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Hwang et al. reply - Our optical technique has the advantage of being a bulk probe, which is less subject to uncertainties in the doping level and in the quality of the surface than ARPES. It is also capable of higher energy resolution and the overall noise level is lower. The disadvantage is that it gives momentum-averaged properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories involving highly energetic spin fluctuations are among the leading contenders for explaining high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates. These theories could be tested by inelastic neutron scattering (INS), as a change in the magnetic scattering intensity that marks the entry into the superconducting state provides a precise quantitative measure of the spin-interaction energy involved in the superconductivity. However, the absolute intensities of spin fluctuations measured in neutron scattering experiments vary widely, and are usually much smaller than expected from fundamental sum rules, resulting in ‘missing’ INS intensity. Here, we solve this problem by studying magnetic excitations in the one-dimensional related compound, Sr2CuO3, for which an exact theory of the dynamical spin response has recently been developed. In this case, the missing INS intensity can be unambiguously identified and associated with the strongly covalent nature of magnetic orbitals. We find that whereas the energies of spin excitations in Sr2CuO3 are well described by the nearest-neighbour spin-1/2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian, the corresponding magnetic INS intensities are modified markedly by the strong 2p–3d hybridization of Cu and O states. Hence, the ionic picture of magnetism, where spins reside on the atomic-like 3d orbitals of Cu2+ ions, fails markedly in the cuprates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]