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Dissolved inorganic carbon is an essential component of the carbon cycle, especially in the northern regions; however, its loss through water bodies is still rarely included in regional carbon models. The tasks of the work comprise a detailed coverage of the methodological approach of "headspace equilibration" for assessing the concentration of dissolved CO2 in soil and surface waters and estimation of the CO2 concentration range in waters of different geneses in the landscapes of northern Western Siberia. The performed methodological work has allowed a headspace equilibration protocol for measuring the CO2 concentration in waters to be elaborated and described with detailed calculations. The CO2 concentration in soil (suprapermafrost) and surface waters (river, bog, lake, etc.) ranges from 13 to 2983 µmol/L (274 to 57 000 µatm), and the vast majority of objects are supersaturated with CO2 relative to the atmosphere. The maximum concentrations are characteristic of suprapermafrost soil and bog waters, and the minimum concentrations are in the waters of aquatic ecosystems (thermokarst and forest lakes). A high variability of CO2 concentrations in waters necessitates a large number of measurements to provide adequate estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area in the north of Western Siberia is located in the southern tundra–taiga ecotone near the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost zone. Three contrasting ecosystems—pine forests with Albic Podzols; palsa with Histic Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosols, and bogs with Fibric Histosols—predominate in this area. The objectives of the study included evaluation of the CO2 emission from soils in the growing seasons of 2019–2022 and analysis of the factors controlling spatial and interannual variability of the emission. The study included analysis of the soil respiration (static closed chamber method) data and soil hydrothermal parameters in August for four years. In the absence of definite trends in climatic parameters over the past 10 years, a gradual increase in the soil temperature in all ecosystems and an increase in the depth of summer thawing in palsa were observed. These changes were not accompanied by significant changes in the CO2 emission. Its averaged values varied from 485 to 540 mg CO2/(m2 h) in forest ecosystems and from 150 to 255 mg CO2/(m2 h) in the palsa–bog complex with high coefficients of spatial variability. High CO2 emission in forest ecosystems is determined by a favorable hydrothermal regime, high root biomass, and good water-physical properties. Part of the CO2 produced by palsa soils is transported with suprapermafrost water flows toward the adjacent bog and is released from the surface of bog soils. Soil temperature interrelated with seasonal thawing depth proved to be a significant predictor of the spatial variability of CO2 emission from the soils of the palsa–bog complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the study of a problem of thermocapillary convection in a flat bounded region filled with liquid and gas in contact along the interfacial interface under weak evaporation. It is proposed to investigate the heat and mass transfer processes and the parameters of phase transitions during local heating using a two-sided mathematical model based on the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations. The characteristics of mass transfer through a thermocapillary interface due to evaporation and vapor content in the gas layer are analyzed with account for the influence of the Soret and Dufour effects. The results of a numerical study of the evolution of the interface and unsteady flows in a cell are presented. The calculation of the main characteristics of the liquid — gas system and the position of the interface at each time is carried out using a specially developed numerical algorithm. The model presented in this study makes it possible to describe the formation of characteristic thermal and concentration structures and the transition modes of cellular convection with a complex configuration of flows in layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern research proves the need to include waterbodies in regional and global models of carbon exchange. The concentration of carbon dioxide in surface waters is generally higher than that upon the equilibrium state with a partial atmospheric pressure of 400 µatm. The study of the functioning and regional role of aquatic systems, especially in regard to inorganic carbon dynamics, is insufficient, especially in circumboreal regions. The review highlights the theoretical foundations and relevance of studies of dissolved carbon dioxide; methodological approaches to assessing this indicator, as well as the role of dissolved CO2 in natural waters of boreal and arctic regions. Soil organic matter and dissolved carbon dioxide are the main sources of CO2 in surface waters, but this contribution has not yet been quantified. This is due to the underestimation of the abiotic aspects of soil gas exchange, the absolute predominance of studies of gas exchange at the soil/atmosphere interface without taking into account the interaction with groundwater, and methodological difficulties in measuring gas concentrations in ground and surface waters. Instrumental measurement methods are not standardized, and the calculated values have very high systematic and analytical errors. The conclusion points to the need to study the hydrological continuum: from a source (terrestrial ecosystems) to large rivers and lakes, with particular attention to the incorporation of CO2 from groundwater into the carbon budget of the entire watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the evaporation/condensation process of diffusion type in two-layer fluid flows under the assumption that both viscous heat-conducting incompressible fluids, a liquid and a gas-vapor mixture, have a common interface and occupy an infinite threedimensional rectangular channel. Based on the exact solution to the convection equations, we study the fluid flows arising in the case of a linearly distributed thermal load on the substrate and thermal insulation of the upper and lateral walls of the channel. It is observed that some complex vortex structures are formed under the action of the longitudinal temperature gradient and transversely directed gravity field. For the ethanol–nitrogen system we present the characteristics of hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration fields, in particular, the profiles of the evaporative mass flow rates and interface tangential stresses, the topology of flows, and the temperature and vapor concentration distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The use of mixed formulations is a promising way to increase the efficiency of inhibitory protection of metals. Criteria for the additivity of the protective action of the components of mixed corrosion inhibitors, both their synergistic interaction and antagonism depend on the parameter used in evaluating the protection efficiency. Equations were proposed that make it possible to separate the effects of synergy and antagonism of inhibitors based on data on the degrees or terms of metal protection by each of the mixture components and the mixture itself. The synergism of the protective action is a direct recommendation for using the mixed inhibitor instead of each of its component. However, the absence of the synergism of protective action, and even an antagonism, is not always a contraindication for use of the mixture. Even an antagonistic mixture can provide more effective metal protection compared to its constituents. In the absence of specific