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The 19th century was a period in which many social events, especially wars, treaties, economic crises, and migrations, that would affect and shape the whole society in the Ottoman Empire, took place. The chaos and confusion in the borders of the state increased the tendency to crime. Although the theft cases were intense in Dersaadet (Beautiful City of Istanbul), it increased in some parts of the state as well. In the middle of the 19th century, many women thieves who made this job a bad habit were reflected in the Ottoman archive documents, as well as compulsory reasons such as poverty and neediness. As the thieves were women, the items they stole mostly consisted of clothing, jewellery, gold, and cash. In this period, in addition to the thieves who became famous alone, there were also women who made their names known as gangs and bothered the state. In the gang in question, it was understood that the women cooperated with their husbands and friends or other relatives. Undoubtedly, the conditions of the period were effective in the increase of theft cases in the 19th century. However, the deterrence of the punishment given to theft and especially to the thief women was also important. It was determined that women who were generally sentenced to imprisonment and exile were released after a while due to reasons such as pregnancy, illness and having a child. The state made telegrams free of charge for catching thieves between Dersaadet (Istanbul) and other regions. The imam, headman, the Ministry of National Security, policemen, and interrogators were effectively performing their duties in catching and interrogating women who were thieves and thieves. The stolen items uncovered as a result of the interrogation, on the other hand, were handed over to their owner if they could be reached, otherwise they were evaluated elsewhere by the state. The study, which was created by the Ottoman archive documents as the main source, was supported by some periodicals of the period. The aim is to deal with the famous or proliferating women thieves and the state's efforts to prevent them in a chaotic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representing the modern physicians of the 19th century, Besim Ömer, although known as an obstetrician, was a specialist pediatrician, midwife trainer who taught the public about medical and sanitary conditions, a teacher who gave lessons to nurses and vaccinators. Besim Ömer, who first went to Europe during the reign of Abdülhamid II (1876-1909), then represented the Ottoman Empire many times here, tried to bring most of the experience he had gained to his country. He immortalized the experiences he lived, the advice of the physicians he worked with and took lessons, with his works written in a plain language so that the Ottoman people could benefit. In the study, the works of Physician Besim Ömer about maternal and child health in the late 19th century and the first medical yearbook, Nevsâl-i Âfiyet in four volumes, were used. In these works, Besim Omer gave the stages of nutrition and growth of a healthy individual in the aspects he learned and experienced in Europe. In this respect, many subjects are similar to those of today. For example, the emphasis and effort placed on feeding a newborn with milk and breast milk if possible in the first 6 months leads in this regard. Efforts to encourage breastfeeding, giving rewards if necessary, and the importance given to regular and healthy nutrition until the age of 2 and beyond were undoubtedly necessary for a healthier Ottoman generation, as it is today. Drawing attention to the child deaths in Europe caused by malnutrition on this issue, Ömer stated that women should be given training on the subject so that the said cases would not increase in the Ottoman Empire. Because just like in Europe, population growth and policy are important issues in the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]