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Vaccination and infection elicit antibodies with Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Fc-effector functions are more stable than neutralization in convalescent individuals. Hybrid immunity generates higher levels of Fc-effector functions than vaccination alone. Fc-effector functions play a protective role against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in different animal models. Caution should be used when selecting assays to measure Fc-effector functions. Major efforts were deployed to study the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 have been extensively studied in the context of infections, vaccinations, and breakthrough infections. Antibodies, however, are pleiotropic proteins that have many functions in addition to neutralization. These include Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although important to combat viral infections, these Fc-effector functions were less studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2 compared with binding and neutralization. This is partly due to the difficulty in developing reliable assays to measure Fc-effector functions compared to antibody binding and neutralization. Multiple assays have now been developed and can be used to measure different Fc-effector functions. Here, we review these assays and what is known regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. Overall, this review summarizes and updates our current state of knowledge regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidification is a well-known treatment to reduce NH 3 emissions from livestock slurries by lowering their pH, but its application at the farm scale is still limited. The acid dosage depends on the acid strength and slurries composition. Acidification does not have a lasting effect and after the acid addition the slurry pH tends to rise due to its buffer system. By studying 54 samples of pig slurry, dairy cattle slurry and digestate, this study aimed to: (i) identify the chemical-physical parameters related to the sulphuric acid (98% w/w) dosage necessary to reduce pH at 5.5, and pH variation over time; (ii) develop predictive models for the acid dosage and the pH after one (pH1w) and two weeks (pH2w) of storage based on slurry composition by using regression trees (RT) and random forests (RF). Acid dosage ranged between 0.8 and 11.7 ml kg−1 increasing with slurry alkalinity, with digestate requiring significantly higher dosage than slurries. Pig slurry showed significantly higher pH increase than the other two slurries. Finally, the pH trend over time was negatively correlated with the solids content. The RF identified the alkalinity and the initial slurry pH as the most important variables in explaining the required acid dosage, while for pH1w and pH2w it identified the total organic carbon and volatile solids. Based on RF results, RT models accurately predicted required acid dosage (r2 = 0.881), the pH1w (r2 = 0.728) and pH2w (r2 = 0.667). Therefore, these simple models can have practical applications for reducing NH 3 emissions. • Acidification treatment reduces ammonia emissions from livestock slurry and digestate. • Correlations among slurry composition variables, acid dosage and pH trends were studied. • Needed acid dosage and pH trends were predicted with regression trees and random forests. • Needed acid dosage was accurately predicted by alkalinity and initial pH of the slurry. • PH trends over time were accurately predicted by total organic carbon and volatile solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the majority of research examining the effect of childhood abuse on relational aspects in adulthood is almost exclusively based on intraindividual data. The current study explores a moderating-mediating model from a dyadic perspective, examining the mediating effect that perceived intimacy has on the associations between concern couple caregiving and relationship satisfaction. It further investigates whether these mediation paths are moderated by a history of childhood abuse (physical/emotional/sexual). A total of 143 nonclinical couples (n = 286) in enduring relationships were recruited. A moderated mediation actor–partner interdependence model (moderated mediation actor-partner interdependence model (APIM)) comprised of three segments, was conducted. Results indicated that intimacy mediated the link between concern caregiving and relationship satisfaction on the actor's level, with effects applying equally to both husbands and wives. A higher level of intimacy among husbands and wives alike is linked, in turn, with higher relationship satisfaction. The path between actors' concern caregiving and their level of intimacy was moderated by the actors' childhood emotional and physical abuse; specifically, concern caregiving exerts greater effect on intimacy among participants who experienced high levels of emotional abuse, or low levels of physical abuse. Our findings highlight how different types of childhood abuse affect adult romantic relationships differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous activation of the incretin G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via unimolecular dual-receptor agonists (UDRA) has emerged as a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also advocate triple agonism with molecules also capable of binding the glucagon receptor. In this scoping review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms of action (MOA) underlying the actions of these novel and therapeutically important classes of peptide receptor agonists. Clinical efficacy studies of several UDRAs have demonstrated favorable results both as monotherapies and when combined with approved hypoglycemics. Although the additive insulinotropic effects of dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) agonism were anticipated based on the known actions of either glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) alone, the additional benefits from GCGR were largely unexpected. Whether additional synergistic or antagonistic interactions among these G-protein receptor signaling pathways arise from simultaneous stimulation is not known. The signaling pathways affected by dual- and tri-agonism require more trenchant investigation before a comprehensive understanding of the cellular MOA. This knowledge will be essential for understanding the chronic efficacy and safety of these treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the lens of Bowen's systemic family theory, this study employed the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to investigate the mediating effect fear of intimacy has on the association between self-differentiating and both partners' relationship satisfaction. One hundred and forty-four non-clinical married couples (N = 288) in enduring relationships were recruited. Results for actor effects revealed two mediating paths whereby, among both partners, self-differentiation was associated with their relationship satisfaction via fear of intimacy. Partner effect revealed that wives' higher self-differentiation was associated with their lower fear of intimacy, which was linked, in turn, to husbands' higher relationship satisfaction; unlike husbands' fear of intimacy, which had no effect. Our results support Bowen's theoretical assumptions positing that self-differentiation indicates the ability for intimacy, which affects couple relationship satisfaction. Interestingly, the results highlight the role of the wives' capability to establish intimate relationships on the husbands' relationship satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials have shown that botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A), when injected into the frown musculature, is an antidepressant. This review outlines the conceptual narrative behind this treatment modality, starting with theory developed by Charles Darwin. We develop the concept of emotional proprioception and discuss how the muscles of facial expression play an important role in relaying valenced information to the brain's emotional neuroanatomical circuit. We review the role of facial frown musculature as the brain's barometer and transmitter of negatively valanced emotional information. The direct connections between the corrugator muscles and the amygdala are reviewed, and these provide a neuroanatomical circuit that is a logical target for treatment with BoNT/A. The centrality of amygdala dysfunction in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders, and the evidence that BoNT/A modulates amygdala activity, provides the mechanistic link between BoNT/A and its antidepressant activity. Animal models of BoNT/A's antidepressant effects confirm the evolutionary conservation of this emotional circuit. The clinical and theoretical implications of this evidence, as it relates to the potential treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders by BoNT/A, is discussed. The ease of administration, long duration, and favorable side effect profile of this therapy is reviewed in the context of existing antidepressant treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, we report particular begging strategies by Andean dogs and by humans on the unsurfaced road between the villages of Parotani and Cahiuasi in Bolivia, recording their position and behavioral displays. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score, according to the higher probability of receiving food. The occurrences of the correct positioning at the external and internal parts of the bend were compared using a statistical test. The dogs were always observed to lie down at the border of the road, mainly alone and where the hairpin bends had been formed because of the strong sloping, forcing vehicles to slow down. Humans were observed mainly in groups. The percentage of dogs lying down on the external parts of bends was 81.2%, while humans were observed at external bends in 63.6% of cases. The mean score of dogs was significantly higher than that of humans. In this study, we report a particular begging strategy by Andean dogs and by humans on the unsurfaced road between the villages of Parotani and Cahiuasi in Bolivia. The positions of the dogs and humans begging and their behavioral displays were recorded. In dogs, the distance from each other was also recorded. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score, according to the higher probability of receiving food. The highest scores were assigned to the positions where cars had to slow down and the subjects were well visible, thus meriting a score corresponding to the higher probability of receiving a treat. The occurrences of the correct positioning at the external and internal parts of the bend were compared by a chi-square test. On a range of 93.3 km, the dogs were observed to always lie down at the border of the road, mainly alone (96.3%) and on hairpin bends, present due to the steep slope, obliging the vehicles to slow down. Humans were observed mainly in groups. The percentage of dogs lying on the external part of the bends was 81.2%, which was above the level of chance (p < 0.01). Humans were observed at external bends in 63.6% of cases, which was at chance level. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score according to the higher probability of receiving food. The mean scores were 1.48 and 0.65 for dogs and humans, respectively, and the difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: This was a retrospective comparative study. Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform a clinical and radiological retrospective evaluation of the most used techniques for the lumbar degenerative disk disease (DDD) treatment: arthrodesis versus dynamic neutralization (DN)-Dynesys dynamic stabilization system. Methods: The study included 58 consecutive patients affected by lumbar DDD, 28 treated with rigid stabilization and 30 with DN at our department between 2003 and 2013. The clinical evaluation was performed through the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The radiographic evaluation was performed through standard and dynamic X-ray projections and magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Both techniques determined a clinical improvement in the postoperative period compared to the preoperative one. There were no significant differences between the postoperative VAS of the two techniques. The DN group postoperative ODI percentage showed a significant improvement (P = 0.026) compared to the arthrodesis group. During the follow-up, no clinically significant differences were highlighted between the two techniques. At a long term follow up period, radiographic results showed, in both groups, a L3–L4 disk mean height reduction and an increase of segmental and lumbar lordosis without significant differences between the two techniques. During an average of 96-month follow-up period, 5 (18%) patients developed an adjacent segment disease in the arthrodesis group and 6 (20%) patients developed this syndrome in the DN group. Conclusions: We are confident in recommending arthrodesis and DN as effective techniques for lumbar DDD treatment. Both techniques are potentially burdened, with similar frequency, by the development of long-term adjacent segment disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional literature has indicated the detrimental effect of postpartum depression (PPD) and impaired mother's bond with baby (MBB) on infants throughout their development. The present study aimed to examine whether the associations between caregiving dispositions and both postpartum depression (PPD) and mothers' perception of their bond with baby (MBB) are mediated by maternal self-efficacy, and whether these mediation paths are moderated by marital satisfaction. In this study participated 182 mothers who were in the six months that followed the birth of their child. Results indicated that anxious caregiving predicted both PPD and MBB; however, avoidant caregiving was related only to PPD. Maternal self-efficacy had a salient contribution to both PPD and MBB, and fully mediated the link between anxious caregiving and both PPD and MBB. Marital satisfaction moderated the link between anxious caregiving and MBB. The findings suggest that it may be important when forming interventions focused on enhancing self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrograde intramedullary fixation has been proposed to improve the rate of union providing greater stability in patients with a posterior cruciate ligament retaining femoral TKA component and decreasing soft-tissue trauma. This study assessed the clinical and radiographical outcome of retrograde intramedullary nailing (RIN) for the treatment of periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur in an elderly population. Between January 2014 and December 2018, 16 patients with PSF underwent RIN. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and the Short-form health survey (SF-12). The radiographic outcome was evaluated directly on the X-rays. Complications were also described. 13 patients (11 females and 2 males) with a mean age of 84 years old (range, 77-89) were evaluated clinically and radiographically, after a mean of 48.3 months (range, 24-73 months). The SF-12 scores were similar to normative values for subjects in the comparable age group. Radiographic union was obtained in all patients after an average of 14,8 weeks (range, 12-40 weeks) postoperatively. RIN is a safe and effective treatment for PSF, above all in the elderly population. The overall clinical and radiographic result was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal disease that may be complicated by the development of serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED). The exact molecular mechanisms of CSCR have remained uncertain as well as there is no effective medical therapy. Herein, we describe a case of a 43-year-old male suffering from chronic CSCR with PED and visual acuity reduction (20/40) that showed improvement in visual acuity (20/25) and metamorphopsia 2 weeks after daily intake of 20 mg sildenafil tablets. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan showed resolution of PED with residual degeneration of the photoreceptor inner and outer segment layer and retinal pigmented epithelium. The patient continued treatment with sildenafil 20 mg for 2 months. Six months after the discontinuation of therapy, visual acuity was maintained, with absence of PED at OCT. Our case supports the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors may be an alternative in the treatment of patients with CSCR, alone or combined with other medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrograde intramedullary fixation has been proposed to improve the rate of union providing greater stability in patients with a posterior cruciate ligament retaining femoral TKA component and decreasing soft-tissue trauma. This study assessed the clinical and radiographical outcome of retrograde intramedullary nailing (RIN) for the treatment of periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur in an elderly population. Between January 2014 and December 2018, 16 patients with PSF underwent RIN. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and the Short-form health survey (SF-12). The radiographic outcome was evaluated directly on the X-rays. Complications were also described. 