interactions, the protective properties of the inhibitor mixtures always exceed the protective properties of their components. This superiority is higher with a greater effectiveness of mixed inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific features of the electroreduction of chlorates in strongly acidic aqueous solutions are studied by carrying out the electrolysis of 12.5 mM solution of sodium chlorate in 8 M sulfuric acid under potentiostatic conditions at the limiting cathodic current. The periodically collected optical spectrum of solution reveals the main contribution made by chlorine dioxide ClO2. It is shown that both the current and the chlorine dioxide concentration vary in time by one and the same law corresponding to the autocatalytic redox-mediator mechanism. When the current passes through a sharp maximum typical of this mechanism, a considerable part of the total concentration of chlorine atoms in the system pertains to chlorine dioxide; hence, this component plays the key role in the process of chlorate electroreduction. The virtually complete conversion of initial chlorate to chloride is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze different statements of the boundary value problem for the convection equations in order to use Ostroumov–Birikh type exact solutions for describing the evaporative convection regimes in two-layer systems of liquids and gas–vapor mixtures filling a plane channel. The statements differ in the types of boundary conditions for the vapor concentration and temperature functions on the channel walls. We discuss the boundary value problems modeling two-layer flows in the channel, describe the characteristics of hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration fields for the working HFE7100-nitrogen system and classify the types of flows by distinguishing three classes: purely thermocapillary, mixed, and Poiseuille type flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assessment of the spatial variability of the biological activity of anthropogenic soils on the territory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the factors controlling it has been performed. The properties of the upper horizon of the studied soils expectably differ from those of natural zonal soils in higher pH values (6.1–7.2), a significant increase in the total carbon content (0.9–10.6%) and its stock in the upper 10-cm-thick layer (0.7–7.2 kg m–2). Most of the urban soils are characterized by increased values of microbial respiration (up to 8 mg C–CO2 kg–1 h–1) in comparison with those in natural zonal soils at approximately the same values of the CO2 emission from the surface (230–750 mg CO2 m–2 h–1). A high spatial variability of soil properties, such as moisture content, CO2 emission, total carbon content, microbial respiration, and cellulolytic activity in urban soils is controlled by both natural and anthropogenic factors. It increases in the following series: CO2 emission < microbial respiration < cellulolytic activity. The high spatial variability of soil properties makes it difficult to determine criteria for allocating sampling sites. The closest correlative relationships with environmental factors have been found for microbial respiration. According to our data, the main predictors of microbial respiration are the contents of carbon and moisture, and the correlation with moisture is higher (r = 0.87, р = 0.0002). A significant enrichment of urban soils with carbon determines the potential for an increase in the CO2 flux upon changes in the parameters of soil functioning. Difficulties in the interpretation of the results arise due to the unaccounted anthropogenic factors of variability, which are not included to the common set for such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—With the correct adjustment of conditions, thermal treatment of a magnesium alloy in 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole vapor can lead to the formation of nanosized adsorption inhibitor layers on its surface, which hydrophobicizes the metal surface and increase its corrosion resistance due to inhibition of the anodic process. The protective aftereffect of the adsorption layers of 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole depends on the temperature and duration of the chamber treatment. The temperature optimal for chamber treatment of the MA8–5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system is 150°C, and the optimal duration of treatment is 1 h. Protective films formed on a magnesium alloy during chamber treatment are capable of self-assembling under these conditions. The protective effect of adsorption films formed under optimal conditions increase with an increase in the time of exposure of the samples to heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a set of physicochemical (ellipsometry and contact angle measurements), electrochemical (potentiometric anode polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and corrosion (periodic moisture condensation test) methods, the properties of adsorption films formed on the AMg6 aluminum alloy surface by the chamber method in vapors of some amines of heterocyclic compounds, carboxylic acids, and their salts are studied. It is established that the use of the studied compounds in the chamber processing of the alloy increases—though not effectively enough—its corrosion resistance in a humid atmosphere. The most promising inhibitors are carboxylic acids themselves; the optimum temperature for surface treatment with them is 140°C. One-hour treatment of steel with pairs of oleic, neodecanoic acid, and carboxylic acid A at this temperature gives rise to the formation of nanoscale adsorption films on the AMg6 alloy, which slightly hydrophilize the surface, but possess a protective aftereffect. Apparently, further improvement of chamber protection methods of the AMg6 alloy should consist in the selection of synergists for chamber corrosion inhibitors of the carboxylate type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a set of physicochemical (ellipsometry and contact angle measurements), electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements), and corrosion (periodic moisture condensation and salt fog tests) methods, the properties of adsorption films formed on copper by the chamber method from vapors of benzotriazol (BTA), 1H-1,2,4-triazole, tolyltriazole (TTA), 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole (CBTA), 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, and 4-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole at a temperature of 100°C are studied. It is shown that 1-h chamber treatment of copper with vapors of these compounds leads to the formation of nanoscale hydrophobic adsorption films on it, which inhibits the thermal growth of oxides, but stabilizes the passive state of the metal and increases its corrosion resistance. Among these different triazole compounds tested as chamber corrosion inhibitors, BTA and its substituted derivatives are distinguished. After a 1-h chamber treatment of copper, the protective aftereffect of the adsorption films of triazole derivatives grows symbatically with their saturated vapor pressure at the chamber treatment temperature, i.e., in the following increasing order: CBTA < TTA < BTA. This may indicate that the equilibrium adsorption films do not have time to form at 100°С on the metal within this time period. After a prolonged (24 h or more) chamber treatment of copper with vapors of substituted benzotriazoles, equilibrium adsorption films of inhibitors are formed on it. In this case, the influence of the chamber inhibitor properties on their protective aftereffect alternates. Under such conditions, the least volatile and