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Summary Although haemolytic factor is known to be a putative virulence factor contributing to pathogenicity in Candida species, its production by Candida tropicalis is poorly understood. In this study, we analysed the culture conditions under which C. tropicalis can display haemolytic factor on plate assay and the secretion of haemolytic factor in liquid medium by clinical isolates obtained from different specimens. All the tested isolates exhibited an internal translucent ring, resembling beta-haemolysis, surrounding by a peripheral greenish-grey halo on sheep blood agar medium. Similar haemolytic pattern was observed on human blood enriched medium. Furthermore, incubation either under normal atmosphere or under increased CO2 had no effect on haemolysis. Overall, no differences were observed on beta-haemolytic activities ( P > 0.05) among tested isolates of C. tropicalis. In glucose-limited medium (RPMI 1640 with 0.2% glucose), none of the isolates induced haemolysis on red blood cells. Similarly to found on plate assays, there were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in the activity of secreted haemolytic factor in liquid medium among C. tropicalis isolates. However, after growth, the number of yeast cells varied among isolates revealing different efficiencies of haemolytic factor production. Haemolytic activity was neither inhibited by heat treatment (100 °C) nor by the addition of pepstatin A. The obtained results extend our knowledge about haemolytic factor production by Candida species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine in vitro haemolytic and protease activities of Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis isolates, obtained from anatomically distinct sites. Analysis of haemolytic activity of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis isolates obtained from the same anatomic site revealed that C. tropicalis isolates from blood had statistically higher activity ( P < 0.05) than C. parapsilosis. On comparison of haemolytic activities of Candida isolates obtained from different anatomic sites, C. parapsilosis isolates from tracheal secretion were found to have higher activity than blood isolates. Protease activity was detected in the majority of the isolates analysed. Analysis of proteinase activity of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis isolates obtained from the same anatomic site revealed that C. parapsilosis isolates from tracheal secretion had statistically higher activity than C. tropicalis isolates. On comparison of proteinase activities of Candida isolates obtained from different anatomic sites, C. parapsilosis isolates from tracheal secretion were found to have higher activity than blood and superficial lesions isolates. Furthermore, C. tropicalis isolates from superficial lesions had higher activity than tracheal secretion isolates. Our results show the potential of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis isolates, obtained from distinct anatomic sites, to produce haemolytic factor and proteinases. Anatomic sites of isolation seem to be correlated with these activities, particularly for C. parapsilosis isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of chemical elements in biological compartments is one of the strategies of tropical species to adapt to a low-nutrient soil. This study focuses on the Atlantic Forest because of its eco-environmental importance as a natural reservoir of chemical elements. About 20 elements were determined by INAA in leaf, soil, litter and epiphyte compartments. There was no seasonality for chemical element concentrations in leaves, which probably indicated the maintainance of chemical elements in this compartment. Considering the estimated quantities, past deforestation events could have released large amounts of chemical elements to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exogenous material that adheres to the leaf surface affects the elemental composition of the plant itself, thereby constituting one of the major error sources in plant analysis. The present work investigated the surface contamination of leaves from the Atlantic Forest. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to assess the efficiency of leaf EDTA-washing. Chemical element concentrations were corrected using Sc (soil tracer) since resuspended soil is the main source of contamination in leaves. As a result, EDTA-washing should be used mainly for the evaluation of terrigenous elements, while the Sc-corrected concentrations are considered satisfactory for the other elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies concerning the accumulating capacity of native epiphytic bromeliads are of utmost relevance, due to the continuous incorporation of chemical elements provided by these organisms in the ecosystems. Bromeliad species from diverse São Paulo State conservation units, Brazil, were sampled for young, mature and old leaves using a sustainable sampling method. By applying INAA, the accumulation of ten chemical elements, i.e. Br, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Sc, Sr and Zn, was investigated in different leaf vegetative stages. The bromeliads showed divergent chemical element distribution patterns, demonstrating a real complexity in the accumulation and translocation mechanisms utilized by these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epiphytic bromeliads have been used as biomonitors of air pollution since they have specialized structures in leaves for absorbing humidity and nutrients available in the atmosphere. Leaves of five bromeliad species were collected in the conservation unit Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo State, Brazil, and analyzed by INAA. Vriesea carinata was the species showing most accumulation, with the highest mass