the 126 articles from the initial abstract and full-text screening. Of the 194 full-text articles reviewed, 132 sources of literature were included in the final analysis. From these 132 sources of literature, 31.8% were general review articles in which avian pain behaviors were described irrespective of species, with others being specific to a particular species (chickens 47.8%, turkeys 7.6%, parrots 3.8%, pigeons [Columba livia] 3%, raptors 3%, and "other" 3%—2 on ducks, 1 on emus [Dromaius novaehollandiae], and 1 on Eurasian blue tits [Cyanistes caeruleus]). Pain stimulus varied depending on species, although the vast majority of the pain stimuli involved welfare issues such as beak trimming, limb abnormalities, and keel bone fractures in chickens. Although information regarding this topic remains limited for many avian species, this review provides a more thorough understanding of behavioral indicators of pain in species such as chickens, turkeys, psittacines, pigeons, raptors, and select others. It is the hope that this review will motivate further interest and future analgesia research for the improvement of avian welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoroscopic angiography evaluates the heart and vascular tree in real time and can be recorded for further diagnostic analysis and measurements. Although reports have been published of the use of fluoroscopic angiography in birds, this technique has not been evaluated in any avian species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a fluoroscopic angiography protocol in 12 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Under general anesthesia, the birds were positioned in right lateral (LAT) recumbency on a fluoroscopy table. A bolus of nonionic iodinated contrast agent was injected through a catheter inserted into the basilic or medial metatarsal vein during video acquisition. The same bolus was repeated to obtain the ventrodorsal (VD) view with the bird placed in dorsal recumbency. Eleven studies were performed. A total of 19 (10 VD, 9 LAT) continuous, real-time, fluoroscopic angiograms were successfully captured. The brachiocephalic trunk, aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and caudal vena cava were visualized, and selected intraluminal measurements collected. The intraobserver and interobserver variability for 3 observers was calculated. Intraobserver agreement was found to be near perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.95), whereas interobserver agreement was moderate to substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.52). Coefficients of variation were excellent (VD 0.99, LAT 0.99) for intraobserver assessments and moderate (VD 0.72, LAT 0.52) for interobserver assessments. For the interobserver assessments, the VD projection measurements performed better than the LAT measurements. These results suggest that although there was some variation between different observers, relatively consistent vascular measurements could be obtained. The described fluoroscopic angiography protocol is a repeatable and reliable technique that could be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases in birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful doping of single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) remains a formidable barrier to their incorporation into a range of technologies. We use density functional theory to study doping of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides with a large fraction of the periodic table. An automated analysis of the energetics, atomic and electronic structure of thousands of calculations results in insightful trends across the periodic table and points out promising dopants to be pursued experimentally. Beyond previously studied cases, our predictions suggest promising substitutional dopants that result in p-type transport and reveal interesting physics behind the substitution of the metal site. Doping with early transition metals (TMs) leads to tensile strain and a significant reduction in the bandgap. The bandgap increases and strain is reduced as the d-states are filled into the mid TMs; these trends reverse as we move into the late TMs. Additionally, the Fermi energy increases monotonously as the d-shell is filled from the early to mid TMs and we observe few to no gap states, indicating the possibility of both p- (early TMs) and n- (mid TMs) type doping. Quite surprisingly, the simulations indicate the possibility of interstitial doping of TMDs; the energetics reveal that a significant number of dopants, increasing in number from molybdenum disulfide to diselenide and to ditelluride, favor the interstitial sites over adsorbed ones. Furthermore, calculations of the activation energy associated with capturing the dopants into the interstitial site indicate that the process is kinetically possible. This suggests that interstitial impurities in TMDs are more common than thought to date and we propose a series of potential interstitial dopants for TMDs relevant for application in nanoelectronics based on a detailed analysis of the predicted electronic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects of pimobendan after oral administration in New Zealand White rabbits (Ocytolagus cuniculi). ANIMALS: 10 adult sexually intact (5 males and 5 females) rabbits. PROCEDURES: 2 pilot studies were performed with a pimobendan suspension or oral tablets. Eight rabbits received 7.5 mg of pimobendan (mean 2.08 mg/kg) suspended in a critical care feeding formula. Plasma concentrations of pimobendan and 0-demethylpimobendan (ODMP) were measured, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for pimobendan by noncompartmental analysis. Body weight, food and water consumption, mentation, urine, and fecal output were monitored. RESULTS: Mean + SD maximum concentration following pimobendan administration was 15.7 + 7.54 ng/mL and was detected at 2.79 1 1.25 hours. The half-life was 3.54 + 1.32 hours. Plasma concentrations of pimobendan were detectable for up to 24 hours. The active metabolite, ODMP, was detected in rabbits for 24 to 36 hours. An adverse event occurred following administration of pimobendan in tablet form in 1 pilot study, resulting in death secondary to aspiration. No other adverse events occurred. CLINICALRELEVANCE: Plasma concentrations of pimobendan were lower than previously reported for dogs and cats, despite administration of higher doses, and had longer time to maximum concentration and half-life. Based on this study, 2 mg/kg of pimobendan in a critical care feeding formulation should maintain above a target plasma concentration for 12 to 24 hours. However, further studies evaluating multiple-dose admjnistration as well as pharmacodynamic studies and clinical trials in rabbits with congestive heart failure are needed to determine accurate dose and frequency recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASE DESCRIPTION: An 8 - year - old sexually intact female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) with a 4 - day history of hyporexia and leth - argy and a 1-day history of tenesmus was examined. CLINICALFINDINGS: Severe leukocytosis characterized by severe heterophilia and moderate monocytosis was present. Marked dilation of the proventriculus and ventriculus and ascites were identified by means of radiography, coelomic ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced CT, with no clinically relevant motility noted on ultrasonography. Results of coelomic fluid analysis were consistent with pyogranulomatous effusion. