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Purpose: The purpose of this conceptual paper is to substantiate the idea that clusters will cope with the challenges of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0 and remain one of the drivers for the development of the local economy. Design/methodology/approach: For the preparation of this paper, the author reviewed the literature on Cluster 4.0, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, green and blue recovery, as well as the future of jobs and systems. Data, reports and surveys (UN, OECD, World Economic Forum, McKinsey Global Institute, D2L, etc.) were analysed in detail, in order to create a clear picture related to the research topic. The opinions expressed in the article are depicted graphically, and were developed by the author. Findings: First, predictions on Industry 4.0 challenges are outlined, and the reasons as to why clusters are expected to succeed in the digital era are substantiated; second, the direction of development in the digital era is depicted in a two-dimensional plane; and third, the direction of development in digital era within the clusters is graphically presented as a system. Originality/value: For this purpose, the author has developed a new approach to connect clusters and digitalisation with the self-designed graphical images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate contemporary changes in the education system. In particular, an analysis of the mechanisms of coordination and communication involved in the process can show how different geographical factors with different relational mechanisms may contribute to the creation of a new academic entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: The authors propose a methodology with two-step approach. In the first part of the paper, they use a theoretical approach to carry out a longitudinal study of academic literature on the topics of "entrepreneurial university," "academic entrepreneurship" and "spin-off organizations." In the second part, they use cross-database analysis to theorize the main aspects of recent developments in higher education in Italy. To this end, the authors use three public and open-access databases on spin-offs, universities and higher education institutions and incubators in Italy. Findings: First, issues relating to the formation and best practices of entrepreneurial universities are discussed, based on the works of researchers from 25 countries. Second, a hypothesis is put forward to suggest that the organizational model of entrepreneurial university affects microeconomic competitiveness. Third, a case study of Italian spin-off organizations suggests that the number of incubators and spin-offs, and the type of academic knowledge, all directly affect the entrepreneurial university. Originality/value: This paper aims to examine the role of the university in the modern economic system. The originality of this investigation lies in its ability to offer a picture and first analysis of the main actors and of the entrepreneurial university system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to foster research on an alternative design pattern for educational system (to emphasize symmetric connections with a range of actors) to achieve rapid and cost-effective strong sustainability by forming the clusters and entrepreneurial universities in economy.Design/methodology/approach For the preparation of this paper, the authors reviewed the literature on education and science, sustainable development, sustainable science, clusters and systems. Data, reports and surveys (UNESCO, World Bank, World Economic Forum, etc) were analyzed in detail, to create a clear picture related to research topics.Findings The role of education and science in solving the problems of sustainable development is critical. The system of education and science fails to meet modern challenges. The authors believe that it is desirable to start working on a different model. For this purpose, they have developed a new approach to connect clusters and alternative design pattern of education and science system for sustainable development.Originality/value First, mutually beneficial effective circular system has been improved by offering an alternative design of the educational system to link it to the international educational and scientific programs. Second, the visible and invisible sides of the cluster are presented as a tree-shaped system. Third, invisible and visible connection between branch clusters and an alternative design pattern for educational system have been identified and presented as a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]