13 patients (11 females and 2 males) with a mean age of 84 years old (range, 77-89) were evaluated clinically and radiographically, after a mean of 48.3 months (range, 24-73 months). The SF-12 scores were similar to normative values for subjects in the comparable age group. Radiographic union was obtained in all patients after an average of 14,8 weeks (range, 12-40 weeks) postoperatively. RIN is a safe and effective treatment for PSF, above all in the elderly population. The overall clinical and radiographic result was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social and service robotics, complex collaborative tasks are expected to be executed while interacting with humans in a natural and fluent manner. In this scenario, the robotic system is typically provided with structured tasks to be accomplished, but must also continuously adapt to human activities, commands, and interventions. We propose to tackle these issues by exploiting the concept of cognitive control, introduced in cognitive psychology and neuroscience to describe the executive mechanisms needed to support adaptive responses and complex goal‐directed behaviors. Specifically, we rely on a supervisory attentional system to orchestrate the execution of hierarchically organized robotic behaviors. This paradigm seems particularly effective not only for flexible plan execution but also for human–robot interaction, because it directly provides attention mechanisms considered as pivotal for implicit, non‐verbal human–human communication. Following this approach, we are currently developing a robotic cognitive control framework enabling collaborative task execution and incremental task learning. In this paper, we provide a uniform overview of the framework illustrating its main features and discussing the potential of the supervisory attentional system paradigm in different scenarios where humans and robots have to collaborate for learning and executing everyday activities. We provide a uniform overview of a robotic cognitive control framework discussing the potential of the proposed approach in different scenarios where humans and robots collaborate for learning and executing everyday activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) was employed in this study to investigate the mediating effect self-differentiation and spousal caregiving have on the relationship between recollection of parental care and acceptance and couple satisfaction. One hundred and forty-four non-clinical couples (N = 288) in enduring relationships were recruited. Results for actor effects revealed two mediating paths whereby, among both partners, recollection of maternal (but not paternal) acceptance was associated with their self-differentiation and responsive spousal caregiving, which, in turn, were linked to their spousal relationship satisfaction. Partner effects revealed three mediating paths: for both partners, recollection of childhood maternal acceptance was associated with responsive caregiving, which, in turn, was linked with their partner's relationship satisfaction. Interestingly, the husbands' recollection of maternal acceptance was associated with their partners' responsive spousal caregiving, which was linked to both spouses' relationship satisfaction. Our results may support the theoretical assumptions regarding intergenerational continuity from perceptions of childhood via self-differentiation effecting couple caregiving to couple relationship, but only on the mother's part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining broad pest resistance, high yield, and nutritional quality of fruit in the same hybrid is a challenge for round tomato breeders. Thus, development of a dwarf round tomato line for obtaining hybrids may be an excellent alternative for achieving such objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential, fruit quality, and pest resistance of BC1F3 dwarf round tomato populations. We evaluated 13 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of 10 BC1F3 dwarf populations originating from self-fertilization of dwarf populations selected in BC1F2, plus both parents (recurrent and donor) and a commercial hybrid. The traits evaluated were yield, number of fruit, mean weight, number of locules, shape, pulp thickness, longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruit, precocity index, and soluble solids, ß-carotene, lycopene, and acylsugar content. The data were analyzed through the means test. In general, there was an increase of up to 1035% in average fruit weight of the dwarf populations in relation to the donor parent. In addition, some dwarf populations had fruit with 49% more lycopene compared to the commercial hybrid, as well as greater acylsugar content in the leaves (273%). The UFU-DW22 dwarf population stood out with good agronomic potential, higher lycopene content in the fruit, and high acylsugar content, which provides pest resistance. To continue this research, a second backcross is suggested in order to obtain lines and, posteriorly, hybrids with round fruits and compact plants, pest resistance and nutritional quality of fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertigation can be a suitable technique for utilizing digestate, minimizing nitrogen losses, and contributing to circularity within a farming system. For this purpose, digestate usually is first processed with a screw-press separator. However, further filtration is required to remove particles that could clog the nozzles of drip or sprinkling irrigation systems. Advanced filtration can be obtained using mechanical separation with screens having openings of 100- 300 µm. This operation can be another source of ammonia emission, but this aspect has not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the emissions from three different filtration systems for digestate. The study was conducted in three different farms located in Lombardy (Italy) using digestate to fertigate maize by drip irrigation (two farms) and pivot irrigation (one farm). Ammonia emissions were measured with passive samplers and the fluxes were examined using an inverse dispersion model implemented in Windtrax software. The emissions were measured both when the filtration systems were in operation and when they were switched off. Ammonia emissions (mean values between 375 and 876 µg NH3/m2/s) tended to increase during operation of the filtration systems. However, no significant differences were found in the emisemissions from active and inactive equipment on any of the farms. The emissions from the filtration systems were higher than from a storage tank (22-67 µg NH3/m²/s). However, the mean emissions amounted to only 0.3% of the nitrogen content of the digestate. These emissions can be considered irrelevant in the context of the whole management scheme for digestate. This work provides a first insight on ammonia emissions arising from advanced filtration of digestate, with specific reference to Po Valley farming systems. Further studies are required to improve knowledge about emissions from the entire digestate management process, including the treatments required for specific application techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragile geologic features (FGFs) are used as negative indicators of strong ground motion. By evaluating the stability of FGFs and determining their age, it is possible to constrain the local maximum seismic ground acceleration that has occurred during their lifetime. This methodology was originally developed to analyze precariously balanced rocks (a subset of FGFs) and has been used to assess long‐term fault activity and improve seismic hazard analyses. In the Negev desert of Israel, several in situ, slender rock pillars exhibit natural frequencies within the range of seismic waves (1–10 Hz) and therefore constitute an important FGF subset. However, the motion of such pillars may be complex with an initial stage of swaying followed by basal detachment, rocking and toppling, or failure within the pillar. To demonstrate that pillar stability can be analyzed using the existing FGF methodology, we show that the tensional stresses developed at the base of a pillar swaying at its fundamental modes of motion are comparable or larger than the typical tensile strength of Negev pillars. Finally, we demonstrate how a newly documented data set of Negev FGFs can be used to provide new insights on fault activity along the Negev‐Sinai Shear Zone and the Arava Fault. Assuming a plausible range of motion amplification, the stability analysis of long‐standing FGFs yields significant constraints on fault seismicity parameters (Mmax < 7 for a section of the Arava Fault). Extending the regional data set would provide important insights for regional seismic hazard along the Dead Sea Transform. Key Points: In situ, slender rock pillars constitute sensitive seismoscopes that indicate the maximal ground accelerations that occurred during their lifespanFragile geologic features of the Negev, Israel, survived thousands of years of seismicity along local faults and along the Dead Sea TransformOur work yields potential constraints on seismicity parameters of the Arava Fault with implications for seismic hazard analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Implementing encapsulation techniques is pivotal in safeguarding bioactive molecules against environmental conditions for drug delivery systems. Moreover, the food‐grade nanocarrier is a delivery system and food ingredient crucial in creating nutraceutical foods. Nano α‐lactalbumin has been shown to be a promissory nanocarrier for hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, the nanoprotein can enhance the tecno‐functional properties of food such as foam and emulsion. The present study investigated the nanostructured α‐lactalbumin protein (nano α‐la) as a delivery and controlled release system for bioactive molecules in a gastric‐intestinal in vitro mimic system. RESULTS: The nano α‐la was synthesized by a low self‐assembly technique, changing the solution ionic strength by NaCl and obtaining nano α‐la 191.10 ± 21.33 nm and a spherical shape. The nano α‐la showed higher encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity for quercetin than riboflavin, a potential carrier for hydrophobic compounds. Thermal analysis of nano α‐la resulted in a ΔH of −1480 J g−1 for denaturation at 57.44 °C. The nanostructure formed by self‐assembly modifies the foam volume increment and stability. Also, differences between nano and native proteins in emulsion activity and stability were noticed. The release profile in vitro showed that the nano α‐la could not hold the molecules in gastric fluid. The Weibull and Korsmeyer‐Peppas model better fits the release profile behavior in the studied fluids. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the possibility of nano α‐la as an alternative to molecule delivery systems and nutraceutical foods' formulation because of the high capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules and the improvement of techno‐functional properties. However, the nanocarrier is not perfectly suitable for the sustainable delivery of molecules in the gastrointestinal fluid, demanding improvements in the nanocarrier. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How, where, and why carbon (C) moves into and out of an ecosystem through time are long‐standing questions in biogeochemistry. Here, we bring together hundreds of thousands of C‐cycle observations at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA, a mid‐latitude landscape dominated by 80–120‐yr‐old closed‐canopy forests. These data answered four questions: (1) where and how much C is presently stored in dominant forest types; (2) what are current rates of C accrual and loss; (3) what biotic and abiotic factors contribute to variability in these rates; and (4) how has climate change affected the forest's C cycle? Harvard Forest is an active C sink resulting from forest regrowth following land abandonment. Soil and tree biomass comprise nearly equal portions of existing C stocks. Net primary production (NPP) averaged 680–750 g C·m−2·yr−1; belowground NPP contributed 38–47% of the total, but with large uncertainty. Mineral soil C measured in the same inventory plots in 1992 and 2013 was too heterogeneous to detect change in soil‐C pools; however, radiocarbon data suggest a small but persistent sink of 10–30 g C·m−2·yr−1. Net ecosystem production (NEP) in hardwood stands averaged ~300 g C·m−2·yr−1. NEP in hemlock‐dominated forests averaged ~450 g C·m−2·yr−1 until infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid turned these stands into a net C source. Since 2000, NPP has increased by 26%. For the period 1992–2015, NEP increased 93%. The increase in mean annual temperature and growing season length alone accounted for ~30% of the increase in productivity. Interannual variations in GPP and NEP were also correlated with increases in red oak biomass, forest leaf area, and canopy‐scale light‐use efficiency. Compared to long‐term global change experiments at the Harvard Forest, the C sink in regrowing biomass equaled or exceeded C cycle modifications imposed by soil warming, N saturation, and hemlock removal. Results of this synthesis and comparison to simulation models suggest that forests across the region are likely to accrue C for decades to come but may be disrupted if the frequency or severity of biotic and abiotic disturbances increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new two-layer closed form model for the dynamics of desert dunes under the effect of a horizontal wind blowing in an arbitrary direction. This model is an extension of a very simplified model previously introduced by Hadeler and Kuttler [12]. Our extension, inspired by the sandpile dynamics approach, includes the effects of gravity on both sides (upwind and downwind) of the dune, and allows to describe erosion and deposition in a more accurate way. After a discussion of the model and its properties we present a numerical scheme based on finite differences in 1D and we prove its consistency and stability. Some numerical tests show a good qualitative behavior and a realistic shape for the evolving dunes. Finally, we discuss the preliminary steps of a possible extension of this model to the 2D case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During HIV-1 entry into target cells, binding of the virus to host receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers serial conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that result in the fusion of the viral and cell membranes. Recent discoveries have refined our knowledge of Env conformational states, allowing characterization of the targets of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies, and identifying a novel off-pathway conformation (State 2A). Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of these conformational states, focusing on (i) the events during HIV-1 entry; (ii) conformational preferences of HIV-1 Env ligands; (iii) evasion of the host antibody response; and (iv) potential implications for therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection. In primary HIV-1, Env exists in a metastable pretriggered state (State 1). Broadly neutralizing antibodies predominantly target this conformation. Receptor binding drives Env from State 1 to downstream conformations on the virus entry pathway. A recently discovered off-pathway Env conformation (State 2A) is recognized by antibodies against Env epitopes induced by CD4 binding that efficiently mediate antibody-dependent killing of HIV-1-infected cells. Current soluble Env trimers are stabilized in State-2-default conformations. Characterizing the structure of State-1 Envs and testing immunogens stabilized in State 1 are worthy goals. The efficacy of CD4-mimetic compounds in protecting gp120-vaccinated monkeys from simian HIV infection highlights the potential of modulating Env conformation for prevention approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In critical infrastructures like airports, much care has to be devoted in protecting radio communication networks from external electromagnetic interference. Protection of such mission-critical radio communication networks is usually tackled by exploiting radiogoniometers: at least three suitably deployed radiogoniometers, and a gateway gathering information from them, permit to monitor and localise sources of electromagnetic emissions that are not supposed to be present in the monitored area. Typically, radiogoniometers are connected to the gateway through relay nodes. As a result, some degree of fault-tolerance for the network of relay nodes is essential in order to offer a reliable monitoring. On the other hand, deployment of relay nodes is typically quite expensive. As a result, we have two conflicting requirements: minimise costs while guaranteeing a given fault-tolerance. In this paper, we address the problem of computing a deployment for relay nodes that minimises the overall cost while at the same time guaranteeing proper working of the network even when some of the relay nodes (up to a given maximum number) become faulty (fault-tolerance). We show that, by means of a computation-intensive pre-processing on a HPC infrastructure, the above optimisation problem can be encoded as a 0/1 Linear Program, becoming suitable to be approached with standard Artificial Intelligence reasoners like MILP, PB-SAT, and SMT/OMT solvers. Our problem formulation enables us to present experimental results comparing the performance of these three solving technologies on a real case study of a relay node network deployment in areas of the Leonardo da Vinci Airport in Rome, Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares levels and psychosocial predictors of well-being among 73 persons diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and 80 matched non-clinical (NC) controls. Findings show that the NC group scored higher on well-being, experiences of parental care, and couple relationship satisfaction; whereas the SSD group scored higher on both