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract following proventricular and ventricular lavage showed a thick caseous plague occupying 30% of the caudal proventricular mucosa. Abundant yeast organisms were evident during cytologic examination of a proventricular and ventricular wash sample, and fecal culture yielded Candida glabrata. TREATMENTANDOUTCOME: The bird was treated with SC fluids, assisted feedings, nystatin, fluconazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gastroprotectants, maropitant, and analgesics and slowly improved during hospitalization. A marked decrease in proventricular dilation was evident on serial radiographs obtained over a 12-month period. One year after diagnosis, the bird was presented with a 1 - week history of hyporexia and lethargy, and fecal culture grew C glabrata. Antifungal treatment was resumed for 3 months. The bird had no clinical signs of infection 16 months after this recurrence, and subsequent fecal cultures were negative for fungal growth. CLINICALRELEVANCE: Findings illustrate the importance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in djagnosing proventricular and ventricular dilation in birds and emphasize the need for long-term antifungal treatment and monitoring in birds with fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides are emerging as key materials in nanoelectronics and energy applications. Predictive models to understand their growth, thermomechanical properties, and interaction with metals are needed in order to accelerate their incorporation into commercial products. Interatomic potentials enable large-scale atomistic simulations connecting first principle methods and devices. We present a ReaxFF reactive force field to describe molybdenum ditelluride and its interactions with copper. We optimized the force field parameters to describe the energetics, atomic charges, and mechanical properties of (i) layered MoTe2, Mo, and Cu in various phases, (ii) the intercalation of Cu atoms and small clusters within the van derWaals gap of MoTe2, and (iii) bond dissociation curves. The training set consists of an extensive set of first principles calculations computed using density functional theory (DFT).We validate the force field via the prediction of the adhesion of a single layer MoTe2 on a Cu(111) surface and find good agreement with DFT results not used in the training set. We characterized the mobility of the Cu ions intercalated into MoTe2 under the presence of an external electric field via finite temperature molecular dynamics simulations. The results show a significant increase in drift velocity for electric fields of approximately 0.4 V/Å and that mobility increases with Cu ion concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine epidemiological features of cardiovascular disease in rabbits examined at a veterinary teaching hospital and characterize clinical and pathological findings. ANIMALS 59 rabbits. PROCEDURES Medical records from 200 I to 2018 were reviewed. and data were collected. Echocardiographic images and histologic diagnoses were reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 2.6% (59/2,249) Clinical signs related to cardiac disease included heart murmur (n = 25 rabbits), arrhythmia (22), tachypnea or dyspnea (13), hyporexia oranorexia (13), and muscle wasting (9). Radiographic (n = 39) abnormalities included cardiomegaly (19) and peritoneal (12) and pleural (11) effusion. Common echocardiographic (n = 37) diagnoses included degenerative valve disease (15), dilated cardiomyopathy (7), unclassified cardiomyopathy (4), restrictive cardiomyopathy (3), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2). On ECG (n = 19), supraventricular arrhythmias (16) were more common than ventricular arrhythmias (12). Thirty-five necropsy reports were available, and diagnoses included cardiomyopathy (n = 14), myocarditis (10), and arteriosclerosis (9). Medical management (n = 20) included a wide range of drugs and dosages with few adverse effects. Survival times (n = 36 rabbits) ranged from 1 to 2.353 days with a median cardiac disease-specific survival time of 306 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings provided information on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in rabbits and survival times for affected rabbits. Right-sided, left-sided, and biventricular congestive heart failure occurred equally. Median survival time was lower than that reported for other species. Further research on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in rabbits is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use density functional theory (DFT) to study the thermodynamic stability and migration of copper ions and small clusters embedded in amorphous silicon dioxide. We perform the calculations over an ensemble of statistically independent structures to quantify the role of the intrinsic atomic-level variability in the amorphous matrix affect the properties. The predicted formation energy of a Cu ion in the silica matrix is 2.7 ± 2.4 eV, significantly lower the value for crystalline SiO2. Interestingly, we find that Cu clusters of any size are energetically favorable as compared to isolated ions; showing that the formation of metallic clusters does not require overcoming a nucleation barrier as is often assumed. We also find a broad distribution of activation energies for Cu migration, from 0.4 to 1.1 eV. This study provides insights into the stability of nanoscale metallic clusters in silica of interest in electrochemical metallization cell memories and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterize the electronic structure and elasticity of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides MX2 (M = Mo, W, Sn, Hf and X = S, Se, Te) based on 2H and 1T structures using fully relativistic first principles calculations based on density functional theory. We focus on the role of strain on the band structure and band alignment across the series of materials.We find that strain has a significant effect on the band gap; a biaxial strain of 1% decreases the band gap in the 2H structures, by as a much as 0.2 eV in MoS2 and WS2, while increasing it for the 1T cases. These results indicate that strain is a powerful avenue to modulate their properties; for example, strain enables the formation of, otherwise impossible, broken gap heterostructures within the 2H class. These calculations provide insight and quantitative information for the rational development of heterostructures based on this class of materials accounting for the effect of strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM and IV administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonico). ANIMALS 8 orange-winged Amazon parrots (4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURES Hydromorphone (I mg/kg) was administered once IM. Blood samples were collected 5 minutes and 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, and 9 hours after drug administration. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a compartmental model. The experiment was repeated I month later with the same dose of hydromorphone administered IV. RESULTS Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were > I ng/mL for 6 hours in 8 of 8 and 6 of 7 parrots after IM and IV injection, respectively. After IM administration, mean bioavailability was 97.6%, and mean maximum plasma concentration was 179.1 ng/mL 17 minutes after injection. Mean volume of distribution and plasma drug clearance were 4.24 L/kg and 64.2 mL/min/kg, respectively, after IV administration. Mean elimination half-lives were 1.74 and 1.45 hours after IM and IV administration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hydromorphone hydrochloride had high bioavailability and rapid elimination after IM administration, with rapid plasma clearance and a large volume of distribution after IV administration in orange-winged Amazon parrots. Drug elimination half-lives were short. Further pharmacokinetic studies of hydromorphone and its metabolites, including investigation of multiple doses, different routes of administration, and sustained-release formulations, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS 8 healthy adult parrots (4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover study, each bird received hydromorphone (0.1, I, and 2 mg/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (I mL/kg; control) IM, with a 7-day interval between treatments. Each bird was assigned an agitationsedation score, and the thermal foot withdrawal threshold (TFWT) was measured at predetermined times before and after treatment administration. Adverse effects were also monitored. The TFWT, agitation-sedation score, and proportion of birds that developed adverse effects were compared among treatments over time. Address correspondence to Dr. Sanchez-Migallon Guzman (guzman@ucdavis.edu). RESULTS Compared with the mean TFWT for the control treatment, the mean TFWT was significantly increased at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after administration of the I - and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses, respectively. Significant agitation was observed at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours after administration of the I - and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses. Other adverse effects observed after administration of the I - and 2-mg/kg doses included miosis, ataxia, and nausea-like behavior (opening the beak and moving the tongue back and forth). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the I - and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses appeared to have antinociceptive effects, they also caused agitation, signs of nausea, and ataxia. Further research is necessary to evaluate administration of lower doses of hydromorphone and other types of stimulation to better elucidate the analgesic and adverse effects of the drug in psittacine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS 12 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (6 males and 6 females). PROCEDURES A single dose of amantadine was orally administered to 6 birds at 5 mg/kg (n = 2), 10 mg/kg (2), and 20 mg/kg (2) in a preliminary trial. On the basis of the results, a single dose of amantadine (10 mg/kg, PO) was administered to 6 other birds. Two months later, multiple doses of amantadine (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 7 days) were administered to 8 birds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, behavior, and urofeces were monitored. Plasma concentrations of amantadine were measured via tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined via noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, half-life, and area under the concentration-versus-time curve from the last dose to infinity were 1,174 ± 186 ng/mL, 3.8 ± 1.8 hours, 23.2 ± 2.9 hours, and 38.6 ± 7.4 gg*h/mL, respectively, after a single dose and 1,185 ± 270 ng/mL, 3.0 ± 2.4 hours, 21.5 ± 5.3 hours, and 26.3 ± 5.7 |ig*h/mL, respectively, at steady state after multiple doses. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Once-daily oral administration of amantadine at 5 mg/kg to orange-winged Amazon parrots maintained plasma concentrations above those considered to be therapeutic in dogs. Further studies evaluating safety and efficacy of amantadine in orange-winged Amazon parrots are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the thermal antinociceptive effects of butorphanol tartrate and butorphanol tartrate in a sustained-release 25% poloxamer 407 (P407) gel formulation (But-P407) in parrots. ANIMALS 13 orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). PROCEDURES First, butorphanol tartrate (5 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCI) solution was administered IM to birds in a randomized complete crossover design. The temperature prompting a foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus (ie, the thermal threshold) was determined 30 minutes before (baseline) and at various points after treatment administration. Second, But-P407 (12.5 mg/kg) or P407 was administered SC in a similar crossover design. Thermal threshold was determined before and at various points after treatment administration. Third, But-P407 (12.5 mg/kg) or saline solution was administered SC and evaluated as in the second trial. Sedation was scored immediately before each time point in all 3 trials. RESULTS In the first trial, a significant increase in thermal threshold was noted 30 minutes after butorphanol tartrate (vs saline solution) administration. No sedation was noted. In the second and third trials, no significant difference was identified between results for But-P407 and those for either control treatment (saline solution or P407). Mild sedation was noted in the second trial following But-P407 administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested a small but significant thermal antinociceptive effect of butorphanol tartrate lasting between 30 minutes and 1.5 hours in orange-winged Amazon parrots. No antinociceptive effect of butorphanol tartrate was demonstrated when delivered in P407. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential analgesic effects of But-P407. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atorvastatin is a synthetic statin administered in its active form and used for the treatment of dyslipidemias. In the current study, the effects of atorvastatin were evaluated on plasma lipid profiles and the potential for adverse effects after once daily PO dosing of atorvastatin for 30 days in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Sixteen adult parrots (10 female, 6 male) with hypercholesterolemia were used for this study. Birds were assigned to 2 groups (treatment and control) of 8 parrots each (3 male, 5 female) after balancing for age, sex, originating institution, and baseline plasma cholesterol values. Compounded atorvastatin oral suspension (10 mg/kg) was administered PO once daily via gavage into the crop. Equivalent volumes of placebo suspension were administered to the control group. Plasma biochemistry and plasma lipid profile analysis (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and triglycerides [TGs]) were analyzed on days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma samples and HDL-C fractions were evaluated for cholesterol and TG concentrations via enzymatic assays. Subtraction of HDL-C values from total cholesterol yielded the non–HDL-C concentration for each bird. Birds were routinely assessed for appetite, activity, and urofeces. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were obtained from 7 of 8 birds in the treatment group from banked samples. Those samples were obtained on days 14 and 30, with drug administration 6 to 8 hours before collection. No significant differences were observed in total cholesterol, HDL-C, non–HDL-C, or TG between treatment and control groups at days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were variable on day 14 (0.54–5.41 ng/ mL for 6 of 7 samples, with 1 outlier of 307 ng/mL) and on day 30 (0.79–6.74 ng/mL). No adverse effects were noted in any of the birds during the study period. When dosed PO at 10 mg/kg once daily, atorvastatin did not result in significant changes to plasma lipid profiles (eg, lowering of plasma total or non–HDL-C concentrations) at any time point during this study. Future studies to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of atorvastatin in parrots may require increased doses and/or frequency of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 33-year-old male blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) presented with a 5-month history of an ulcerated lesion and feather loss at the tail base. Two 4-mm biopsies obtained by the primary care veterinarian were consistent with uropygial gland adenocarcinoma. The bird was examined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, and on physical evaluation, the dorsal and ventral surface of the tail base were devoid of feathers, ulcerated and crusted without an identifiable uropygial gland. Complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, whole-body radiographs, and an echocardiogram were performed before surgery. The bird was anesthetized, and a complete amputation of the tail was performed. The skin was incised with a radiofrequency electrosurgical system approximately 2 mm circumferentially cranial to the diseased tissue. The musculature was transected to the level of the vertebral column, disarticulating between the second and third caudal vertebrae and transecting the spinal cord with a no. 15 blade. Lateral vertebral processes of the second vertebra were removed with a rongeur. Coccygeus lateralis muscles and tensor fasciae latae muscles and skin were closed laterolaterally with 2 layers and 3-0 polydioxanone suture. The bird recovered uneventfully and was discharged after 6 days of hospitalization. The histopathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation, marked scirrhous response, and superficial epithelial ulceration. It was determined that narrow margins of unaffected tissue were achieved from the pathological examination of submitted material. The bird was evaluated 24 days after surgery and again 3.5 months after surgery, without evidence of complications or recurrence. Approximately 10 days after the last reexamination, the bird was euthanatized after being found minimally responsive at home. A postmortem examination was not performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To connpare a ventral and a left lateral endoscopic approach to coelioscopy in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ANIMALS 18 adult bearded dragons. PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover design involving 2 surgical approaches, anesthetized bearded dragons first underwent coelioscopy with a ventral approach (left lateral of midline next to the umbilicus; animal positioned in dorsal recumbency) or