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In recent years, the resolution of remote sensing images, especially aerial images, has become higher and higher, and the spans of time and space have become larger and larger. The phenomenon in which one class of objects can produce several kinds of spectra may lead to more errors in detection methods that are based on spectra. For different convolution methods, downsampling can provide some advanced information, which will lead to rough detail extraction; too deep of a network will greatly increase the complexity and calculation time of a model. To solve these problems, a multifunctional feature extraction model called MSNet (multifunctional feature-sharing network) is proposed, which is improved on two levels: depth feature extraction and feature fusion. Firstly, a residual shuffle reorganization branch is proposed; secondly, linear index upsampling with different levels is proposed; finally, the proposed edge feature attention module allows the recovery of detailed features. The combination of the edge feature attention module and linear index upsampling can not only provide benefits in learning detailed information, but can also ensure the accuracy of deep feature extraction. The experiments showed that MSNet achieved 81.33% MIoU on the Landover dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory studies reveal that young women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) often exhibit decreased reward processing during the late luteal phase. However, studies based on the self-reports find opposite results (e.g., higher craving for high-sweet-fat food). These differences may lie in the difference between the stimulus used and measuring the different aspects of the reward. The present study was designed to expand previous work by using a classic monetary reward paradigm, simultaneously examining the motivational (i.e., reward anticipation, "wanting") and emotional (i.e., reward outcome, "liking") components of reward processing in women with high premenstrual symptoms (High PMS). College female students in their early twenties with High PMS (n = 20) and low premenstrual symptoms (Low PMS, n = 20) completed a monetary incentive delay task during their late luteal phase when the premenstrual symptoms typically peak. Brain activities in the reward anticipation phase and outcome phase were recorded using the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) imaging technique. No group differences were found in various behavioral measurements. For the MEG results, in the anticipation phase, when High PMS participants were presented with cues that predicted the upcoming monetary gains, they showed higher event-related magnetic fields (ERFs) than when they were presented with neutral non-reward cues. This pattern was reversed in Low PMS participants, as they showed lower reward cue-elicited ERFs than non-reward cue-elicited ones (cluster mass = 2560, cluster size = 891, p =.03, corrected for multiple comparisons), mainly in the right medial orbitofrontal and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (cluster mass = 375, cluster size = 140, p =.03, corrected for multiple comparisons). More importantly, women with High PMS had an overall significantly higher level of ERFs than women with Low PMS (cluster mass = 8039, cluster size = 2937, p =.0009, corrected for multiple comparisons) in the bilateral precentral gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus (right: cluster mass = 410, cluster size = 128, p =.03; left: cluster mass = 352, cluster size = 98, p =.05; corrected for multiple comparisons). In the outcome phase, women with High PMS showed significantly lower theta power than the Low PMS ones for the expected non-reward feedback in the bilateral temporal-parietal regions (cluster mass = 47620, cluster size = 18308, p =.01, corrected for multiple comparisons). These findings reveal that the severity of PMS might alter reward anticipation. Specifically, women with High PMS displayed increased brain activities to reward-predicting cues and increased action preparation after the cues appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To observe the therapeutic efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with different pharmacological treatments for adenomyosis. Materials and methods: A total of 126 patients with adenomyosis who underwent HIFU combined with pharmacological treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated with either dienogest (DNG) (Group A, N = 38) or GnRH-a (Group B, N = 88) for three months after HIFU, and received levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS) at the end of the third month. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) scores were used for evaluating symptom improvement. Results: After propensity score matching (1:2), 38 patients were included in Group A and 76 in Group B. All patients showed significant improvement in VAS and PBAC scores after HIFU, but the PBAC score of Group A was significantly higher than that of patients in Group B at 18 months [11.50 (1.00, 29.50) vs. 0.00 (0.00, 16.50), p < 0.01] and 24 months [4.00 (0.25, 27.75) vs. 0.00 (0.00, 12.75), p = 0.04] after HIFU. Furthermore, patients in Group B had a greater uterine volume reduction at 24 months after HIFU than that of patients in Group A [51.00 (27.00, 62.00) vs. 30.00 (17.00, 42.75, p = 0.02)]. However, the adverse effects in Group A were lower than those in Group B [7 (15.79) vs. 35 (46.05), p < 0.01]. No significant difference was observed in the recurrence rate between the two groups. Conclusions: HIFU combined with DNG and LNG-IUS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with adenomyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From childhood to adolescence, the spatiotemporal development pattern of the human brain white matter connectome and its underlying transcriptomic and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. With a longitudinal diffusion MRI cohort of 604 participants, we map the developmental trajectory of the white matter connectome from global to regional levels and identify that most brain network properties followed a linear