most hydrophobic substituted benzotriazole, i.e., CBTA, provide the best metal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of studies in typical forest ecosystems of the northern, middle, and southern taiga of Western Siberia performed at the peak of the growing season, the spatial variation of soil CO2 emissions and their relationships with the content of extractable and microbial soil carbon and soil hydrothermic parameters were estimated. The studied parameters of the soil carbon cycle are characterized by the high spatial variability in all the studied ecosystems. This fact indicates the need for a detailed investigation of the greenhouse gas soil emission in all ecosystems typical of a given natural zone. There is a statistically significant difference between the soils of the green-moss pine forests and the soils of the lichen pine forest of the northern taiga. In the green-moss pine forest, the carbon content of microbial biomass is 1.5 times higher (195 ± 24 and 127 ± 16 mg C/kg soil, respectively), the content of extractable carbon is 4 times higher (157 ± 25 and 41 ± 5 mg C/kg of soil, respectively), and the CO2 emission is 1.7 times higher (324 ± 20 and 190 ± 10 mg CO2/(m2 h), respectively) than those in the lichen pine forest. In the northern taiga zone, carbon dioxide emissions from soils in the green-moss pine forests are largely determined by the soil temperature; the role of soil moisture is less significant. In the soils of lichen pine forests, the CO2 emission is mainly controlled by the content of extractable carbon. Significant factors influencing the soil СО2 emission in forest ecosystems of the taiga zone are the content of extractable and microbial carbon and hydrothermic parameters of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals can be reached by the formation of ultrathin protective films on their surface. Over recent years, a fundamentally new feasibility of the nanodimension films on metals capable of ensuring high atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals at least for the period of transportation and in-process storage of the metals was studied. The method of formation of such films by semivolatile nontoxic compounds capable of being adsorbed on metal surface from gas phase at increased temperature (chamber inhibitors) was proposed for this purpose. It is based on the use of such low-volatile organic inhibitors, which are prone to chemisorption on protected metal, and, as a consequence, can provide the stability of the adsorbed layers and long protection after-effect. It was shown by the complex of accelerated corrosion, electrochemical, and optical techniques that the treatment of zinc by vapors of low-volatile corrosion inhibitors at increased temperature and suitable compilation of the reagents results in the formation of the adsorption film with the effect of the long protection after-effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of component integration was tested in the course of studies in typical biogeocenoses of the north of Western Siberia. This method as applied for separate horizons made it possible not only to estimate the contribution of different sources to the total efflux of CO2 from soils but also to evaluate the participation of horizons in soil respiration. Root respiration contributed to about 14 ± 3% of the CO2 efflux from the permafrost-affected peat soil (Hemic Cryic Histosol) and to about 29 ± 6% of the CO2 efflux from the tonguing podzol (Glossic Albic Rustic Podzol (Arenic)). Histosol was characterized by a higher storage of total (organic and inorganic) carbon (26 kg C/m2), extractable carbon (Cextr) (32 g C/m2), and microbial carbon (Cmic) (43 g C/m2). Its upper horizon (TO) contained about 50% of the total soil storage of Cmic and 100% of the total storage of roots (up to 300 g/m2). It had the maximum activity of microbiota and contributed to more than 70% of the total efflux of CO2 from the active layer (on average, 35 cm in thickness) of Cryic Histosol. Podzol was characterized by the low storage of total carbon (6 kg C/m2), considerable storage of Cmic (38 g C/m2), and much higher microbial activity. This circumstance, together with a tenfold higher storage of the roots (up to 3000 g C/m2) and favorable temperature regime specified high values of the gross production of CO2 and its emission from the Podzol surface exceeding the corresponding values for the Cryic Histosol by three–five times. The mineral profile of Podzol contributed to about 20% of the total efflux of CO2 from this soil (on average, about 38 cm in thickness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic aqueous solutions of bromic acid salts (bromates) are promising electrolytes for redox flow batteries due to their record high power capacity and the rate of electrode reactions proceeding in the autocatalytic regime. The paper gives a comparison of the results of mathematical modeling and experimental measurements of steady-state currents of bromate anion electroreduction in sulfuric acid medium on microelectrodes of various radii. An algorithm of solving the inverse problem suitable for determination of the key transport and kinetic process parameters was proposed and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical foundations for mathematical modeling of the convective flows with evaporation are presented, and the topical research areas are given. The special attention is payed to models constructed within continuum mechanics, to comparison of the different formulations of corresponding problems including formulations of boundary conditions at the interfaces. Alternative analytical approaches and experimental studies are briefly discussed in the context of thermal convection accompanied by evaporation (or condensation) in the systems with thin liquid layers which are mostly sensitive to the phenomena of interphase exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of a convective fluid flow with a concurrent gas flow accompanied by evaporation at the interface. The analysis of two-layer flows is based on a mathematical model taking into account evaporation at a thermocapillary boundary and effects of thermal diffusion and diffusion heat conduction in the gas-vapor layer. New exact solutions describing steady two-layer flows in a channel with the interface remaining undeformed and examples of velocity and temperature profiles for the HFE-7100 (liquid)-nitrogen (gas) system are presented. The influence of longitudinal temperature gradients along the channel boundaries, the gas flow rate, and the height of the fluid layer on the flow regime and evaporation rate is studied. A comparison of the calculated data with experimental results is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active layer thickness, CO2 emission, and contents of organic substances (including the total organic carbon, labile carbon, and the carbon of microbial biomass) in the soils of flat-topped peat mounds in the area of the Nadym Experimental Station in the north of Western Siberia (experimental site CALM R1) are characterized by considerable spatial variability. The low values of the CО emission are confined to the microelevations on the peatland surface. The high values of the emission (>200 mg CO/(m h)) are typical of the soils with the highest content of the carbon of microbial biomass and the lowest content of the labile organic carbon. The soils of elevated flat-topped peat mounds statistically differ from the soils of waterlogged mires in the contents of total, labile, and microbial carbon and in the CO emission values. Though the soils of elevated flat-topped peat mounds are characterized by the high content of the carbon of microbial biomass (4260 ± 880 mg С/kg soil), the CO