left lateral approach (intercostal ; animal positioned in right lateral recumbency) and then with the alternate approach. A 2.7-mm x 18-cm, 30° oblique telescope with a 4.8-mm operating sheath and CO2 insufflation at 2 to 5 mm Hg were used. Ease of entry into the coelom and ease of visual examination of visceral structures were scored. RESULTS Both approaches were straightforward, with the left lateral approach requiring significantly more time than the ventral approach. Scores for ease of visual examination for the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, left kidney, gonads, and fat body were good to excellent. Visual examination of the spleen and adrenal glands was difficult in most animals via either approach. The left kidney, testis, and vas deferens were easier to see with the left lateral approach, whereas the pancreas in females and gallbladder in both sexes were easier to see with the ventral approach. All bearded dragons recovered without complications from the procedures, except for one with nephritis, renal gout, and hepatic necrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both coelioscopy approaches could be safely and effectively used in bearded dragons. Choice of approach should be based on the coelomic structures requiring evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 17-yr-old, 22.2-kg, intact female sulcata tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata) was presented for evaluation of a suspected intestinal obstruction and a 2-month history of hind-limb weakness, anorexia, lack of defecation, and decreased urine production. Clinical signs included generalized subcutaneous edema, pelvic limb paresis, decreased vent tone, and ataxia. Computed tomography (CT) identified findings consistent with a chronic compression fracture of the eighth cervical vertebrae with severe extradural compression of the spinal cord and near-complete obliteration of the vertebral canal. The tortoise was medically managed in the hospital for 13 days and discharged with analgesic and antibiotic medications. Over the following weeks, the tortoise regained an ability to defecate and urinate, and the tortoise's motor deficits mildly improved. A recheck contrast CT at 39 wk postdischarge was consistent with remodeling of the chronic compression fracture and mildly improved extradural compression of the spinal cord. Approximately 2 yr after the initial presentation, the motor limb deficits were still present. Thirty-three months after initial presentation, the tortoise presented obtunded and with anasarca. The tortoise was euthanized, and the necropsy revealed bilateral demyelination with moderate axonal loss, astrocyte reactivity, and moderate dural fibrosis in the spinal cord, consistent with chronic compression at the level of C8. This report illustrates an unusual presentation of a chronic cervical vertebral fracture and spinal cord compression that was diagnosed and monitored via CT, the treatment and recovery of most of the initial clinical signs and persistent motor limb deficits, as well as the postmortem spinal cord histologic findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulty performing activities of daily living (“functional impairment”) is common in homeless adults aged 50 and older. However, little is known about the trajectory of these impairments, nor the extent to which these trajectories are similar to those of older adults in the general population. We identified trajectories of functional impairment in homeless adults aged 50 and older, and risk factors for differing trajectories. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 350 homeless adults, aged 50 and older, recruited via population-based sampling in Oakland, California and interviewed at 6-month intervals for up to 3 years. We assessed functional trajectories based on self-reported difficulty performing 5 activities of daily living. We used multivariable multinomial logistic regression to identify baseline risk factors for each trajectory. At baseline, participants’ mean age was 58 years (SD, 5.3), 24.1% were women, 80.9% were African American, and 38.6% had difficulty performing 1 or more activities of daily living. We identified 4 distinct functional trajectories: minimal impairment in 136 participants (41.1%); persistent impairment in 81 (25.4%); partial improvement in 74 (23.5%); and decline in 28 (10.0%). Risk factors for persistent impairment included falls in the 6 months before baseline, depressive symptoms, and low physical performance. Although functional impairment improved in some homeless adults, it persisted or worsened in many others. These findings suggest that, similar to older adults in the general population, functional impairment among older homeless persons is not a transient phenomenon, but instead a chronic issue requiring long-term solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASE DESCRIPTION A 4-year-old spayed female mixed-breed rabbit was evaluated because of a 3-year history of sneezing and nasal discharge that were refractory to medical management. CLINICAL FINDINGS Signs of chronic left-sided rhinitis and sinusitis were observed on physical examination and confirmed by CT evaluation. Lysis of the rostral aspect of the left maxillary bone and destruction of nasal turbinates were evident on CT images. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Pararhinotomy of the left maxillary sinus through the facies cribrosa was performed. Purulent material was removed from the maxillary sinus recesses, a middle meatal antrostomy was completed to allow permanent drainage into the left middle nasal meatus, and the tissues were closed routinely. Microbial culture of a sample from the maxillary sinus recesses revealed Bordetella bronchiseptica, undetermined fastidious nonenteric bacteria, and Streptococcus viridans. Medical management was continued, and nasal discharge resolved but sneezing persisted. Increased sneezing and bilateral nasal discharge developed 1.5 years later; CT examination revealed right-sided rhinitis, and culture of a nasal swab sample revealed Bordetella spp, Staphylococcus spp, and Micrococcus spp. Right-sided pararhinotomy and middle meatal antrostomy were performed, and medical management continued. A subsequent recurrence was managed without additional surgery; 4 years after the initial surgery, the rabbit was still receiving medical treatment, with mild intermittent nasal discharge and sneezing reported. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This report describes a surgical approach for treatment of chronic rhinitis in companion rabbits with maxillary sinus involvement that included creation of a permanent drainage pathway from the maxillary sinus to the middle nasal meatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A female Swainson's toucan (Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii) was presented for examination with a 2-year history of mucoid nasal discharge and abnormal growth of the rhamphotheca. Nasal cytologic examination and culture results were consistent with mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial rhinitis. Radiographic and computed tomographic imaging demonstrated a deviated septum of the nasal diverticulum and multiple soft tissue densities in the caudal aspects of the maxillary and mandibular infraorbital diverticula of the infraorbital sinus. Results of rhinoscopy and biopsy confirmed bacterial rhinitis. Treatment included multiple nasal lavages with saline, gentamicin, and amphotericin B and systemic ciprofloxacin and tobramycin nebulizations for several weeks. Repeat radiographic imaging 4 years later showed resolution of most soft tissue opacities previously observed within the maxillary and mandibular diverticula but persistence of 3 areas of soft tissue, dense material within the maxillary sinus diverticulum. A sinus trephination procedure was performed through the maxillary bone for sinoscopy and sample collection and topical treatment. Results of aerobic bacterial cultures from the granulomas were negative. Biopsy results were consistent with keratin granulomas without bacterial or fungal infection. Two and a half years after trephination, the surgical site was fully healed with no recurrence of the nasal discharge. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of sinus trephination in a toucan and describes the advanced diagnostic and medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinitis in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical and pathological findings of rabbits evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital because of dystocia. