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Objective: the aim of the present investigation is to describe the level of knowledge of non-medical workers of the emergency service of a health institution at city of Pasto-Colombia in 2017. Cardiorespiratory arrest is the abrupt, unexpected and potentially reversible interruption of respiration and the mechanical activity of the heart; which requires the implementation of resuscitation measures, whose success depends on the level of knowledge and skill level of the staff that carries it out. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was permormed. The level of knowledge was determined through a questionnaire designed for that purpose. Results: a total of 58 participants were recruited. In 39.65% of cases, the level of knowledge was acceptable, while it was considered adequate in 41.37% of the cases. Scores were higher in the group with basic or advanced life support training in the previous two years. Conclusions: continuous training in life support represents a strategy that leads to obtaining better levels of knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation that, possibly, impacts the outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand what the impact is International Humanitarian Law and International Law of Human Rights in cases involving children and adolescents in armed conflict, it is necessary to define the international corpus of its various instruments and then show how these elements have formed the basis and foundation in the decisions that had to face the Constitutional Court in constitutional rulings that have been subjected to study, for which emphasizes the application of the constitutional instrument as a formal source Law . It does show that, in the delimited area, the interest and the Colombian reality show extensive review by the Court, demonstrated a high degree of concern regarding the various forms of association of children and adolescents in conflict internal armed mainly by the recruitment figures for the High Court which goes not only to international treaties, but also to international custom, specialized teaching, research and statistics between the non-binding instruments, but which serve as parameter for final decision. This identifies a comprehensive international legal framework is a static analysis of the judgments of the Court in these matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthesis of new η4-diene-Fe(CO)3complexes derived from the novel exo-2-oxazolidinone dienes is described. These complexes were prepared by thermal complexation of the substituted dienes with diiron nonacarbonyl to afford the corresponding complexes as crystal solids. The X-ray single-crystal structure analysis revealed characteristic structural properties for diene-iron complexes, showing that in the conformation of the distorted trigonal-pyramidal geometry two of the carbonyl groups point out from the metal toward the vertex C4 and C5 atoms of the heterocycle. Unsuccessful functionalization of the diene moiety by acylation or alkylation of the allylic position indicated the strong stability of these dienes. This stability facilitated the generation of stable and unprecedented conjugated enamine-enol ester- and enamido-enol-Fe(CO)3complexes, by either kinetic or themodynamic control of the reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important area of research in systems biology involves the analysis and integration of genome-wide functional datasets. In this context, a major goal is the identification of a putative molecular network controlling physiological response from experimental data. With very fragmentary mechanistic information, this is a challenging task. A number of methods have been developed, each one with the potential to address an aspect of the problem. Here, we review some of the most widely used methodologies and report new results in support of the usefulness of modularization and other modelling techniques in identifying components of the molecular networks that are predictive of physiological response. We also discuss how system identification in biology could be approached, using a combination of methodologies that aim to reconstruct the relationship between molecular pathways and physiology at different levels of the organizational complexity of the molecular network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price of drinking water is high and in many cities its availability is limited and will decrease in the future. Water is used for urban agriculture and it is highly possible that in the near future there will be serious restrictions for irrigation with drinking water. Therefore, the use of alternative not-aqueduct sources will be necessary to grow vegetables in urban environment. The use of groundwater is a common practice that will be increased in the near future. Almost all the Cuban main cities are located near the sea, often its waters have a high content of soluble salts, some others inland cities could have alkali water. Irrigation with these types of waters affects the yields and can damage the soils and stuffing materials. This paper points out the aspects to should be taken into count for a safe irrigating with these types of waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a natural, sometimes scarce, and fundamental resource for life, essential both for agriculture in many regions of the world and also to achieve sustainability in production systems. Maximizing net returns with the available