avoidant and anxious attachment styles, parental overprotection, and parental differential treatment (reporting being favored more than their siblings). Low scores on insecure attachment and parental care were key predictors of well-being among the NC group; couple relationship satisfaction mediated the association between avoidant attachment and well-being in both groups. The results warrant interventions that factor in attachment styles when patients diagnosed with SSD begin therapy that aims to improve their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from ethnopsychoanalysis approach, we describe in this paper an experience of transcultural group psychotherapy we are developing since many years with immigrant families. It is a public service to whom families are addressed by local health operators like child psychiatry or family planning services. The group is leaded by one psychotherapist and others are taking the role of co-therapists; two cultural linguistic mediators and an interpreter are part of the group and the session can take place either in mother tongue or in Italian. The author briefly explains theoretical principles, setting, methods and therapeutic aims, which are basically oriented to sustain and appreciate cultural diversity, and master splitting mechanism, which develop after migration trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Grounded in Attachment Theory core conceptualization, maternal caregiving system, and reflective functioning this study aimed at examining whether maternal mental state and dispositions translate to how mothers play with their children. Methods: This study utilized an explanatory sequential mixed-method design consisting of qualitative approach and a quantitative cross-sectional design to explore maternal caregiving, reflective functioning, and support provided to child during joint play at the home environment. Seventy mother-child dyads were sampled for the quantitative phase. Measures used: Caregiving System Function scale, Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, and an observation scale, Parent/Caregiver Support of Child's Playfulness to asses 15-min video recording of joint play. Next, twenty observations were selected for the qualitative analysis. Results: Maternal avoidant caregiving predicted reflective functioning, R2 = 0.15, β = −0.038. Anxious caregiving predicted rumination tendency, R2 = 0.16, β = 0.41. Reflective functioning predicted maternal support during joint play, R2 = 0.27, β = 0.27. Maternal caregiving dispositions predicated reflective functioning, which in turn predicted maternal support of child playfulness during joint play. From the qualitative analysis, of a sub-set of 20 dyads, the Balancing of task-oriented and process-oriented behaviors framework emerged and deepened our understanding of joint play experience during middle childhood period. Conclusions: Mothers who demonstrated enhanced support of their child's playfulness demonstrated higher reflective functioning. Researchers, as well as clinicians, can use the proposed framework to explore maternal support and parental dispositions and its effect on child's and dyadic behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dyslexia is a reading disorder with neurological deficit of the magnocellular pathway. The aim of our study was to evaluate the functionality of the magnocellular–Y (M–Y) retinal ganglion cells in adult dyslexic subjects using steady-state pattern electroretinogram and frequency doubling perimetry. Methods: Ten patients with dyslexia (7 females and 3 males), mean age 28.7 ± 5.9 years, and 10 subjects without dyslexia (6 females and 4 males), mean age 27.8 ± 4.1 years, were enrolled in the study and underwent both steady-state pattern-electroretinogram examination and frequency doubling perimetry. Results: There was a significant difference in the amplitude of the steady-state pattern electroretinogram of the dyslexic group and the healthy controls (0.610±0.110 μV vs 1.250±0.296 μV; p=0.0001). Furthermore, in the dyslexic group we found a significant difference between the right eye and the left eye (0.671±0.11 μV vs 0.559±0.15 μV; p=0.001). With frequency doubling perimetry, the pattern standard deviation index increased in dyslexic eyes compared to healthy controls (4.40±0.81 dB vs 2.99±0.35 dB; p=0.0001) and in the left eye versus the right eye of the dyslexic group (4.43±1.10 dB vs 3.66±0.96 dB; p=0.031). There was a correlation between the reduction in the wave amplitude of the pattern electroretinogram and the simultaneous increase in the pattern standard deviation values (r=0.80; p=0.001). This correlation was also found to be present in the left eye (r=0.93; p<0.001) and the right eye (r=0.81; p=0.005) of dyslexic subjects. Conclusion: Our study shows that there was an alteration of the activity of M–Y retinal ganglion cells, especially in the left eye. It confirms that in dyslexia there is a deficit of visual attention with damage not only of the magnocellular-dorsal pathway but also of the M-Y retinal ganglion cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) is exposed on the surfaces of both virions and infected cells. Thus, Env is the principal target for neutralizing antibodies and antibodies able to mediate antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The HIV-1 Env is a flexible molecule known to exist in at least three different conformational states: states 1, 2 and 3. Before interacting with the primary receptor, CD4, Env preferentially adopts a compact, "closed" conformation (state 1) that is largely antibody-resistant. The CD4 binding "opens" Env increasing the vulnerability of infected cells to ADCC mediated by non-neutralizing antibodies, as these easily-elicited antibodies preferentially recognize epitopes exposed in the open conformational states (states 2/3). These antibodies include the anti-coreceptor binding site and the anti-cluster A families of antibodies that, in combination with small CD4-mimetic compounds, stabilize a new asymmetric Env conformation (state 2A) that is vulnerable to ADCC. Approaches aimed at stabilizing this "open" conformation represent new interventional approaches to fight HIV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, several works aim to improve the performance of hydrocyclones using geometry optimization. However, these approaches do not consider the uncertainties in the models, design variables, and parameters, which can lead to solutions that do not correspond to the expected results when applied to real systems. Considering that, the present work proposed a reliability-based optimization of the hydrocyclone dimensions using the Advanced Mean Value (AMV) technique associated with the Multi-Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) algorithm. For that purpose, the maximization of total efficiency and minimization of underflow-to-throughput ratio and Euler number were taken as objectives and constraints were set to ensure an acceptable performance of the hydrocyclone in the main aspects of the process. Some of the obtained devices were selected to be fabricated through an additive manufacturing technique (3D printing) and, after that, be experimentally tested. The optimization results showed that the reliability-based optimization affected the Pareto curves in two different ways: a shortening or a displacement of the curve in relation to the nominal one, depending on which constraints are being activated. The experimental results demonstrated that the hydrocyclones obtained by the reliable approach had a greater tendency to meet the set constraints in practice. Finally, hydrocyclones with great experimental performance were obtained considering separation efficiency, concentration capacity, and energy consumption. [Display omitted] • A systematic methodology to reliability-based multi-objective design of hydrocyclones is proposed. • The obtained optimal hydrocyclones were manufactured by 3D-printing using PETG. • Experiments considering some points of the Pareto's curve were performed and compared with those reported by literature. • The optimal hydrocyclones present better performance in relation to traditional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the sustainable reuse of animal manure as fertiliser, in many cases suitable treatment techniques are needed to modify the composition and obtain a balanced nutrient content. This study was conducted to evaluate the best strategies to remove solids, P, Cu and Zn, using two additives Ca(OH) 2 and Al 2 (SO 4) 3 , in combination with an ammonia stripping process. The assessment was carried out on five type of liquid fractions derived from the mechanical separation of: raw pig slurry, pig digested slurry, pig digested slurry after ammonia stripping, pig and cattle digested slurry, pig and cattle digested slurry after ammonia stripping. After the addition