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 9 client-owned rabbits and I wild rabbit with signs of dystocia evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital from 1996 through 2016. PROCEDURES Medical records of rabbits were reviewed to collect data on signalment; medical history; physical examination, laboratory, diagnostic imaging, and procedural findings; treatment; final diagnosis; and outcome. Data were summarized. RESULTS Dystocia in 7 rabbits was successfully managed through medical treatment, assisted vaginal delivery, or both (n = 6) or surgery alone (I); 3 rabbits were euthanized. Primiparous does, does < 4 years old, and does of small breeds (< 2 kg [4.4 lb]) were most common. All client-owned rabbits had clinical signs of abnormal second-stage parturition, whereas the wild rabbit had only hemorrhagic vulvar discharge. Imaging was used to identify the number, size, and state of fetuses in most rabbits. Overall, 35 fetuses were accounted for, 25 of which were dead or later died. The cause of dystocia was determined for 8 rabbits and included fetal-maternal mismatch (n = 4), uterine inertia (2), fetal death or mummification (I), and stress-induced abortion (I). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Obstructive dystocia from fetal macrosomia with or without secondary uterine inertia was the most common cause of dystocia in the evaluated rabbits. Although medical management was successful for many rabbits with dystocia in this study, surgery could still be required in other affected rabbits, particularly when fetal-maternal mismatch is involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for endoscopic evaluation of the coelomic viscera of koi (Cyprinus carpio) and to evaluate the ability to visually examine coelomic structures by use of an approach cranial or caudal to the pelvic girdle. ANIMALS 16 subadult koi. PROCEDURES Koi were anesthetized with buffered tricaine methanesulfonate. Coelioscopic examination was performed via a ventral midline incisional approach cranial or caudal to the pelvic girdle. A 2.7-mm X 18-cm 30° oblique endoscope within a 4.8-mm operating sheath and infusion of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution was used. Ease of entry into the coelomic cavity and visual examination of structures were scored for each fish. Fish were euthanized 2 or 8 weeks after the procedure, and necropsy was performed. RESULTS The coelioscopic procedure was tolerated well, and all koi recovered uneventfully. For all fish, ease of entry and visual examination scores of the liver, intestines, gonads, heart, and anterior kidney were satisfactory to excellent. Visual examination of the posterior kidney and swim bladder was satisfactory to difficult, whereas the spleen and gallbladder were not visually identified. No significant differences were noted in entry or visual examination scores between the cranial and caudal approaches or between sexes. Minor complications included mild hemorrhage, rupture of the gonadal capsule, formation of adhesions between the viscera and incision site, and delayed healing of the incision. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic coelioscopy of koi appeared to be safe and effective. This procedure could have potential for use in examination of coelomic structures and disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics after oral administration of single and multiple doses and to assess the safety of zonisamide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 12 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. PROCEDURES Zonisamide (30 mg/kg, PO) was administered once to 6 parrots in a single-dose trial. Six months later, a multiple-dose trial was performed in which 8 parrots received zonisamide (20 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 10 days) and 4 parrots served as control birds. Safety was assessed through monitoring of body weight, attitude, and urofeces and comparison of those variables and results of CBC and biochemical analyses between control and treatment groups. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration of zonisamide for the single- and multiple-dose trials was 21.19 ± 3.42 µg/mL at 4.75 hours and 25.11 ± 1.81 µg/mL at 2.25 hours after administration, respectively. Mean plasma elimination half-life for the single- and multiple-dose trials was 13.34 ± 2.10 hours and 9.76 ± 0.93 hours, respectively. Pharmacokinetic values supported accumulation in the multiple-dose trial. There were no significant differences in body weight, appearance of urofeces, or appetite between treated and control birds. Although treated birds had several significant differences in hematologic and biochemical variables, all variables remained within reference values for this species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Twice-daily oral administration of zonisamide to Hispaniolan Amazon par¬rots resulted in plasma concentrations known to be therapeutic in dogs without evidence of adverse effects on body weight, attitude, and urofeces or clinically relevant changes to hematologic and biochemical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM administration to cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). ANIMALS 16 healthy adult cockatiels. PROCEDURES During the firs t of 2 study phases, each cockatiel received each of 4 treatments (hydromorphone at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg and saline [0.9% NaCI] solution [0.33 mL/kg; control], IM), with a 14-day interval between treatments. For each bird, foot withdrawal to a thermal stimulus was determined following assignment of an agitation-sedation score at predetermined times before and for 6 hours after each treatment. During the second phase, a subset of 12 birds received hydromorphone (0.6 mg/kg, IM), and blood samples were collected at predetermined times for 9 hours after drug administration. Plasma hydromorphone concentration was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental analysis of sparse data was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Thermal withdrawal response did not differ among the 4 treatment groups at any time. Agitation-sedation scores following administration of the 0.3- and 0.6-mg/kg doses of hydromorphone differed significantly from those treated with saline solution and suggested the drug had a sedative effect. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were > 1 ng/mL for 3 to 6 hours after drug administration in all birds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that IM administration of hydromorphone at the evaluated doses did not increase the thermal withdrawal threshold of cockatiels despite plasma drug concentrations considered therapeutic for other species. Further research is necessary to evaluate the analgesic effects of hydromorphone in cockatiels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have validated the clinical use of opioids with μ-receptor affinities for pain management in raptors. Buprenorphine has a longer duration of action and minimal adverse effects when compared with other opioids in American kestrels ( Falco sparverius). To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects, sedative effects, and duration of action of sustained-release buprenorphine given intramusculary in American kestrels, 12 adult kestrels (8 females and 4 males) were used in a randomized masked complete-crossover experimental design. Buprenorphine SR LAB (1.8 mg/kg) or a control solution were administered intramuscularly. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and at 1.5, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment administration. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3-5 minutes before each time point, and adverse effects were monitored at these times. Buprenorphine SR LAB significantly increased thermal thresholds at 6, 12, and 24 hours and resulted in mild sedation according to the mean sedation-agitation scores comparing the treatment and control groups. Depending on the severity and type of pain, adjunctive therapy, and individual response, Buprenorphine SR LAB administered at 1.8 mg/kg IM to American kestrels would require administration every 24 hours to manage pain. Further pharmacodynamic and clinical evaluations are warranted in kestrels and other Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Strigiformes to establish accurate dosing recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To describe diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of and risk factors for ophthalmic disease in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 112 of 144 (78%) leopard geckos that were evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital in January 1985 through October 2013 and for which sufficient medical record information was available. PROCEDURES Information from medical records was used to identify leopard geckos with ophthalmic disease, characterize cases, and determine risk factors for the presence of ophthalmic disease. RESULTS Of the 112 leopard geckos, 52 (46%) had ophthalmic disease (mainly corneal or conjunctival disease). Female geckos were less likely to have ophthalmic disease, and there was a positive association between increasing age and ophthalmic disease. Use of a paper towel substrate, absence of any heat source, and lack of vitamin A supplementation were positively associated with a diagnosis of ophthalmic disease. Head dysecdysis was the only concurrent disorder significantly associated with ophthalmic disease. At necropsy, 5 affected leopard geckos had squamous metaplasia of the conjunctivae. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that ophthalmic disease is a common finding in leopard geckos. The cause of ocular surface disease in leopard geckos may be multifactorial, and hypovitaminosis A may be an important risk factor. Although animals receiving supplemental vitamin A were less likely to have ophthalmic disease, further understanding is required regarding the metabolism of and nutritional requirements for vitamin A in leopard geckos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of 2 doses of a concentrated buprenorphine formulation after SC administration to redtailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). ANIMALS 6 adult red-tailed hawks. PROCEDURES Concentrated buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg, SC) was administered to all birds. Blood samples were collected at 10 time points over 24 hours after drug administration to determine plasma buprenorphine concentrations. After a 4-week washout period, the same birds received the same formulation at a higher dose (1.8 mg/kg, SC), and blood samples were collected at 13 time points over 96 hours. Hawks were monitored for adverse effects and assigned agitation-sedation scores at each sample collection time. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were quantified by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mean time to maximum plasma buprenorphine concentration was 7.2 minutes and 26.1 minutes after administration of the 0.3-mg/kg and 1.8- mg/kg doses, respectively. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were > I ng/mL for mean durations of 24 and 48 hours after low- and high-dose administration, respectively. Mean elimination half-life was 6.23 hours for the low dose and 7.84 hours for the high dose. Mean agitation-sedation scores were higher (indicating some degree of sedation) than the baseline values for 24 hours at both doses. No clinically important adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Concentrated buprenorphine was rapidly absorbed, and plasma drug concentrations considered to have analgesic effects in other raptor species were maintained for extended periods. Most birds had mild to moderate sedation. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of these doses of concentrated buprenorphine in red-tailed hawks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Out-of-network emergency department (ED) use, or use that occurs outside the contracted network, may lead to increased care fragmentation and cost. We examined factors associated with out-of-network ED use among Medicaid beneficiaries.Data Sources and Study Setting: Enrollment, claims, and encounter data for adult Medi-Cal health plan members with 1+ ED visits and complete Medicaid eligibility during the study period from 2013 to 2014.Study Design: We analyzed the data to identify factors associated with out-of-network ED use classified by mode of arrival (ambulance vs. nonambulance).Data Extraction Methods: We extracted encounter, ambulance, and ED census data and linked them together based on ED visit date.Principal Findings: Of 11,143 ED visits, 6,808 (61.1 percent) were out-of-network. The number of hours the study ED was on ambulance diversion increased the odds of out-of-network visits for the 3,365 (30.2 percent) ED visits arriving by ambulance. For all visit types, assignment to a primary care clinic at the in-network hospital and having had any primary care visit during the study period decreased the odds of out-of-network ED care. Individuals were more likely to go out-of-network for ED care if they lived in neighborhoods containing out-of-network EDs.Conclusions: There are a number of factors related to out-of-network ED use, including the proximity and density of out-of-network EDs, race and ethnicity, a prior history of out-of-network ED use, and individuals' connection to primary care. EDs that serve Medicaid beneficiaries may need to explore alternative sites and modalities of care as alternatives to the ED, and consider their ability to absorb large numbers of out-of-network visits given already limited capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meloxicam has been shown to have a safe and favorable pharmacodynamic profile with individual variability in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots ( Amazona ventralis). In the current study, we determined the pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release formulation of meloxicam after subcutaneous administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Twelve healthy adult parrots, 6 males and 6 females, were used in the study . Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after a single dose of the sustained-release meloxicam formulation (3 mg/kg SC). Plasma meloxicam concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Plasma concentrations reached a mean Cmax of 23.4 μg/mL (range, 14.7-46.0 μg/mL) at 1.8 hours (range, 0.5-6 hours), with a terminal half-life of 7.4 hours (range, 1.4-40.9 hours). Individual variation was noticeable, such that some parrots (4 of 12 birds) had very low plasma meloxicam concentrations, similar to the high variability reported in a previous pharmacokinetic study of the standard meloxicam formulation in the same group of birds. Two birds developed small self-resolving scabs at the injection site. On the basis of these results, the sustained-release meloxicam formulation could be administered every 12 to 96 hours in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots to manage pain. Because of these highly variable results, the use of this formulation in this species cannot be recommended until further pharmacokinetic, safety, and pharmacogenomic evaluations are performed to establish accurate dosing recommendations and to understand the high pharmacokinetic variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects following SC administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) in New Zealand White rabbits. ANIMALS 6 adult sexually intact female New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Each rabbit was administered 40 mg of CCFA/kg SC. A blood sample was obtained immediately before (0 minutes), at 5 and 30 minutes after, and at I, 1.5, 2. 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 95, 120, 144, and 168 hours after administration, and plasma concentrations of ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE) were measured. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. For each rabbit, body weight, food consumption, fecal output, and injection site were monitored. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ceftiofur for 293 bacterial isolates from rabbit clinical samples were determined. RESULTS Mean ± SD peak plasma concentration of CFAE and time to maximum plasma concentration were 33.13 ± 10.15 pg/mL and 1.75 ± 0.42 hours, respectively. The mean terminal half-life of CFAE was 42.6 ± 5.2 hours. Plasma CFAE concentration was > 4 μg/mL for approximately 24 hours and > I μg/ mL for at least 72 hours after CCFA administration. An apparently nonpainful subcutaneous nodule developed at the injection site in 3 of 6 rabbits. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that CCFA (40 mg/kg) could be administered SC every 24 to 72 hours to New Zealand White rabbits to treat infections with ceftiofur-susceptible bacteria. Single-dose administration of CCFA resulted in minimal adverse effects. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effects of repeated CCFA administration in New Zealand White rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have validated the clinical use of opioids with μ-receptor affinities for pain management in raptors. Buprenorphine appears to have a longer duration of action and minimal adverse effects when compared to other opioids in American kestrels ( Falco sparverius). To determine the pharmacokinetics of a sustained release formulation of buprenorphine in kestrels, we administered a commercially available product (Buprenorphine SR-LAB; Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Windsor, CO, USA) intramuscularly and subcutaneously to adult kestrels in a partial-crossover experimental design study. A total of 12 birds (6 males and 6 females) were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 4 birds each. A single dose of Buprenorphine SR-LAB (1.8 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly (IM), and blood samples were collected at 0.25, 3, and 24 hours (n = 4); 1, 6, and 48 hours (n = 4); and 2, 12, and 72 hours (n = 4) after drug administration. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured by tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of least squares linear regression and noncompartmental analysis of naïve pooled data. After 1 year, the same dose of buprenorphine was administered subcutaneously (SC) to 12 birds divided into 3 groups as previously, and blood samples were collected at the same times after drug administration. Maximum plasma buprenorphine concentration was measured at 15 minutes after IM and SC administration. Mean plasma buprenorphine concentrations were >1 ng/mL for 48 hours after IM and SC administration. The elimination half-life was 13.5 and 11.1 hours for IM and SC administration, respectively. Depending on the severity and type of pain, adjunctive therapy, and the individual response, Buprenorphine SR-LAB administered at 1.8 mg/kg IM or SC to American kestrels would require administration every 12 to 72 hours to manage pain. Further pharmacodynamic and clinical evaluations are warranted in kestrels and other raptors to establish accurate dosing recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the toxicity of short-term high doses of meloxicam in American kestrels ( Falco sparverius), 32 male captive-born, 1- to 4-year-old American kestrels were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 3 groups treated with meloxicam (n = 9 per group) and a control group (n = 5). Meloxicam was administered orally via feeding tube in the proventriculus at 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg every 12 hours for 7 days for the treatment groups, while the control group received saline solution. The birds were evaluated for the presence of clinical signs, abnormalities in the complete blood cell count and in the plasma biochemical panel for the 20-mg/kg group, and gross and histopathologic lesions. No clinical signs or mortality were observed in any group. No significant differences of clinical relevance were found in results of the packed cell volume, total solids, and biochemical panel, and no evidence of renal toxicity was found in the treatment or control groups. A significant correlation was found between hepatic lipidosis and meloxicam dose ( P = .02). Two of 9 birds in the 20-mg/kg group developed gastric ulcers, although this result was not significant. None of the birds in the 2- and 10-mg/kg groups had similar lesions. Finally, meloxicam dosages up to 20 mg/kg did not result in nephrotoxicity in American kestrels. Further toxicologic studies to evaluate hepatotoxicity and gastrotoxicity of meloxicam in avian species are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of administration of a 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant on egg laying in healthy cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). ANIMALS 52 cockatiels. PROCEDURES 26 breeding pairs (a female and its respective male in each pair) were selected on the basis of their history of egg laying. Female birds were sedated and received a 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant (n = 13) or placebo implant (13) in the subcutaneous tissues between the scapulae. Male and female birds of each breeding pair were placed in separate but adjacent cages. Birds were exposed to 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. A nest box was placed in cages of female birds to stimulate reproductive activity. Egg production and quality were monitored daily for 365 days. RESULTS Deslorelin acetate implants significantly suppressed egg laying in cockatiels, compared with effects for the placebo implants. Eleven of 13 placeboimplanted birds laid eggs between 12 and 42 days after implantation. None of the deslorelin-implanted birds laid eggs within 180 days after implantation, and only 5 of 13 deslorelin-implanted birds laid an egg during the study period (first egg laid between 192 and 230 days after implantation). No differences in egg quality or number of eggs per clutch were observed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insertion of a 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant suppressed egg laying in healthy cockatiels for at least 180 days. Studies are necessary to evaluate effects of a deslorelin acetate implant in other avian species or in association with reproductive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate incorporated into poloxamer 407 (P407) after SC administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 11 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (6 males and 5 females; 11 to 27 years old). PROCEDURES A sterile formulation of butorphanol in P407 (But-P407) 25% (percentage determined as [weight of P407/weight of diluent] × 100]) was created (8.3 mg/mL). Five preliminary experiments (2 birds/experiment) were performed to determine the ideal dose for this species. The formulation then was administered (12.5 mg/kg, SC) to 8 birds. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 0.08, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Some birds were used more than once, with a washout period of ≥ 3 months between subsequent treatments. Butorphanol concentrations were quantitated by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by use of noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Maximal plasma butorphanol concentration was reached at 1.31 hours. Plasma concentrations of butorphanol remained > 100 ng/mL for > 3 hours (all birds) or > 4 hours (5/8 birds) but < 8 hours (all birds). Half-life of the terminal slope was 3.41 hours. No adverse effects were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Butorphanol was absorbed well from the But-P407 25% by Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, and absorption followed a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with a sustained-release drug. A dose of 12.5 mg/kg, SC, would theoretically provide analgesia for 4 to 8 hours. No adverse effects were detected. Studies on the pharmacodynamics of this formulation are necessary to confirm the degree and duration of analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 31-year-old female Moluccan cockatoo ( Cacatua moluccensis) was examined for intermittent foot clenching of 4 months' duration. Physical examination revealed feather-destructive behavior and clinical findings compatible with hypovitaminosis A. Neurologic examination was unremarkable. Results of radiographs, hematologic testing, plasma biochemical analyses, and measurement of lead and trace element blood concentrations were unremarkable, except for degenerative joint disease of several thoracic intervertebral joints and a low blood copper concentration. Increased dietary copper was recommended. After a 6-month period without clinical signs, the bird presented again for episodes of foot weakness. Radiographic review was suggestive of mild pulmonary trunk enlargement. Echocardiography revealed mild mitral and aortic regurgitation, dilation of the ascending aorta, and a dilated right ventricle with turbulent right ventricular outflow. An electrocardiogram revealed a sinus rhythm and normal-appearing complexes. Nonselective fluoroscopic angiography was performed 3 weeks later because of persistent episodes of foot clenching and weakness. Infundibular