resources is of the utmost importance, but doing so is a complex problem, owing to the many factors that affect this process (e.g. climatic variability, irrigation system configuration, production costs, subsidy policies). The MOPECO model is a tool for identifying optimal production plans, and water irrigation management strategies. The model estimates crop yield, production and gross margin as a function of the irrigation depth. Finally, these gross margin functions are used to determine an optimum cropping pattern and irrigation strategy to maximize the gross margin on a farm in a specific scenario. Since the relationships between the variables are generally non-linear and the number of alternative strategies is quite large, the optimum process is complex and computationally intensive. Genetic algorithms are therefore used to identify optimal strategies. This paper describes the MOPECO model, which comprises three computing modules: (1) estimation of net water requirements; (2) derivation of the relationship between gross margin and irrigation depth; and (3) identification of the crop planning and the water volumes to be applied. The results obtained by applying the MOPECO model to a specific irrigable area in a semi-arid area of Spain, with great deficits and high water costs, are also included and discussed. These results usually show that the irrigation depth for maximum benefits is lower than that necessary to obtain maximum production. In some areas of Spain, horticultural crops are nearly always part of the optimum alternative. The crops that become part of the optimum alternative are mainly horticultural crops with a high gross margin and low water requirements. The irrigation depths selected for the ideal crop rotation are included among the irrigation depth of maximum economic efficiency and the maximum gross margin irrigation depth. Both are lower than that necessary for the maximum yield. This model helps farmers, extension services, and other agents to analyse, make decisions and optimize water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To perform a bibliometric analysis considering the thesis completion related to psoriasis, stored in digital repositories from universities in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematized analysis of the digital repositories from Mexican institutions having thesis records on psoriasis during 1969-2020 was performed using Zotero reference manager, Microsoft® Access and Excel tools for the bibliometric analysis of the information. RESULTS: Overall, 226 theses were analyzed, with an average production of 4.4 theses per year. The highest number of these were those of medical specialty (n = 156), followed by undergraduate (n = 51), master's (n = 13) and doctorate (n = 6) studies. The National Autonomous University of Mexico was the institution with the largest number of specialty theses, mainly in dermatology in collaboration with the Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua Dermatological Center. CONCLUSIONS: Research about psoriasis in Mexico has shown a constant evolution in recent years, focusing on aspects such as comorbidities, treatments, and patient's quality of life, mainly for the training of specialists in dermatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price of drinking water is high and in many cities its availability is limited and will decrease in the future. Water is used for urban agriculture and it is highly possible that in the near future there will be serious restrictions for irrigation with drinking water. Therefore, the use of alternative not-aqueduct sources will be necessary to grow vegetables in urban environment. Groundwater and surface currents next to the cities are usually polluted; other. Thi s paper points out the aspects to should be taken into count for a safe irrigating with sewage water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple protocols that have been developed to characterize river hydromorphology, partly in response to legislative drivers such as the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD), make the comparison of results obtained in different countries challenging. Recent studies have analyzed the comparability of existing methods, with remote sensing based approaches being proposed as a potential means of harmonizing hydromorphological characterization protocols. However, the resolution achieved by remote sensing products may not be sufficient to assess some of the key hydromorphological features that are required to allow an accurate characterization. Methodologies based on high resolution aerial photography taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been proposed by several authors as potential approaches to overcome these limitations. Here, we explore the applicability of an existing UAV based framework for hydromorphological characterization to three different fluvial settings representing some of the distinct ecoregions defined by the WFD geographical intercalibration groups (GIGs). The framework is based on the automated recognition of hydromorphological features via tested and validated Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Results show that the framework is transferable to the Central-Baltic and Mediterranean GIGs with accuracies in feature identification above 70%. Accuracies of 50% are achieved when the framework is implemented in the Very Large Rivers GIG. The framework successfully identified vegetation, deep water, shallow water, riffles, side bars and shadows for the majority of the reaches. However, further algorithm development is required to ensure a wider range of features (e.g., chutes, structures and erosion) are accurately identified. This study also highlights the need to develop an objective and fit for purpose hydromorphological characterization framework to be adopted within all EU member states to facilitate comparison of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Yearly, up to 1 million patients worldwide suffer from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In Ecuador, CL affects an estimated 5000 patients annually. CL leads to reduced Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) as a result of stigma in the Asian and Mediterranean contexts, but research is lacking for Ecuador. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of CL suspected lesions on the quality of life of patients in the Pacific and Amazon regions.Methods: Patients for this study were included in the Amazonian Napo, Pastaza, and Morona Santiago provinces and the Pacific region of the Pichincha province. Participating centers offered free of charge CL treatment. All patients suspected of CL and referred for a cutaneous smear slide microscopy examination were eligible. This study applied the Skindex-29 questionnaire, a generic tool to measure HRQL in patients with skin diseases. All statistical analysis was done with SPSS Statistics version 28.Results: The skindex-29 questionnaire was completed adequately by 279 patients who were included in this study. All patient groups from the Amazon scored significantly (P < 0.01) higher (indicating worse HRQL) on all the dimensions of the Skindex-29 questionnaire than Mestizo patients from the Pacific region. The percentage of patients with health seeking delay of less than a month was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the Amazon region (38%) than in the Pacific (66%).Conclusions: The present study revealed that the influence of suspected CL lesions on the HRQL of patients in the Ecuadorian Amazon and Pacific depends on the geographic region more than on patient characteristics such as gender, age, number of lesions, lesion type, location of lesions, health seeking delay, or posterior confirmation of the Leishmania parasite. The health seeking delay in the Amazon might result from a lack of health infrastructure or related stigma. Together, the impaired HRQL and prolonged health seeking delay in the Amazon lead to prolonged suffering and a worse health outcome. Determinants of health seeking delay should be clarified in future studies and CL case finding must be improved. Moreover, HRQL analysis in other CL endemic regions could improve local health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the energy expenditure (EE) measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) during playground games and to assess the validity of heart rate (HR) and accelerometry counts as indirect indicators of EE in children's physical activity games. 32 primary school children (9.9 ± 0.6 years old, 19.8 ± 4.9 kg ⋅ m-2 BMI and 37.6 ± 7.2 ml ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1 VO2max). Indirect calorimetry (IC), accelerometry and HR data were simultaneously collected for each child during a 90 min session of 30 playground games. Thirty-eight sessions were recorded in 32 different children. Each game was recorded at least in three occasions in other three children. The intersubject coefficient of variation within a game was 27% for IC, 37% for accelerometry and 13% for HR. The overall mean EE in the games was 4.2 ± 1.4 kcals ⋅ min-1 per game, totaling to 375 ± 122 kcals/per 90 min/session. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and accelerometer counts was 0.48 (p = .026) for endurance games and 0.21 (p = .574) for strength games. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and HR was 0.71 (p = .032) for endurance games and 0.48 (p = .026) for strength games. Our data indicate that both accelerometer and HR monitors are useful devices for estimating EE during endurance games, but only HR monitors estimates are accurate for endurance games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new procedure for calibrating on-demand irrigation network models was developed. This procedure used a new objective function called maximum data with a reasonable error (MDRE) for calibrating the network. It was compared with the two more commonly used objective functions in calibration procedures that are the simple least squares (SLS) and the maximum likelihood estimator for the heteroscedastic error case (HMLE). In order to carry out the calibration, a quasi-Newton optimization method was used having as variable the Hazen-Williams head losses coefficient (C). This procedure was applied to an on-demand irrigation network located in Tarazona de La Mancha (Albacete, Spain) where flow and pressure at hydrant level was measured. The calibration procedure using the MDRE objective function was applied considering all the pressure control points simultaneously and the obtained results were compared with the results of considering the pressure control points independently. Therefore, the effect of the location of the pressure control point was studied. Results showed that, when the proposed objective function was used, the root mean squared error (RMSE) comparing the measured and simulated data after calibration was lower than when the SLS or HMLE objective functions were used. The location of the pressure control points throughout the irrigation