of the chemicals, the liquid fractions were mixed and then separated using a static filter. The contents of total solids P, Cu and Zn were determined. The additives effectively improved separation efficiencies which depended on the type of slurry and additive used. The P separation efficiencies ranged from 72% to 93% using Al 2 (SO 4) 3 , and from 20 to 74% using Ca(OH) 2. The use of Al 2 (SO 4) 3 always had a more consistent effect on the removal efficiencies than Ca(OH) 2. The ammonia stripping process, reducing the alkalinity of the digested liquid fractions, facilitated a higher concentration of elements in the separated fraction. With the addition of Al 2 (SO 4) 3 to digestate after stripping the concentration of P, Cu and Zn in the solid fraction generally increased when compared to the same liquid fraction without stripping. The addition of Ca(OH) 2 might be effective in removing P before the stripping process with the additional benefit to raise pH and improve the ammonia removal efficiency. These findings indicate that solid-liquid separation of animal manure slurries, assisted by chemical additives and coupled with ammonia stripping, can be a viable option for improving the sustainable use of animal manure as a fertiliser. Unlabelled Image • The addition of Ca(OH) 2 and Al 2 (SO 4) 3 can improve the efficiency of solid-liquid separation of livestock manure. • The addition of Ca(OH) 2 can improve both P separation and ammonia removal increasing pH. • The use of Al 2 (SO 4) 3 allows to separate >90% of the phosphorus contained in the ammonia stripped effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n = 398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper reviews the environmental impact of current livestock practices and discusses the advantages offered by Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), as a potential strategy to mitigate environmental risks. PLF is defined as: "the application of process engineering principles and techniques to livestock farming to automatically monitor, model and manage animal production". The primary goal of PLF is to make livestock farming more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable and this can be obtained through the observation, interpretation of behaviours and, if possible, individual control of animals. Furthermore, adopting PLF to support management strategies, may lead to the reduction of the environmental impact of farms. Currently, few studies reported PLF efficacy in reducing the environmental impact, however further studies are necessary to better analyze the actual potential of PLF as a mitigation strategy. Literature shows the potentiality of the application of PLF, as the introduction of PLF in farms can lead to a reduction of Greenhouse gases (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emission in air, nitrates and antibiotics pollution in water bodies, phosphorus, antibiotics and heavy metals in the soil. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • PLF allows to monitor, model and control continuously animal bio-responses. • PLF, optimizing livestock performance, indirectly reduces environmental impact. • More positive effects of PLF on air, water and soil should be further investigated. • PLF could enter fully-fledged among BATs, if its potential will be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paternal involvement and acceptance were compared among 218 custodial divorced fathers, 222 married fathers, and 105 noncustodial divorced fathers. The predictors examined were narcissistic traits and caregiving behaviors, with coparental cooperation and child characteristics as moderators. Results indicated that compared with married and noncustodial fathers, custodial fathers were more involved with their children, cooperated less with their children's mothers, and viewed their children as being difficult. The interactions underscore the uniqueness of custodial fathers: Unlike married and noncustodial divorced fathers, custodial fathers were more accepting of their children, regardless of their avoidant caregiving. Coparental cooperation and narcissistic traits were associated with the greater involvement of noncustodial fathers compared with custodial fathers. In addition, child difficulty moderated the association between acceptance and narcissistic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of ammonia (NH3) emissions associated with manure management requires identification and implementation of effective techniques. The objective of this study was to measure potential ammonia emissions from animal manure and evaluate emission reductions for five mitigation techniques (straw, sawdust, clay, oil and sulphuric acid). Although numerous studies have evaluated individual mitigation techniques, the variability of their effect with different types of slurries has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, the assessment of ammonia emissions from the subsequent land application of stored manure (or slurry) using different techniques would indicate the practical consequences of the entire slurry management chain. The effects of mitigation techniques were evaluated using a model to simulate field application of slurry. Three techniques were compared: broadcast spreading, band spreading and closed-slot injection. Simulations utilised data from experiments conducted at a controlled temperature on six slurries of three different types: pig, cattle and digestate. Ammonia emissions from the raw slurries (i.e., untreated slurry) were determined using the dynamic chamber technique and compared with those from the slurries treated using each of five mitigation techniques. A subsample of one 1 L of each slurry was transferred into 2 L plastic bottles. An airflow of 1 L min-1 across the headspace was established and then emissions were measured over a period of 24 h. The air outlet was connected to two serial acids traps filled with 1% boric acid. The quantity of NH3 trapped was determined by titration. Acidification and oil addition were the most effective techniques, reducing ammonia emission from raw slurries by more than 95% and 80%, respectively. The mitigation effects of straw and sawdust were higher for cattle slurry and digestate than for pig slurry, while clay had an opposite effect. The overall assessment of ammonia emissions from storage and subsequent field application showed that acidification followed by closed-slot injection emitted at most 12% of the emissions from the reference system, while emissions from acidification followed by band spreading were between 14% and 22% of those from the reference system. The latter appears to be both more effective than broadcast spreading and technically more easily operated than a closed-slot injector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac and bromfenac ophthalmic solutions as adjunctive therapy after cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized controlled study included 130 patients who underwent cataract surgery. One hundred patients were randomized to receive postoperatively diclofenac 0.1% (four times daily for 28 days, Group 1) or bromfenac 0.09% (twice daily for 14 days, Group 2) ophthalmic solutions in addition to steroid-antibiotic combination. Thirty patients instilled only steroid-antibiotic combination (Control Group 3). Laser flare-cell photometry and optical coherence tomography scans with central foveal thickness (CFT) measurement were performed before (V0) and 7 (V1), 14 (V2) and 28 days (V3) after surgery. Treatment tolerability was scored using the Ocular Comfort Grading Assessment. Results: Laser flare-cell photometry values were significantly higher at V1, V2 and V3 compared to V0 in all the groups (respectively 13.3 ± 1.0, 12.7 ± 0.9 and 9.6 ± 0.9 vs 8.4 ± 0.6 ph/ms for Group 1; 13.4 ± 1.0, 12.7 ± 0.9 and 12.7 ± 1.0 vs 8.1 ± 0.6 for Group 2; 15.9 ± 0.8, 15.4 ± 0.7 and 14.5 ± 0.7 vs 7.5 ± 0.5 for Group 3) (p < 0.001); flare increase was significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). CFT values were higher after surgery in all the three groups; the increase was significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.0002). The percentage of symptoms-free patients after study treatment was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (respectively 74% vs 14% of the total; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of diclofenac or bromfenac ophthalmic solutions contributed to further reduce both inflammation and cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery compared to steroid-antibiotic combination alone. Diclofenac appeared to be more effective in reducing postoperative intraocular inflammation with a more intense and prolonged regimen, while bromfenac more tolerated with lower daily dose and treatment duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decade following the great economic and