pulmonic stenosis, poststenotic dilation of the pulmonic trunk, and proximal main pulmonary arteries were identified, as well as a mild narrowing of the descending aorta compatible with aortic stenosis. The bird was discharged without medication but with dietary recommendations and experienced 2 clenching episodes in the days after the last visit. No recurrence of clinical signs has been reported over the 18-month follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infundibular pulmonic stenosis in a bird. This case illustrates the application of basic and advanced diagnostic imaging modalities in evaluating cardiac disease in birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main complications in patients with diabetes and has been the leading cause of visual loss since 1990. Oxidative stress is a biological process resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process contributes to the development of many diseases and disease complications. ROS interact with various cellular components to induce cell injury. Fortunately, there is an antioxidan t system that protects organisms against ROS. Indeed, when ROS exceed antioxidant capacity, the resulting cell injury can cause diverse physiological and pathological changes that could lead to a disease like DR. Objective: This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of common and novel biomarkers involved in the development of DR and explores how these biomarkers could be used to monitor the damage induced by oxidative stress in DR, which is a significant complication in people with diabetes. Conclusion: The poor control of glucemy in pacients with DB has been shown contribute to the development of complications in eyes as DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 4-year-old sexually intact male pet guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was evaluated for a routine wellness examination. CLINICAL FINDINGS: During physical examination, a small mass was palpated in the cranial aspect of the abdomen. Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were suggestive of a gastric mass. Cytologic evaluation of a fine-needle aspirate of the mass was indicative of spindle cell proliferation most consistent with a sarcoma. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The patient was anesthetized, and an exploratory laparotomy and partial gastrectomy were performed to resect the gastric mass. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the mass revealed that it was a gastric leiomyoma. The patient recovered from surgery without complications. No evidence of mass recurrence was observed during an abdominal ultrasonographic examination performed approximately 19 months after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To our knowledge, this was the first report of the clinical diagnosis and successful surgical treatment of a gastric neoplasm in a guinea pig. Gastric leiomyomas are not uncommon in guinea pigs, and although benign, they can cause clinical signs if they become large enough to impair gastric function. Gastrointestinal surgery should be considered as a treatment option for guinea pigs with similar gastric neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subadult male bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was presented for severe depression and weakness. Physical examination findings included depressed mentation, dehydration, sternal recumbency, poor body condition, and bilateral, whole-head, horizontal nystagmus. A heavy-metal panel was performed, and blood lead levels were 6.1 ppm. Treatment for lead poisoning was initiated, including subcutaneous fluids and parenteral calcium-disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ceftiofur, and meloxicam. Ophthalmic examination findings included absent menace response, absent dazzle reflex, slow and incomplete direct pupillary light reflex, mild anterior uveitis, incipient cataracts, multifocal retinal tears, and retinal separation in both eyes. Because of poor prognosis for vision and release to the wild, the eagle was euthanatized. No lesions were observed on gross postmortem examination. Histologically, extensive myocardial necrosis and multisystemic arteriolar vasculopathy were identified. The eyes were examined after tissue processing, and the vasculopathy extended into the choriocapillaris and was associated with a secondary, bilateral, exudative, retinal detachment. This is the first report in avian species characterizing the histopathologic ocular lesions of lead poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus) are popular companion animals with reported skin diseases, but most reports are accessed from textbooks or review articles. Hypothesis/Objectives To document skin diseases and their prevalence in companion guinea pigs in northern California, USA, and to investigate predilections for the most common conditions over a 25 year period. Animals Two hundred and ninety three guinea pigs from the hospital population met inclusion criteria. Methods A retrospective study was performed by searching computerized medical records seen at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California from 1 January 1990 to 31 July 2015 using key words relevant to dermatology. Results Of the 580 guinea pigs seen at the VMTH, 50% (293) had skin disease. Of the 293 cases, 154 (52%) presented for nondermatological reasons. Guinea pigs with skin disease were significantly older than those without skin disease ( P = 0.0002); females with skin disease were more likely to have cystic ovaries ( P = 0.0203), although these were not always associated with alopecia. Pododermatitis and infestation with Trixacarus caviae or lice were the most common skin diseases. Ivermectin or selamectin was used for ectoparasite treatment. Abscesses unassociated with pododermatitis were the most common nodules. Benign follicular tumours were the most common neoplasm. Despite the frequent mention of dermatophytosis in the veterinary literature, only two cases of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were diagnosed. Conclusions and clinical importance Cutaneous conditions in companion guinea pigs in the USA are common. Clinicians should include a dermatological examination when examining these rodents regardless of the reason for presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adults aged 50 and older make up half of individuals experiencing homelessness and have high rates of morbidity and mortality. They may have different life trajectories and reside in different environments than do younger homeless adults. Although the environmental risks associated with homelessness are substantial, the environments in which older homeless individuals live have not been well characterized. We classified living environments and identified associated factors in a sample of older homeless adults. From July 2013 to June 2014, we recruited a community-based sample of 350 homeless men and women aged fifty and older in Oakland, California. We administered structured interviews including assessments of health, history of homelessness, social support, and life course. Participants used a recall procedure to describe where they stayed in the prior six months. We performed cluster analysis to classify residential venues and used multinomial logistic regression to identify individual factors prior to the onset of homelessness as well as the duration of unstable housing associated with living in them. We generated four residential groups describing those who were unsheltered (n = 162), cohabited unstably with friends and family (n = 57), resided in multiple institutional settings (shelters, jails, transitional housing) (n = 88), or lived primarily in rental housing (recently homeless) (n = 43). Compared to those who were unsheltered, having social support when last stably housed was significantly associated with cohabiting and institution use. Cohabiters and renters were significantly more likely to be women and have experienced a shorter duration of homelessness. Cohabiters were significantly more likely than unsheltered participants to have experienced abuse prior to losing stable housing. Pre-homeless social support appears to protect against street homelessness while low levels of social support may increase the risk for becoming homeless immediately after losing rental housing. Our findings may enable targeted interventions for those with different manifestations of homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]