emission from them is low (158 ± 23 mg CO/(m h)), which is explained by the structure of microbial communities in the cryogenic soils and by the effect of specific hydrothermic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric corrosion stability of metals can be achieved by coating their surfaces with superthin nanoscale layers. The scientific principles of inhibiting metal corrosion have been under development for many years, but a new direction of progress has emerged recently. The main achievement of research in this new direction is the possibility of covering metals in nanoscale films that, despite their extreme thinness, ensure high corrosion resistance of the metals under various atmospheric conditions. To this end, methods are suggested for producing such coatings from volatile organic compounds that can adsorb on metal surfaces from the gaseous phase. Increasing the irreversibility of adsorption of volatile corrosion inhibitors is necessary to strengthen the protective effect of the nanolayers they form on the surface. Nanolayer-coating protection has a number of fundamental advantages, including retention of article dimensions, a lack of a need for special utilization and degreasing methods, and affordability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An obituary for female Belarusian anthropologist Lidia Ivanovna Tegako is presented.

Soil temperature regimes were studied in three ecosystems of the north of Western Siberia in the zone of isolated permafrost: the forest ecosystem with gleyic loamy sandy podzol (Stagnic Albic Podzol), the flat-topped peat mound ecosystem with humus-impregnated loamy sandy to light loamy peat cryozem (Histic Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosol (Arenic)), and the peat mound (palsa) ecosystem with oligotrophic destructive permafrost-affected peat soil (Cryic Histosol). Annual temperature measurements in the soil profiles demonstrated that these soils function under different temperature regimes: very cold permafrost regime and cold nonpermafrost regime. The following annual temperature characteristics proved to be informative for the studied soils: sums of above-zero temperatures at the depths of 10 and 20 cm, the maximum depth of penetration of temperatures above 10°C, and the number of days with daily soil temperatures above (or below) 0°C at the depth of 20 cm. On the studied territory, the insulating effect of the snow cover in winter was at least two times more pronounced than the insulating effect of the vegetation cover in summer. Cryogenic soils of the studied region are characterized by the high buffering towards changing climatic parameters. This is explained by the presence of the litter and peat horizons with a very low thermal diffusivity and by the presence of permafrost at a relatively shallow depth with temperature gradients preventing penetration of heat to the permafrost table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stationary two-layer liquid and gas flows with fluid evaporation at the interface are studied. On the solid impermeable boundaries of the channel, no-slip conditions are satisfied and a linear temperature distribution along the longitudinal coordinate and a condition for the vapor concentration at the upper boundary are specified. On the thermocapillary interface, remaining undeformed, the following conditions are specified: kinematic and dynamic conditions, a condition for thermal flows with mass transfer, continuity conditions for the velocity, temperature, and mass balance, and a relation for the saturated vapor concentration. An exact solution of the stationary problem for a given gas flow rate is obtained. Examples of velocity profiles are given for stationary flows of the ethanol-nitrogen system under normal and reduced gravity are given. The effect of longitudinal temperature gradients specified at the boundaries of the channel on the flow pattern is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of enhancing the heat resistance of acrylic anaerobic adhesives by introducing maleic acid imides was examined. The influence of the structure of the maleimides on the heat resistance of the compounds was studied. It was demonstrated by the example of the maleimide-diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate pair that imides are capable of copolymerization with acrylic monomers under the conditions of anaerobic curing at 25°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsteady convection in a fluid under weak gravity is modeled. Convection in a rectangular domain elongated in the direction of gravity and enclosed between two heat-conducting solids is investigated in the case of heat insulation of the ends of the rectangle and the periodic heat flow through the outer boundaries of the solids. In this case, the condition of zero total heat flux is satisfied. Convective fluid motions are described using two mathematical models: the classical Oberbeck-Boussinesq model and the microconvection model for an isothermally incompressible fluid. Results of the numerical studies confirm the quantitative and qualitative differences between the flow characteristics calculated using the two convection models. Fluid particle trajectories are presented. Effects due to various physical characteristics of the problem are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigates on the solution for gravitational-thermocapillary convection of fluids in co-current gas flows. The study was conducted using Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations wherein interaction mechanisms, fluid conviction and motions were assessed obtain fluid-gas flow interface boundaries. The study reveals that the experiment generate a useful solution regarding the simulation of convective motion to allow a further assessment on the interaction field mechanisms.

The data on the influence of the microstructure of In2S3 films produced by thermal evaporation upon their optical properties in relation to the film’s thickness are reported. The atomic force spectroscopy data for the layers that are produced in identical technological conditions, but exhibit different spectral positions of the optical absorption edge are presented and discussed. Variations in the optical band gap from 2.0 to 3.6 eV under variations in the thickness of the In2S3 films from 800–450 nm to 50–30 nm are observed. The variations are interpreted as a result of variations in the content of grains, specific in dimensions and microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of studying thin-film nano-sized media, it is shown that the extended surface exerts a substantial influence on their distinctive properties. It has been established that, by using special methods to obtain nano-sized media under certain conditions, it is possible to form crystal structures with a high concentration of defects of a prescribed type in the near-surface layers of nanocrystals. The correlations found between the conducting and optical properties of thin-film nano-sized structures are an additional factor that extends the capabilities of controlling their characteristics with a view toward developing miniature effective radiation sources, elements of modulation of laser radiation, dosimeters, and components of thin-film solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of fluid convection under microgravity conditions is considered. The equation of state is used in a form that allows considering the fluid as a weakly compressible medium. Based on the previously proposed mathematical model of convection of a weakly compressible fluid, unsteady convective motion in a vertical band, with a heat flux periodic in time set on the solid boundaries of this band, is considered. This model of