financial crisis of 2008 saw the European Union demanding regional leadership. The EU has also suffered a number of other existential crises, such as the ongoing refugee crisis, the Ukraine-Russia military confrontation, the revival of nationalism and radical right-wing populism, alongside the "trade war" between the United States and the EU. The article develops a novel theoretical framework structuring leadership as a peculiar typology of power, characterized by the capacity of both including "followership" countries' interests and providing crisis management. Our central argument is that Germany responded strategically to leadership demand in Europe through a positive power role, exhibiting the inclusion of followership and multilateral leadership rather than hegemonic, together with crisis management skills based on solid influence over regional outcomes. Conclusions are drawn from five key case studies drawn from different policy areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) encompasses several approaches to psychotherapy that use a variety of therapeutic techniques, all united by a focus on meaning structures and information processing. The aim of this article is to propose an integrated and comprehensive model, Multiple Access Psychotherapy (MAP). It is based on several different theoretical models and clinical lines of intervention, respects the rigor of the scientific method, and follows the open and constantly evolving framework of the cognitive behavioral model. After a brief excursus on the history and development of CBT and a description of some new treatment approaches, we present a method that combines several approaches and takes into account the unique and particular way in which patients suffer. The MAP model is based on the idea that the therapist should receive the patient as they present themselves, as they make sense of things and as they look for ways to get better. Because cognitivism offers so many approaches that have been shown to be effective, the therapist does not have to choose between them in advance, but can make any of them available to the patient as needed. Our current knowledge allows us to do this effectively based on the evidence we have gathered over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal practices and their exposure to traumatic events might impede children's psychological adjustment; however, family relations, play, and leisure engagement may mitigate it. Previous research that has focused on the mechanisms influencing children's psychological adjustment has not included contextual factors such as family relations and children's engagement in play. In a sample of mothers with and without a history of trauma, this study aimed to examine the impact of maternal practices on children's psychological adjustment and to test their indirect effect through family relations and child engagement in play and leisure activities. A cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 99 mother-child dyads with children aged 6 to 12 years old, predominantly Caucasian, and mothers with college-level education. Self-report measures assessed parental acceptance-rejection, the impact of maternal exposure to traumatic events, family relations, child psychological adjustment, and play. Children of mothers who reported exposure to traumatic events had significantly more psychosocial difficulties. A moderated mediated model tested whether family relations and child play engagement effects varied based on maternal exposure to traumatic events. The model was significant and both direct and indirect effects were supported. Maternal rejection predicted children's psychological maladjustment and this relation was mediated by children's engagement in play for mothers with a trauma history. These findings point to the importance of play and leisure activities within and outside the family context during the middle childhood period. Highlights: Engagement in play was related to greater psychosocial functioning for children whose mothers reported traumatic events exposure impacted their lives. Family relations did not mitigate the relationship between maternal practices and children's psychosocial adjustment. Children's engagement in play and leisure activities may act as a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time analysis during slurry field application can potentially ensure higher efficiency in crop fertilisation and reduce related environmental problems. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) can predict quickly and adequately the nutrient content of the slurry but the devices are still costly. In this study, a low-cost portable device has been tested to predict total solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus contents in cattle and pig slurries and digestate. Multivariate calibration models were developed for different biomass types (multi-biomass) by comparing support vector machine (SVM) and partial least square (PLS) regressions. The developed SVM and PLS models showed satisfactory and similar results, with performance to deviation ratio (RPD) values ranging between 2.22 and 2.80. The use of the handheld device with the obtained models also meets the requirements of a certification protocol for commercial NIR sensors and therefore can ensure a better slurry management at farm level. • The slurry real-time analysis can improve nutrient efficiency in crop fertilisation. • A low-cost handheld FT-NIR spectrometer operating in the 1350–2558 nm range was used. • Support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares (PLS) regressions were tested. • SVM performs slightly better than PLS to predict nutrients and solids content. • The device meets the requirements of a certification protocol for NIR commercial sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Treatment of COVID-19 with high dose zinc salts • Improvement of oxygenation in COVID-19 after zinc gluconate • Rapid resolution of COVID-19 shortness of breath after zinc salts Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with substantial mortality and no accepted therapy. We report here on four consecutive outpatients with clinical characteristics (CDC case definition) of and/or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who were treated with high dose zinc salt oral lozenges. All four patients experienced significant improvement in objective and symptomatic disease measures after one day of high dose therapy suggesting that zinc therapy was playing a role in clinical recovery. A mechanism for zinc's effects is proposed based on previously published studies on SARS- CoV-1, and randomized controlled trials assessing zinc shortening of common cold duration. The limited sample size and study design preclude a definitive statement about the effectiveness of zinc as a treatment for COVID-19 but suggest the variables to be addressed to confirm these initial findings in future trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial impairment is one of the most important hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. In this work, we wanted to verify the molecular basis of altered mitochondrial dynamics and disposal in Substantia nigra specimens of sporadic PD patients, by the comparison with two cellular models of PD. Indeed, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with either dopamine or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) in order to highlight the effect of altered dopamine homeostasis and of complex I inhibition, respectively. As a result, we found that fusion impairment of the inner mitochondrial membrane is a common feature of both PD human samples and cellular models. However, the effects of dopamine and MPP + treatments resulted to be different in terms of the mitochondrial damage induced. Opposite changes in the levels of two mitochondrial protein markers (voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5β (COX5β)) were observed. In this case, dopamine treatment better recapitulated the molecular picture of patients' samples. Moreover, the accumulation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitophagy marker, was not observed in both PD patients samples and cellular models. Eventually, in transmission electron microscopy images, small electron dense deposits were observed in mitochondria of PD subjects, which are uniquely reproduced in dopamine-treated cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that the mitochondrial molecular landscape of Substantia nigra specimens of PD patients can be mirrored by the impaired dopamine homeostasis cellular model, thus supporting the hypothesis that alterations in this process could be a crucial pathogenetic event in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a structure based on the association of two two-switch forward converters connected to a single high-frequency transformer, whose operation