fractions of K, Na, Rb and Zn. Similar results were previously found for the same species collected in the dense ombrophilous forest. Chemical composition of bromeliads provided an indication of the atmosphere status in the conservation unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental quality assessment studies have been conducted with tree species largely distributed in the Atlantic Forest. Leaf and soil samples were collected in the conservation unit Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) nearby the industrial complex of Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil, and analyzed for chemical elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Results were compared to background values obtained in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB). The higher As, Fe, Hg and Zn mass fractions in the tree leaves of PESM indicated anthropogenic influence on this conservation unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resuspended soil and other airborne particles adhered to the leaf surface affect the chemical composition of the plant. A well-defined cleaning procedure is necessary to avoid this problem, providing a correct assessment of the inherent chemical composition of bromeliads. To evaluate the influence of a washing procedure, INAA was applied for determining chemical elements in the leaves of bromeliads from Vriesea carinata species, both non-washed and washed with Alconox, EDTA and bi-distilled water. Br, Ce, Hg, La, Sc, Se, Sm and Th showed higher mass fractions in non-washed leaves. The washing procedure removed the exogenous material without leaching chemical elements from inside the tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment cores from Catingueiro, Barrinha and Rio das Pedras marginal lagoons of the Moji-Guaçu River basin were analyzed for rare earth elements (REEs), Fe, Ta and Th by instrumental neutron activation analysis ( k 0-INAA). Data indicated similarities between Catingueiro and Barrinha lagoons, while a distinct scenario was seen for Rio das Pedras likely due to changes of sedimentation rate in 1950's. By using Fe, Sc, Ta and Th as conservative elements, double normalization technique was performed in order to assess the distribution pattern of Ce, Eu, La, Sm and Tb for each core. In all cases, it was evident a depletion of lighter REE elements in the Rio das Pedras lagoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Some phytochemicals have shown the potential of being radiomodifiers, especially phenolic compounds, such as lichenic secondary metabolites. To evaluate the phytochemical usnic acid as a radiomodifier, embryonic cells of molluscs have been used due to their ease of collection, high sensitivity to physical and chemical agents, well-known embryology and low cost for analysis. Materials and methods: This study aimed to assess the radiosensitizing action of usnic acid on Biomphalaria glabrata embryos. Samples were irradiated with 4 Gy of gamma rays from a 60Co source (dose rate 2.906 Gy/h). An acute toxicity test was performed using B. glabrata embryos in the blastula stage, in order to determine the toxicity of usnic acid and to establish the lethal Concentration for 50% (LC50). Subsequently, the radiomodifing capacity of usnic acid was estimated using assays with B. glabrata embryos. Results: Irradiation increased the number of non-viable embryos compared to unirradiated controls. Additionally, it was observed that embryos exposed to a non-toxic concentration of usnic acid (0.6 µg/mL) before irradiation showed a further enhancement in non-viable embryos when compared with exposure to ionizing radiation alone. Conclusion: The results presented here indicate that usnic acid makes cells more sensitive to the damaging effects of radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) disease results in serious economical losses for the Brazilian citriculture. The influence of CVC disease on the elemental composition of citrus plants was investigated. Leaves of sweet orange varieties Hamlin, Pera Rio and Valencia were collected from healthy and CVC-affected trees for chemical characterization by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Significant differences between healthy and CVC-affected leaves were identified for Ca, Ce, Co, Eu, Fe, K, La, Na, Nd, Rb, Sc and Sm. Rare earth elements presented consistently higher mass fractions in the healthy leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of a Compton suppression system (CSS) for instrumental neutron activation analysis of plant materials was evaluated. Suppression factors were measured with 137Cs sources. Five certified reference materials were analyzed and the detection limits calculated from both suppressed and unsuppressed spectra were compared. The CSS demonstrated to be useful for lowering the detection limits of ten out of sixteen elements tested, showing a maximum improvement factor of 3.9. The system performance was strongly influenced by the sample composition and also by the measurement conditions, indicating the importance of testing each individual sample type and analytical protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive sampling of organic and conventional oranges was carried out in Bebedouro, an important citrus producing region of Brazil. The soils, leaves and fruits of the variety Valencia ( Citrus sinensis [L.]Osbeck) budded on Rangpur lime ( Citrus limonia Osbeck) were analyzed. The chemical characterization was accomplished by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Indications for a difference between organic and conventional orange juices and leaves were obtained by applying univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. There were differences between samples for Br, Co, Cs, La and Rb from both systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]