developmental trajectory. Importantly, connectome-transcriptomic analysis reveals that the spatial development pattern of white matter connectome is potentially regulated by the transcriptomic architecture, with positively correlated genes involve in ion transport- and development-related pathways expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and negatively correlated genes enriches in synapse- and development-related pathways expressed in astrocytes, inhibitory neurons and microglia. Additionally, the macroscale developmental pattern is also associated with myelin content and thicknesses of specific laminas. These findings offer insights into the underlying genetics and neural mechanisms of macroscale white matter connectome development from childhood to adolescence. Joint connectomic and transcriptomic analyses of longitudinal dMRI data reveal the multiscale developmental pattern of the human white matter connectome from childhood to adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory experience shapes what and how knowledge is stored in the brain—our knowledge about the color of roses depends in part on the activity of color-responsive neurons based on experiences of seeing roses. We compared the brain basis of color knowledge in congenitally (or early) blind individuals, whose color knowledge can only be obtained through language descriptions and/or cognitive inference, to that of sighted individuals whose color-knowledge benefits from both sensory experience and language. We found that some regions support color knowledge only in the sighted, whereas a region in the left dorsal anterior temporal lobe supports object-color knowledge in both the blind and sighted groups, indicating the existence of a sensory-independent knowledge coding system in both groups. Thus, there are (at least) two forms of object knowledge representations in the human brain: sensory-derived and language- and cognition-derived knowledge, supported by different brain systems. • Blind and sighted individuals perform object-color-knowledge tasks partially similarly • Dorsal anterior temporal lobe represents object-color knowledge in both groups • The visual cortex represents object-color knowledge in only the sighted group • There are two types of knowledge representation for concepts with sensory referents How is knowledge represented in the human brain? By comparing blind and sighted individuals' object-color-knowledge representation, Wang et al. provide evidence for two forms of knowledge representation for concepts with sensory referents, one derived from sensory experience and one from language and cognitive inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Data from limited autopsies of human patients demonstrate that pathological changes in EV71-infected fatal cases are principally characterized by clear inflammatory lesions in different parts of the CNS; nearly identical changes were found in murine, cynomolgus and rhesus monkey studies which provide evidence of using animal models to investigate the mechanisms of EV71 pathogenesis. Our work uses neonatal rhesus monkeys to investigate a possible model of EV71 pathogenesis and concludes that this model could be applied to provide objective indicators which include clinical manifestations, virus dynamic distribution and pathological changes for observation and evaluation in interpreting the complete process of EV71 infection. This induced systemic infection and other collected indicators in neonatal monkeys could be repeated; the transmission appears to involve infecting new monkeys by contact with feces of infected animals. All data presented suggest that the neonatal rhesus monkey model could shed light on EV71 infection process and pathogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Whether the cerebellum is involved in voluntary motor learning or motor performance is the subject of a new debate. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined cerebellar activation in eight volunteers before and after an extended period of training. Activation volume on both sides of cerebellum after learning was significantly reduced compared to that before learning even under the same motor frequency. Remarkably, while motor frequency for the training sequence was significantly higher than the control sequence after 41 d of learning, activation in the cerebellum for both sequences, with respect to activation loci and volumes, was very similar. These results suggest that the cerebellum was involved in motor learning but not motor performance. Changes of cerebellar activation from training thus appear to be associated with learning but not with improvement on task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic event in the world, it has not only caused huge economic losses, but also a serious threat to global public health. Many scientific questions about SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were raised and urgently need to be answered, including the susceptibility of animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we tested whether tree shrew, an emerging experimental animal domesticated from wild animal, is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. No clinical signs were observed in SARS-CoV-2 inoculated tree shrews during this experiment except the increasing body temperature particularly in female animals. Low levels of virus shedding and replication in tissues occurred in all three age groups. Notably, young tree shrews (6 months to 12 months) showed virus shedding at the earlier stage of infection than adult (2 years to 4 years) and old (5 years to 7 years) animals that had longer duration of virus shedding comparatively. Histopathological examine revealed that pulmonary abnormalities were the main changes but mild although slight lesions were also observed in other tissues. In summary, tree shrew is less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the reported animal models and may not be a suitable animal for COVID-19 related researches. However, tree shrew may be a potential intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 as an asymptomatic carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]