is analogous to the conventional full-bridge topology. In this case, both transformer and output filter inductor are designed for twice the switching frequency. Each forward converter employs a soft switching cell that allows the operation at high frequency with consequent minimization of switching losses and high efficiency over a wide range of the load power. The effect of the leakage inductances of the transformer in the soft commutation is analyzed, and possible solutions are also presented. The complete mathematical study including analytical results to validate the proposal is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research evidence indicates that a childhood history of maltreatment affects parental behaviors in adulthood. The aim of the study was to investigate the predictors for parental behaviors among individuals who reported a history of maltreatment. The current study investigated whether attachment styles, emotional regulation and cognitive appraisals of parenting predicted parental behaviors (positive vs. negative). The study also investigated the differential effects of abuse experiences in childhood (physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect) on parental behaviors. The participants were 213 high-risk Jewish and Arab parents of children aged six and under. Participants completed five self-report questionnaires assessing parental behaviors, childhood experiences of abuse and neglect, attachment styles, emotional regulation, and cognitive appraisal of parenthood. The regression analyses revealed that personal attributes such as ethnicity, childhood experience of emotional abuse/neglect, emotional regulation, and appraisal of parenting, predict negative parental behavior. Anxious attachment and childhood emotional abuse and neglect moderated the impact of parenthood appraisal on parenting behaviors. Although physical and sexual abuse had the highest impact on insecure attachment, emotional abuse/neglect had higher predictive power for non-positive parenting. Clinical interventions for improving the capacity for emotional regulation and parent-child relational skills are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mediating effect of psychological aggression between narcissism and relationship satisfaction was investigated among 128 nonclinical heterosexual couples (N = 256) in enduring relationships, using the actor-partner interdependence model. The results indicated two mediation paths affecting men’s relationship satisfaction: the higher men’s narcissism, the higher their perpetration of psychological aggression, which, in turn, was negatively linked with their own relationship satisfaction and the higher women’s narcissism, the higher their perpetration of psychological aggression, which, in turn, was negatively linked with their male partner’s relationship satisfaction. The analyses also revealed one mediation path affecting women’s relationship satisfaction: the higher their narcissism, the higher the perpetration of psychological aggression, which, in turn, was linked with lower women’s relationship satisfaction. Recommendations for further research and clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an unexpected event, such as a car horn honking, occurs in daily life, it often disrupts our train of thought. In the lab, this effect was recently modeled with a task in which verbal working memory (WM) was disrupted by unexpected auditory events (Wessel et al. in Nature Communications, 7, 11195, 2016). Here we tested whether this effect extends to a different type of WM—namely, visuomotor. We found that unexpected auditory events similarly decremented visuomotor WM. Moreover, this effect persisted for many more trials than had previously been shown for verbal WM, and the effect occurred for two different types of unexpected auditory events. Furthermore, we found that unexpected events decremented WM by decreasing the quantity, but not necessarily the quality, of items stored. These results showed an impact of unexpected events on visuomotor WM that was statistically robust and endured across time. They also showed that the effect was based on an increase in guessing, consistent with a neuroscience-inspired theory that unexpected events “wipe out” WM by stopping the ongoing maintenance of the trace. This new task paradigm is an excellent vehicle for further explorations of distractibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mediating effect of sexual motives between attachment orientation and sexual satisfaction and functioning was investigated among 128 couples (N = 256) using the actor-partner interdependence model (Campbell & Kashy, 2002). Actor effects between attachment orientation and sexual satisfaction and functioning, mediated by sexual motives, were found regarding men's sexual satisfaction, sexual intimacy, and orgasmic responsivity. Partner effect revealed two significant paths in which the greater the women's attachment avoidance, the lower the partners' intimacy motivation, which in turn was linked with lower partners' sexual satisfaction and increased lack of sexual intimacy. The analyses did not reveal significant mediation paths affecting women's sexual satisfaction and functioning. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing a dyadic perspective on sexuality within practice. Recommendations for further research and additional clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air temperatures are rising and the winter snowpack is getting thinner in many high-latitude and high-elevation ecosystems around the globe. Past studies show that soil warming accelerates microbial metabolism and stimulates soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Conversely, winter snow removal to simulate loss of snow cover leads to increased soil freezing and reductions in soil microbial biomass, exoenzyme activity, and N cycling. The Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE), located at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH (USA) is designed to evaluate the combined effects of growing season soil warming and an increased frequency of winter soil freeze-thaw cycles on a northern forest ecosystem. Soils were collected from CCASE over two years (2014 and 2015) and extractable C and N pool sizes, as well as microbial biomass, exoenzymes, and potential net N mineralization and microbial respiration were measured. Soil warming alone did not stimulate microbial activity at any sampling time. Extractable amino acid N and organic C, proteolytic and acid phosphatase activity, and microbial respiration were reduced by the combination of warming in the growing season and winter soil freeze-thaw cycles during the period following snowmelt through tree leaf out in spring. The declines in microbial activity also coincided with an 85% decline in microbial biomass N at that time. Growing season warming and winter soil freeze-thaw cycles also resulted in a two-fold reduction in phenol oxidase activity and a 20% reduction in peroxidase activity and these declines persisted throughout the snow-free time of the year. The results from this study suggest that positive feedbacks between warming and rates of soil C and N cycling over the next 100 years will be partially mitigated by an increased frequency of winter soil freeze-thaw cycles, which decrease microbial biomass and rates of soil microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:We report a case of retinal and posterior ocular findings in a 33-year-old man diagnosed with Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type II) in a multimodal imaging way. Case presentation:Our patient was complaining of blurred night vision for the past 3 years. He had not received any systemic treatment for Hunter syndrome. Vision acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and corneas were clear. Fundus examination revealed bilateral crowded and hyperemic optic nerve heads (elevated in the ocular ultrasound) and areas of subretinal hypopigmentation. There was hyperautofluorescence at the central fovea and perifovea, and a diffuse bilateral choroidal fluorescence in angiography. Macular SD-OCT showed a thinning of the external retina at the perifovea in both eyes. Visual field testing showed a bilateral ring scotoma. The full field ERG was subnormal, with a negative response in the scotopic phase. Visual Evoked Potencial test and cranial MRI were normal. Conclusion:Our multimodal analysis reported here attempted to contribute to the knowledge of the natural history of GAG deposition in the eye, focusing on the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Defining this natural history is essential for a proper comparison with Hunter patients receiving systemic treatment, thus determining if it can or cannot improve retinal function in humans with this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]