network could affect the results; therefore, it was more accurate to use all the control points simultaneously than independently in the calibration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood anatomy of Oecopetalum mexicanum Greenm. & C. H. Thomps. is described for the first time. This species grows in the forest and coffee ecosystem of the sierra de Misantla, Vera-cruz, Mexico. In order to recommend possible uses, mechanical properties essays of different types were carried out. These were: bending, like stress at proportional limit, unit work to proportional limit, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and unit work to maximum load in bending; parallel compression to grain, like maximum strength, stress at proportional limit and modulus of elasticity. All these essays were performed in green wood condition. For each sample, specific gravity was obtained. Vessel diameter, density and distribution, and estimation of abundance and distribution of axial and radial parenchyma were measured from permanent slides. Fiber and vessel elements length, as well as cell contents, were determined from macerated wood samples. Anatomical descriptions were made according to the IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood identification (IAWA 1989). The results so far obtained suggest that el cachichín wood is as resistant as pine wood and, for some mechanical properties, this is better than pine wood. Therefore, it is apt as building material, provided the whole bole is used; only if dimensions allowed, it could be saw for making prismatic pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and simple synthesis of highly substituted 9-ethoxy-3-phenyl-3 H-fluorene[3,2- d]oxazol-2-(4 H,9 H,10 H)-one derivatives 10a− fby a tandem [4 + 2] cycloaddition/cyclopentannulation process of Fischer (arylethynyl)(ethoxy)carbene complexes (CO) 5MC(CCC 6H 4-R)OCH 2CH 3( 1a, M = Cr, R = H; 1b, M = Cr, R = p-CH 3; 1c, M = Cr, R = p-OCH 3; 1d, M = W, R = H; 1e, M = W, R = p-CH 3; 1f, M = W, R = p-OCH 3) with exo-2-oxazolidinone dienes 7a− dis described. A study of reactivity as well as regio- and stereoselectivity in a tandem process of the Fischer carbene complexes 1with the exo-heterocyclic dienes 7was carried out. The cycloadditions were found to be highly regioselective, favoring the paracycloadducts, and highly stereoselective, giving the transdiastereoisomers. The stereochemical assignment of the cycloadducts was supported by NOE measurements, and the derivatives 10b, c, ewere further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A rationalization of the regioselectivity was carried out through an FMO analysis of the energies and coefficients for the most stable conformations of carbenes 1a, dand for diene 7a, showing a stronger interaction for the observed paracycloadduct than for the metaregioisomer. The aromatization of cycloadducts 10a− fwith HCl and DDQ is also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarachnoid hematoma is a rare complication which has a high degree of both morbidity and mortality. The risk factors for developing a hematoma following spinal anesthesia include coagulation abnormalities, coagulation-altering medicines and repeated punctures, among others. The presence of a persistent headache following a lumbar puncture rules out the possibility of a spinal hematoma. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are essential for the successful outcome of the patient. In this report, we describe the case of a patient who was not suffering from any coagulation abnormalities, but who following atraumatic spinal anesthesia, developed a subarachnoid hematoma. This was successfully cured by medical treatment consisting of anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical studies of Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Valle de Bravo–Zitácuaro volcanic field (VBZ) in central Mexico indicate that slab melting plays a key role in the petrogenesis of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Rocks from the VBZ are typical arc-related high-Mg andesites, but two different rock suites with distinct trace element patterns and isotopic compositions erupted concurrently in the area, with a trace element character that is also distinct from that of other Mexican volcanoes. The geochemical differences between the VBZ suites cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation and/or crustal assimilation of a common primitive magma, but can be reconciled by the participation of different proportions of melts derived from the subducted basalt and sediments interacting with the mantle wedge. Sr/Y and Sr/Pb ratios of the VBZ rocks correlate inversely with Pb and Sr isotopic compositions, indicating that the Sr and Pb budgets are strongly controlled by melt additions from the subducted slab. In contrast, an inverse correlation between Pb(Th)/Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios, which extend to lower isotopic values than those for Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalts, indicates the participation of an enriched mantle wedge that is similar to the source of Mexican intraplate basalts. In addition, a systematic decrease in middle and heavy rare earth concentrations and Nb/Ta ratios with increasing SiO2 contents in the VBZ rocks is best explained if these elements are mobilized to some extent in the subduction flux, and suggests that slab partial fusion occurred under garnet amphibolite-facies conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]