convection allows one to study the problem with the boundary thermal model oscillating in an antiphase rather than in-phase mode, while the latter was required for the model of microconvection of an isothermally incompressible fluid. Exact solutions for velocity components and temperature are derived, and the trajectories of fluid particles are constructed. For comparison, the trajectories predicted by the classical Oberbeck-Boussinesq model of convection and by the microconvection model are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependence of the microstructure and spectral parameters of thin cadmium sulfide layers on the thickness of these layers and conditions of their chemical deposition from salt solutions has been investigated by methods of absorption spectroscopy and atomic‐force microscopy. The chemical composition of the mixture of salt solutions and conditions of deposition of homogeneous buffer layers of definite thickness, the optimum structure, and reproducible composition have been determined on the basis of experimental data. Our investigations have made it possible to fabricate film‐type solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 with a conversion efficiency of 10–11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose radically new periodic structures based on radiation‐sensitive and radiation‐resistant monocrystals providing, after the action of a given dose of γ‐irradiation, purposeful formation of a spatially ordered network of radiation color centers of a given type, an increase in the concentration of centers, and a change in the efficiency of their emission. In order to choose the materials and methods for arranging nanocrystals of a given size on them, we have investigated the specific features of the microstructure and the properties (the absorption, luminescence, and luminescence excitation and polarization spectra) of undoped crystals and films of metal fluorides formed by special methods of thermal vacuum evaporation (TVE) after their γ‐irradiation with a given dose. It is shown that nonepitaxial methods of low‐temperature TVE‐formation of film coatings based on LiF and CaF2 followed by γ‐irradiation permit preparing crystalline structures of a given nanosize, a high packing density, and a spatial orientation of irradiated crystals. It has been established that in multilayer LiF TVE‐films the specific features of the microstructure provide a high luminescence activity of the radiation F3+ and F2 color centers at 300 K. It is shown that multilayer TVE‐films with nanosized radiation‐colored LiF crystals are promising for use as integrable sources continuously tunable in the green‐red region of the radiation spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the moisture content on the CO2 emission from peat soils of palsa mires in the discontinuous permafrost area was studied in the north of Western Siberia (Nadym region). The СО2 flux was measured in Histic Cryosols of permafrost peatlands (palsas) and Fibric Histosols of surrounding bog using the closed chamber method for four years at the peak of the growing season (August). Despite a significant difference in the soil moisture (34.8 ± 13.2 and 56.2 ± 2.1% on average), no significant difference in the CO2 emission from these ecosystems was found in any of the observation years; the rates of emission averaged 199.1 ± 90.1 and 182.1 ± 85.1 mg CO2 m–2 × h–1, respectively. Experimental wetting or drying (with a twofold difference in the moisture content) of peat soils at the two sites via their transplantation to a different position showed no significant effect on the CO2 emission even three years after the beginning of the experiment. The absence of significant differences in the CO2 flux between the two different ecosystems was explained by the presence of permafrost and the influence of many multidirectional factors mitigating changes in the CO2 production by soils. An increased CO2 emission from the peat soils of bogs was possible due to the additional contribution of the methanotrophic barrier and the lateral runoff of dissolved CO2 over the permafrost table from the palsa toward the surrounding bog. The absence of response of the CO2 emission to a significant change in the soil moisture content may be indicative of a wide optimum of this characteristic for the microbiological activity of peat soils in the studied region. The obtained data suggest that, while studying CO2 fluxes in cryogenic soils of hydromorphic landscapes, it is necessary to take into account not only biogenic sources, but also other factors, often of a physical nature, affecting the balance of CO2 fluxes and CO2 emission from soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration (SR) is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle, exceeding anthropogenic CO2 emission by more than an order of magnitude. Estimation of the heterotrophic component of SR is necessary to assess the carbon balance on the ecosystem and on the regional, national, and global scales. Within the framework of the most important national innovation project "Development of a System of Ground-based and Remote Monitoring of Carbon Pools and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on the Territory of the Russian Federation," the first Russian national network is organized to monitor CO2 emission from soils and other linked parameters. The SR values and the relationship with the temperature of the upper 5- to 10-cm layer of soil (TS) are analyzed for the first time on the territory of Russia based on methodologically identical field measurements conducted simultaneously in the summer period (June–August 2023) at 75 monitoring sites in the different ecosystems in the main Russian bioclimatic zones from the tundra to the semidesert. The positive effect of soil temperature on the mean summer SR rate and the maximum monthly SR values is observed in the interval of mean TS from 10 to 20°C. Among the ecosystems studied, the lowest SR values are recorded in tundra and bog ecosystems, while the highest values are in the forest–steppe. Amongst the forest ecosystems, the lowest SR rates are characteristic of larch forests, while the highest SR values are observed in broadleaved forests of the forest–steppe zone. To clarify the regularities obtained, it is necessary to expand studies in all bioclimatic zones, but mainly in agrocenoses, tundra, and steppe ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequential (S) and equal-time (ET) methods were applied to assess the temperature sensitivity of respiration of peat soils in different terrestrial ecosystems: southern tundra, northern taiga, and mixed coniferous–broadleaved forests. The Q10 values varied widely (1.3–4.8) and in case of the ET method decreased from northern to temperate latitudes. In the cold range (5–15°С), Q10 increased from the southern tundra (3.5) to the northern taiga (4.8) and then sharply decreased in the zone of mixed forests (2.5). Meanwhile, warm range (15–25°С) showed a clear decline of Q10 from northern to temperate latitudes: southern tundra (2.6) > northern taiga (1.6) > coniferous–broadleaved forests (1.3). Application of the S method resulted in low variability of Q10 values. Our results demonstrate a higher temperature sensitivity of the respiration of peat soils in northern latitudes as compared to that in the temperate zone. The Q10 values obtained in this study can be useful for calibration of regional carbon cycle datasets that consider the contribution of peat soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodology based on a combination of experimental data obtained by in situ methods of spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been proposed for determination of the key