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The solubilities of ternary system Na 2 SO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O and MgSO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O and quaternary system Na 2 SO 4 –MgSO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O at 60 °C were measured by isothermal method, and the corresponding phase diagrams were studied. There are five crystalline fields in the quaternary system Na 2 SO 4 –MgSO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O at 60 °C, which correspond to MgSO 4 ·6H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 ·MgSO 4 ·4H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 , CO(NH 2 ) 2 and MgSO 4 ·CO(NH 2 ) 2 ·4H 2 O respectively. On the basis of the analyses of the phase diagram of the quaternary system Na 2 SO 4 –MgSO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O at 60 °C and 25 °C, Na 2 SO 4 and Mg–N compound fertilizers can be produced using CO(NH 2 ) 2 as salting-out agent directly. On the basis of the extended Pitzer model of electrolyte solution theory, the solubilities of Na 2 SO 4 –MgSO 4 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O system at 60 °C were calculated. The results showed that calculated values were well consistent with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single nucleotide polymorphism I148M of the lipase patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH, NASH), with progression to liver cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic interaction of PNPLA3 with lipid droplet (LD)-associated proteins of the perilipin family, which serve as gatekeepers for LD degradation. In a collective of 106 NASH, ASH and control liver samples, immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis, as well as an accumulation of PNPLA3–perilipin 5 complexes on larger LDs in patients homo- and heterozygous for PNPLA3(I148M). Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated an interaction of PNPLA3 with perilipin 5 and the key enzyme of lipolysis, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Localization studies in cell cultures and human liver showed colocalization of perilipin 5, ATGL and PNPLA3. Moreover, the lipolytic activity of ATGL was negatively regulated by PNPLA3 and perilipin 5, whereas perilipin 1 displaced PNPLA3 from the ATGL complex. Furthermore, ballooned hepatocytes, the hallmark of steatohepatitis, were positive for PNPLA3 and perilipins 2 and 5, but showed decreased perilipin 1 expression with respect to neighboured hepatocytes. In summary, PNPLA3- and ATGL-driven lipolysis is significantly regulated by perilipin 1 and 5 in steatohepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the technology for producing Mg–N compound fertilizer and NH 4 Cl based upon the analysis of phase diagram of Mg 2+ , NH 4 + //Cl − , SO 4 2 − –H 2 O system at 25 °C, the phase equilibrium of this quaternary system at 0 °C was studied. The solubilities of the quaternary system Mg 2+ , NH 4 + //Cl − , SO 4 2 − –H 2 O at 0 °C were measured by isothermal method, and the corresponding phase diagram was plotted. In this phase diagram, there are six solid phase crystalline zones, which correspond to MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, NH 4 Cl, MgCl 2 ·NH 4 Cl·6H 2 O (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O and MgSO 4 ·(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·6H 2 O respectively. The crystalline zones of MgSO 4 ·(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·6H 2 O and NH 4 Cl are larger than the others, which indicates that MgSO 4 ·(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·6H 2 O and NH 4 Cl can crystallize out easily. According to the analysis and calculation of the phase diagrams of Mg 2+ , NH 4 + //Cl − , SO 4 2 − –H 2 O system at 0 °C and 25 °C, the appropriate conditions for this technology were obtained. In the process, the Mg–N compound fertilizer can be prepared at 0 °C and the NH 4 Cl can crystallize out at 25 °C. The solubilities of the studied system were calculated on the basis of the extended Pitzer model, and the results showed that the calculated values agrees well with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]