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A reprint of the article "Absence of Detectable HIV-1 Viremia After Treatment Cessation in an Infant," by Deborah Persau et al., which appeared online at NEJM.org on October 23, 2013. It presents a case of an infant born to a woman with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection who began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) 30 hours after birth. It shows that early ART in infants may alter the establishment of HIV-1 infection.

Many people were involved in producing the seven volumes that make up the fourth series of the Royal Society catalogue of scientific papers. Included were about two hundred volunteers and about one hundred people working either on short-term contracts or carrying out piece work. At the Royal Society there was a small, largely female, secretariat working full-time. It included both clerical and bibliographic staff. Coordinating all the work was the chemist Herbert McLeod, appointed director of the catalogue in 1901. As is discussed, the position of director was created especially for him after his forced retirement from the Royal Indian Engineering College. The paper shows the complexity of the work involved in producing the catalogue, as well as something of the office culture at the Royal Society in the early twentieth century. The working conditions of the women employees, and prevailing attitudes toward the largely female clerical and bibliographic staff, are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The use of chemical pesticides increased considerably after World War II, and ecological damage was noticeable by the late 1940s. This paper outlines some ecological problems experienced during the post-war period in the UK, and in parts of what is now Malaysia. Also discussed is the government's response. Although Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring (1962), was important in bringing the problems to a wider public, she was not alone in sounding the alarm. Pressure from the public and from British scientists led, among other things, to the founding of the Natural Environment Research Council in 1965. By the 1970s, environmentalism was an important movement, and funding for ecological and environmental research was forthcoming even during the economic recession. Some of the recipients were ecologists working at Imperial College London. Moved by the political climate, and by the evidence of ecological damage, they carried out research on the biological control of insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raphael Meldola FRS (1849-1915) was professor of chemistry at the City and Guilds Technical College in Finsbury. He was a colleague and close friend of Silvanus Phillips Thompson FRS (1851-1916), the college principal and professor of physics. This paper follows an earlier one on Thompson and the making of his career. It is intended to illustrate further the ways in which scientists of Meldola and Thompson's generation gained advancement within the scientific community. Meldola had interests beyond chemistry, including a serious interest in field entomology. In this he had several well-known mentors including Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin. The paper, which includes much new information derived from archival work, is presented as six thematic narratives related, among other things, to chemical and technical education, dye chemistry, the Royal Society solar eclipse expedition of 1875, natural history and Darwinism, field clubs, learned societies, and the honouring of scientists. Together these narratives illustrate a generalist/voluntarist career pattern that came to an end with the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the diary of research scientist Herbert McLeod having daily entries from 1860 to 1923 that describes the scientific life in London, England. It depicts the aspects of the everyday lives of some of the more established scientists working in or near the city during the period. It is intended to show ways wherein their scientific and social lives intersected and their ideas were exchanged. Furthermore, it outlines the methodological problems associated to the historical recovery of the everyday world of scientists in the city.

Focuses on Herbert McLeod's scientific and social world from 1871-85 that provided him and his peers an ever-enlarging scope within which to create. Contents of McLeod's diary as the main source of information; Movement of McLeod and peers through a wide range of scientific spaces, religious circles and conventional social sites; Recreation of the intellectual and social world of London science in that period.

Discusses the keen interest in electrical timekeeping in Great Britain from 1880 to 1925. Time concerns in the city of London; Problems of time distribution and the electrical timekeeping industry; Demonstration that it was only in the early 20th century that accurate timekeeping and its distribution became a reality; People's search for uniformity in timekeeping in order to coordinate tasks and modernize the economy; Emergence of various forms of relativistic thinking in the wider culture.

Focuses on the scientific career of Silvanus Phillips Thompson. Issue on the measurement of science success; Influence of Thompson's sabbatarian impulse in scientific practice and pedagogical approach; Importance of Thompson's successful career in science, class, religion and education.

The article discusses findings of a case report regarding the remission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a perinatally infected child. It describes the results of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that was administered to the child from 30 hours up to 18 months of age. It noted the intermittent presence of HIV-1 DNA at the time of virologic remission in the child, and confirmed the return of the HIV-1 viremia once the ART was interrupted.

Focuses on the ideas of sociologist Herbert Spencer about the biological world and the universe. Attempts to synthesize political and evolutionary ideas; Contributions to the idea of evolution; Rise and fall of his reputation; Influence of Malthus in his ideas; Political views of Spencer.

Describes the scientific fraternities in Great Britain during the nineteenth-century. Significance of fraternalism among nineteenth-century scientists; Discussion on club culture; Edward Forbes' contribution to club culture; Foundation of the Red Lion Club, B-Club and Chemical Club.

Reviewed: Archaeology of the Frobisher Voyages. Fitzhugh, William W. and Olin, Jacqueline S., ed.

Reviewed: Science and the Canadian Arctic: A Century of Exploration, 1818-1918. Levere, Trevor H.

Reviewed: Science in the Subarctic: Trappers, Traders, and the Smithsonian Institution. Lindsay, Debra.

Examines the cultural identities of three mid-nineteenth-century scientific educational institutions in London, England. History of the creation of the institutions; Hybrid ideologies associated with each institution; Reflection of the importance of cultural proclivities in the development of science; Differences on the concept of the student publication.

Comments on the failed efforts of chemist Raphael Meldola to memorialize the role of Herbert Spencer in Westminister Abbey. Where the names of persons who signed Meldola's petition can be found; Contents of letters; Information on `Synthetic Philosophy,' final volume of Herbert Spencer; What the Meldola letters indicated.

Focuses on the resources and laboratory work of William Crookes. Socio-cultural aspects of the history of science; Family support and pre-1871 background; Career history of Crookes; Success within the scientific profession; Presents a chart related to Observing crystal in a vacua; Value of Crooke's assistant; Student exercise in the extraction and analysis of selenium compounds.

Pyomyositis isa musculoskeletal infection with formation of an intramuscular abscess. Endemic in tropical climates, it is being reported with increasing frequency in temperate climates such as the United States. The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus, present in greater than 90% of reported cases. Risk factors include underlying chronic illness, malnutrition, immunocompromised state, and muscle trauma. We present a case in which Streptococcus agalactae was the causative agent of myositis in a child with a history of perinatally derived human immunodeficiency virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is both (a) an exercise in historical recovery in that it details some of the events surrounding the founding of the City and Guilds of London Institute and describes the way in which the Institute set about the building and running of two of its colleges, the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and the Central Institution in South Kensington (new archival detail is added to what is already known of this history) and (b) an attempt to interpret the above material in terms of various forms of association within the City Corporation and the guilds. Collectively the City and the guilds made an effort to come to terms with a modernizing world through the means of providing scientific and technical education. The guilds wanted to remain important even though traditional apprenticeship was dying out. In joining in a new venture to provide technical education for young people it was necessary to maintain an order in which the City's presence was clear and apparent. This paper will show how such an order was achieved and, in so doing, it shows something more generally of the relationship of tradition and rhetoric to institution building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In 2013, researchers announced that a newborn child from Mississippi, USA might have been functionally cured of HIV by being given combination antiretroviral therapy within hours of birth. Public and media attention has since been captured by the possibility of finding a cure for HIV transmitted from mother to child. Research into the strategy used for the Mississippi patient is crucially important to establish whether it can be replicated and shown to work in diverse populations. At the same time, any ethical issues likely to arise in such studies should be addressed and not ignored in the pursuit of a functional cure. In this Personal View we identify ethical issues that could arise in research towards achievment of a functional cure for HIV in neonates, including difficult trade-offs associated with choosing the study population and questions about the broader social implications of the research, and propose ways to resolve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]