parameters of the conjugated polymer deposition on the electrode surface via monomer electrooxidation. These parameters are: the current efficiency of the process, the charge spent per an oxidized monomer molecule, the number of monomer units inside the deposited film, and the average number of valence bonds per one monomer unit inside the film. Besides, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method applied to the discharge process of the electropolymerized film allows determining the average charging (oxidation) degree of the monomer unit at the polymerization potential and the degree of the solvent participation in the polymer's redox transitions. The applicability of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by example of magnesium polyporphine films obtained by oxidation of unsubstituted magnesium porphine on inert electrode in acetonitrile solution at a low potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material and charge balances in the course of the electropolymerization process of the non-substituted Mg(II) porphine (MgP) at a low oxidation potential from its acetonitrile solutions of various concentrations have been studied via the in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method (EQCM). Thus, registered electrode mass increase due to the MgP oxidation at its surface has been used, in combination with in situ spectroelectrochemical data, for determination of the key parameters of the polymerization process and of the magnesium polyporphine films deposited on the electrode surface: current efficiency of the film deposition process, average charge spent for transformation of a monomer molecule into monomer unit inside the film, number of monomer units inside the deposited film, average number of valence bonds per one monomer unit inside the film. Besides, the EQCM method applied to the discharge process of the electropolymerized film has allowed us to estimate the average charging (oxidation) degree of the monomer unit inside the film at the polymerization potential and the degree of the solvent participation in the course of the polymer's redox transitions. It has been established that the number of bonds between porphine units is within the range of 2.2 to 2.4, with its slight increase for films deposited at higher monomer concentrations. Conclusions on the structure of polyporphine chains have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Recently scientific attention of Ukrainian narcology was focused on the group of new complex pharmacological preparations with polymodal pathogenic effect option (Cocarnit, World Medicine, Great Britain). Aims and objectives To ground feasibility of Cocarnit application in complex treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Method Eleven patients with alcohol addiction were examined. An integrated research of relieving and adjuvant effects of pharmacological preparation Cocarnit in complex with traditional detoxication therapy in clinical course of alcohol dependence at AWS stage was carried out. One to 2 ampoules of Cocarnit were injected intramuscularly once per 24 hrs, № 6. Methods Clinical-psychopathological, clinical-laboratory, consulting of specialists, methods of psychological investigation (CIWA; САН; SF-36) at day 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. Results AWS quantification score on admission was 41. Further therapeutic regress of all AWS components was registered. At day 1 the patient's condition started improving, clinical score was 32; at day 3 – 17; day 5 – the score was 13, insignificant tremor remained. At day 7 of treatment, practically complete relieving effect of the therapy was ascertained. With САН method at day 7 of the treatment, an increase of figures in all scales was registered: state of health 2.7, activity 2.4, mood 2.5. SF-36 method: at day 1 – the score was 24, day 7 – 32, day 14 – 49. Conclusions Thus, the developed by us method of integrated treatment with inclusion of Cocarnit for withdrawal state in alcohol addicts allows to stop acute signs of pathology within 3–5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, devices in the region of the microwave and extremely high frequency (EHF) ranges are being developed using the nonlinear properties of the bulk of III–V semiconductors, which manifest themselves under high electric fields. The formation processes of solitons and domains at various strength levels are studied in detail. Herewith, the question on the development of models convenient for practical application, which describe the behavior of carriers under the mentioned conditions, and on determination of the output parameters of the chip structure for use in equivalent device circuits remains poorly investigated. A phenomenological approach to heating processes in the bulk of III–V semiconductors etc. is considered in this work. A method for calculating the microwave and EHF conductivity based on solving equations of heating and carrier drift in strong electric fields and the simulation of processes occurring under the effect of a weak-intensity alternating field on the bulk of semiconductor structures under study is proposed. Analytical frequency dependences of the conductivity amplitude and phase illustrating the possibility of implementing the generation mode are derived. The quasi-time-independent I–V characteristic for the fundamental harmonic of the output signal is analyzed. The calculated amplitude–frequency and phase–frequency characteristics of the conductivity enable selection of the necessary constant field strength providing the required device operating mode for bulk semiconductor structures in the specified frequency range. The equation for the current density of hot carriers enables analytical determination of the amplitude ranges of the first (fundamental) harmonics of the output current at a specific frequency depending on the voltage amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis of a vast body of data collected during five field seasons (2011-2015) was performed to characterize the biological activity of soils in the northern taiga ecosystems of Western Siberia. Automorphic forest soils, hydromorphic (oligotrophic bog) soils, and semihydromorphic (flat-topped and large peat mounds) soils were characterized. Statistically significant differences of average levels of CO2 emission from the soils were identified at the ecosystem level. The CO2 emission from podzols of automorphic forest ecosystems at the peak of the growing season (205 ± 30 to 410 ± 40 mg CO2/(m2 h)) was significantly higher than the emission from semihydromorphic soils of peat mounds (70 ± 20 to 116 ± 10 mg CO2/(m2 h)). The presence and depth of permafrost was a significant factor that affected ecosystem diversity and biological activity of northern taiga soils. Statistically significant differences in the total, labile, and microbial carbon pools were observed for the studied soils. Labile and microbial carbon pools in the organic layer (10 cm) of forest podzols amounted to 0.19 and 0.66 t/ha, respectively; those in the organic layer (40 cm) of peat cryozems of flat-topped peat mounds reached 1.24 and 3.20 t/ha, and those in the oligotrophic peat soils (50 cm) of large peat mounds were 2.76 and 1.35 t/ha, respectively. The portion of microbial carbon in the total carbon pool (Cmicr/Ctot, %) varied significantly; according to the values of this index, the soils were arranged into the following sequence: oligotrophic peat soil < peat cryozem < podzol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differently directed and heterochronous cryogenic processes have contributed to the contrasting soil cover patterns and spatial heterogeneity of the properties of soils in hydromorphic ecosystems of the discontinuous permafrost zone of the northern taiga in Western Siberia. Frost heave and permafrost thawing within ecosystems of highmoor bogs have led to the development of specific cryogenic landforms, such as flat-topped and large peat mounds. A set of cryogenic soils is developed in these ecosystems; it includes different variants of cryozems, gleyzems (Cryosols), and peat soils (Histosols). The distribution of these soil types is controlled by the local topography and thawing depth, other factors being insignificant. Alternation of peat horizons of different types and ages, whirl-like patterns of horizon boundaries, considerable variations in the thickness of soil horizons, and inversions of soil horizons under the impact of frost cracking, frost heave, and cryoturbation are typical of the considered soils. Thawing depth is the most significant factor affecting the thickness of organic horizons, the soil pH, and the degree of decomposition of peat. As a result of the upward movement of bog ecosystems under the impact of frost heave, peat soils are subjected to considerable transformation: peat horizons undergo mineralization, and the thickness of organic horizons decreases; in some cases, eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the mineral horizons takes place, and peat podzols are developed. However, the opposite process of the return of the soils to the bog stage of pedogenesis with peat accumulation may take place in any time in the case of activation of thermokarst processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatland soils in permafrost area are among the major components of global carbon cycle. In the case of predicted climate change, they may act as a significant source of greenhouse gases efflux. A four-year transplantation experiment (transplantation of soil cores of 20 cm in height and 10 cm in diameter to other natural positions) with the peat horizon was arranged to assess the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux from palsa peatlands in the north of Western Siberia. The rise in temperature by 7°С caused a positive feedback (30–70%) of CO2 efflux (measured by the closed chamber method) from transplanted soils as compared with the control. Temperature dependence of CO2 efflux from transplanted soils had the highest value (R2 = 0.8) in the first two years as a result of maximum contrast of temperature conditions between sites and decreased in the next two years. On the contrary, the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux from transplanted soils showed a high value during most of observations (Q10 = 3–6) thus indicating the increased rate of organic matter mineralization in peat soils of permafrost area for a long (four years) period. Our results might be useful for calibration of regional carbon cycle data sets that consider the contribution of organic permafrost-affected soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palsa peatland soils are known as significant terrestrial storage of the Earth's soil carbon. The response of these soils to changing climate may result in a strong feedback to global carbon balance. In laboratory, we investigated the effect of rising temperatures on the upper (T1) and lower (T2) horizons of Turbic Histic Cryosols using sequential (S) and equal-time (ET) methods. The S method was applied to estimate the response of organic carbon mineralization rate (R) to sequential temperature increase from 5 to 30°C; the ET method was used to study the response of the basal (microbial) respiration rate to equal-time incubation at 5, 15, and 25°C. The Q10 coefficient was calculated. In the T1 horizon, both methods (S and ET) demonstrated a positive response of respiration to the rise in temperature. The respiration intensity increased by 91 and 84%, respectively. In the T2 horizon, it increased by 93 and 91%, respectively. However, despite the overall positive response of soil respiration to the rise in temperature, the Q10 values demonstrated differences in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. These values were maximal in the cold (5–15°C) range for both horizons. For most of temperature ranges, Q10 was higher for T2 than for T1. For the T1 horizon and S method, Q10 slightly varied (2.7–3.0), whereas in the case of the ET method, it decreased by 3.3 times from the cold (4.9) to the warm 15–25°C (1.5) temperature range. For the T2 horizon, the S method also did not cause significant shifts in Q10 (3.0–3.5); the ET method caused a decrease in Q10 by 1.5 times from the cold (4.3) to the warm (2.8) temperature range. To sum up, the ET method leads to a wider variation of Q10 values in comparison with the S method thus indicating its better applicability for temperature sensitivity studies with palsa peatland soils under laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical density spectra were obtained for aqueous solutions of doxorubicin (DOX) antitumor agent and bovine serum albumin (BSA) with different concentrations, as well as upon addition of insignificant amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, C AuNPs = 0.658 × 10−10 М) to them. For the region of optical density saturation at the maximum of the DOX optical absorption band (λ max = 481 nm) for С DOX /C BSA = 0.46, the concentration of complexes equal to 1.09 × 10−5 М at the concentration of free molecules of DOX [D] = 1.72 × 10−4 М and BSA [B] = 7.79 × 10−5 М was determined. The use of the isomolar series method shows that the structure of the complexes corresponds to a ratio of 2:1, in accordance with the DOX and BSA molecules at an equilibrium binding constant K = 4.79 × 106 М−1. The addition of AuNPs does not affect the stoichiometry of complexes, but significantly changes their formation dynamics. Thus, in the presence of AuNPs, the concentration of DOX-BSA-AuNPs heteroassociates increases significantly due to the adsorption of DOX on AuNPs and the high ability of BSA to bind to AuNPs, and the equilibrium binding constant decreases to K = 2.99 × 106 M−1. • Gold nanoparticle content in doxorubicin-bovine serum albumin prodrugs is limited. • Gold nanoparticles decrease the equilibrium binding constant of prodrug complexes. • Doxorubicin conjugates with gold nanoparticles promote prodrug complexation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Pain syndrome is integral acute sign of drug addiction at psychoactive substance deprivation and is a severe urgent state. Objectives and aims To work out integrated approaches to pain syndrome cessation with combined pharmacotherapy and non-pharmaceutical methods. To study dynamics of pain syndrome reduction at application of the developed methods. Methods One hundred and eighty-nine opioid addicts (cessation state) were examined. The treatment efficiency was evaluated with visual analogue scale; Roland-Morris questionnaire; pain numeric rating scale. Results Four innovative options of modified therapy for pain authorized with the patents of Ukraine were proposed (with membrane plasmapheresis, medical electrophoresis, laser therapy and standard pharmacotherapy): – pain syndrome cessation in opioid addicts is provided with Tramadol (up to 600 mg i/m), at intravascular laser hemotherapy (wavelength 0.63 mcm, power 2 mW, 30–40 min exposure, 3–4 days course); – recurrent deprivation pain syndrome cessation is realized by membrane plasmapheresis with intravascular laser blood irradiation and i/m 1.0 mL Ketanov solution 2–3 days; – pain syndrome treatment in drug and alcohol addicts is provided with Analgin and Sibazon by electrophoresis, current 1.5–5 mA, exposure 25–30 min, 1–2 procedures daily; – pain syndrome cessation in drug addicts is performed by injection of 0.5% Seduxen solution (up to 4.0 mL), paracetamol – (up to 0.4 g), 10% solution of sodium caffeine benzoate – 1.0–2.0 mL subcutaneously, at night – 0.5% seduxen 2.0–4.0 mL, paracetamol – 0.2–0.4 g. Conclusions Monitoring and statistical processing data proved that the proposed methods give 1.5–2-fold growth in efficiency of treatment for pain syndrome in drug addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Distinctness of tremor in abstinent disorders at alcohol and drug addiction are polymorphous in expressiveness degree, localization, typical dynamics of growing from latent, subclinical to big swing tremor of fingers. Aims and objectives To elaborate the differentiated diagnosis method for tremor in drug addicts to solve examination and medical problems in clinical narcology. Method The new method of expert diagnosis of latent tremor in narcology with complex examination of the respondent's capacity to complete test tasks for the precisement of purposeful sensorimotor movements and operations coordination with laser test was introduced. Laser beam pointer visual manual guidance at 2–3 meter distance standard target and the beam fixation at the centre (“top ten”) reveals the patient's capacity within 5–10 seconds. Laser light spot trembling appearance out of “top ten” circle while twice-thrice completing the test is considered the positive result and tremor severity is evaluated depending on the beam vibration amplitude. Results Twenty-five alcohol and 25 drug addicts were examined. Visually, tremor presence and severity coincided with testing results entirely. Ability to keep beam in “top ten” area demonstrated tremor absence; laser spot vibration over “top ten”–the latent tremor; laser spot trembling within circles 9–10 – the moderate tremor; within the 6th–4th circles – medium severity; from 3rd–1st and 0th circle – the severe tremor is identified. Conclusions The method allows to increase the diagnosis efficiency and tremor identification at narcological diseases that gives opportunity to solve definite differential diagnostic problems in the expert centers for intoxication states examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Statistical data prove that the most traffic accidents happen at the traffic lights controlled crossings predominantly due to decreased attention at permanently changing traffic lights triad and narrowing traffic parameters panoramic view. Aims and objectives To develop method optimizing human psychophysiological functions (perception, attention, peripheral vision, operative memory) as integral base for most intellectual functions. Method The new approach for psychophysiological functions activation consists of addition of the traffic lights complete color gamut to the famous Schulte test (1–25 numbers depicted in black at consequently changing red, yellow and green background in cells). Results Two groups each of 25 respondents were examined. New technology on modified Schulte table (once-twice a day 25–30 min exercise repetition for 7–10 days) was used in the main group. Traditional (black-and-white) Schulte tables were applied in control group. Training efficiency in the main group 2.1 times exceeded this in control group. Thus, the main group respondent's ability for high operation speed in attention (average evaluation) was reached after the 3-day training while in the control group–by 6th day. Considerably quicker the main group could demonstrate the ability for panoramic perception of traffic lights color analogues and identification of ordinal numbers in modified Schulte table. It has been established that modification of Schulte tables improves intensity, volume, concentration, stability, distractability of attention and mobilization of memory. Conclusions The elaborated method allows to concentrate at information aspects of traffic, isolate the external stimuli, control the own activity in anti-accident paradigm and traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The work presents HIV PLEDGE project cooperative results of Kharkov Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (KhMAPE) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Ukraine which correspond the Law of Ukraine “On the Higher Education” requirements. Objectives and aims The project is aimed at the reduction of HIV-infection, tuberculosis and other comorbid disorders in drug addicts in Ukraine. The results are expected to be introduced into postgraduate training for doctors narcologists of Ukraine at the resource training centre (RTC) created under UNODC aegis according to innovation international education and technology standards criteria adapted for all forms of postgraduate training including medical residency. Methods Clinical, laboratory, epidemiological methods, statistical monitoring were applied for modern drug addiction conditions. Results The research allowed: – to increase abilities of KhMAPE departments to provide up-to-date epidemiological information for narcological diseases, pathophysiology, treatment, prevention, rehabilitation, HIV-linked medical and non-medical services integration in routine practice; – to approach renewed academic programs, distance training courses, certification, special modern software, computer technologies, internet resources; – to increase the postgraduate education efficiency and quality; – to apply up-to-date information concerning treatment; – to provide tuition and online training. RTC was equipped with special software, valid educational and diagnostic tests, e-libraries, research analytical reports, Tritnet educational and information materials, presentation setup. RTC provides monitoring system of academic efficiency “Smart Senteo”, distance training module program, database server “Osvita”. Conclusions RTC efficiency and prospects of new form of postgraduate medical training for doctors narcologists in residency have been grounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Among drug addicts cohort in Ukrainian population, the phenomenon of codeine narcotic effect intensification and prolongation with antibiotic levomycetin simultaneous combined dose was identified. Current narcology encounters the insufficiently studied problem of drug addicts who lost vision due to levomycetin abuse at chronic codeine intoxication. Continuous levomycetin abuse was proved to cause optic nerve neuritis followed with eyesight loss. This is connected with discrete loss of eyesight pathogenesis in opioidaddicts. Aims and objectives To elaborate integrated method of treatment considering main pathogenic links of this narcotic addiction. Method It is based on combined therapy at traditional detoxication and includes membrane plasmapheresis 2–5 times at once every 3 days. Everyday 2.0 mL pyridoxin hydrochloride 5% solution for 15 days. Capillary stabilizer l -lysine aescinat in drops once in 24 h for 5–8 days. Transorbital medicinal electrophoresis (thiamine bromide 2.5% solution), 15–20 min exposure, daily, 10–12 procedures. Peroral retinol acetate, 1 capsule 3–4 times daily, for 7–10 days. Enterosorbent atoxil, 10–12 g daily, for 3–5 days. Results Five codeine addicts with neuro-ophtalmic disorders due to levomycetin abuse as a narco-associated phenomenon were examined. The addicts explained additional levomycetin composition in individual narcotization schemes by the aim to intensify and prolong codeine effects maintaining its stable dose. Combined comprehensive therapy restored the eyesight partially; renewed capacity to move independently, the patients’ disability was ceased. Conclusions Membrane plasmapheresis in the proposed method integrates in therapy the prescribed pharmaceuticals and corresponds numerous tasks of detoxication at continuous combined codein and levomycetin abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]