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There is abundant scientific literature on tourist expenditure and the factors which determine spending. The purpose of this paper is to systematize, present and analyze the results obtained from a comprehensive review of scientific literature on the variables that affect tourist expenditure for different tourism typologies. It has been possible to discover which factors influence expenditure in the different types of destination, which is of enormous interest for two reasons. Firstly, research opportunities have been identified with respect to the variables and types which have not been closely studied. Secondly, this research will facilitate decisions by policymakers and destination managers, providing information about the factors which generate greater spending and which are those that they should act to strengthen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Delineate management zones improves the management of vineyards. • Management zones were delineated using interpolated maps of grape variables. • PCA was used to select variables as inputs for the fuzzy k-means classification. • Zone location and number were optimized using MZA software and the fuzzy k-means algorithm. • The results were 2 new zones: one to raise grape production and other to improve grape composition. Abstract This study describes a method for delineating management zones using interpolated maps of grape characteristics recorded in 2013 and 2014 in a Godello vineyard located in the Bierzo Denomination of Origin (León, Northwest Spain). Ten variables were analyzed and recorded for the sampled vines (50 vines/ha). Interpolated maps reflecting each variable and year were created by spatial interpolation (kriging) from the sampled points. Principal component analysis was used to detect relationships between variables and to select the variables to be used to create the cluster classification. Using the fuzzy k-means classification algorithm implemented in the Management Zone Analyst (MZA v.1.0.0) software, several zones were delineated by combining the studied variables. The results delineated 2 different management areas composed of 3 zones each based on winery objectives: (1) to increase grape production (combining the yield for 2013 and 2014); and (2) to improve grape composition (combining the pH for 2013 and 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the arrival of the democracy to the municipalities is analysed from the local elections of 1979. In order to be able to illustrate in detail the democratization process of town life, the province of Jaen has been taken as the area of study, and more specifically, two municipalities: La Carolina and Torredonjimeno. To accomplish this, an approach to the context and the situation of the City Halls at the end of Francoism and at the beginning of democracy was done previously. From that point, can be reconstructed the process of local democratic institutions, where decision-making was not arbitrary and fraudulent, and where the arrival of public and social services would be the basis for constructing a model of social wellbeing in which the City Halls become a fundamental element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message Aneurysmal bone cyst ( ABC) is a benign osteolytic lesion that is fast-growing, expansile, and locally destructive. The present case is of a young girl with facial asymmetry, which had become accentuated during the previous months. A conservative treatment was performed to reduce morbidity and affectation of the lower dental nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine water status is widely considered to be fundamental to grape yield and quality. Typical Mediterranean vineyards experience seasonal droughts so water deficits need to be controlled. We evaluated the usefulness and effectiveness of a field spectroradiometer used to estimate vine water content at the leaf and canopy levels. The experiment was conducted in four commercial vineyards located in the Bierzo region (northwestern Spain) on four different grape varieties (Mencía, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Merlot). Data on spectral measurements and leaf variables (total specific leaf fresh weight, equivalent water thickness and specific leaf weight) were compiled during the growth phase up to berry set and veraison in 2009 and 2012 and the relationship between leaf variables, vegetation indices and continuum removal variables was studied. The results varied depending on the variety; also, at canopy level they were not suitable for determining water content. Equivalent water thickness and total specific leaf fresh weight for Tempranillo and Mencía were related to the normalized difference infrared and shortwave infrared water stress indices. Using the continuum removal variables, the best correlations for equivalent water thickness were achieved for band area and maximum band depth calculated for the 1200 nm, 1450 nm and 1950 nm intervals. To estimate vine water status, we recommend calculating the band area for 1450 nm because of its link to equivalent water thickness ( R 2 = 0.681 for Tempranillo). We demonstrate that yield spectroradiometry is a rapid and non-destructive method for estimating leaf water content in commercial vineyard at leaf level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the water status of grape strains is essential for quality wine. Traditional pressure-chamber methods for estimating water stress are laborious and destructive. We evaluated the effectiveness of spectroscopic methods to estimate water content in commercial vine for three grape varieties (Mencía, Merlot and Tempranillo) from vineyards in El Bierzo (NW Spain). We also determined the spectral range, data fitting method and degree of transformation of spectral data necessary to estimate equivalent water thickness (EWT), from the untransformed spectrum (vegetation indices and full spectra) and from the spectrum transformed using continuum removal (CR) (CR reflectance and CR-derived indices). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) were used to fit the model. The results depended on the range studied, with the best results obtained for Tempranillo. Continuous stretches of the spectrum produced more suitable EWT models than vegetation indices. The models obtained from the transformed spectrum produced more accurate estimates. The best model was obtained using PLSR in the spectrum transformed by CR in the range 1265 nm to 1668 nm ( R 2 = 6.75 and RMSE = 0.014%). We demonstrate that a field spectroradiometer determines vine water status rapidly and without damaging sampled leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I endeavour to analyse on the field of action of Feminine Section, taking the province of Jaen as a frame of analysis. A province characterized by an important presence of the rural world, area where Female Section opened an important political - social labor on the women, emphasizing his traditional paper inside the private area and in the development of the rural economy. Nevertheless, in the last years of the Franco's regime, Female Section there tried to erase this past antifeminist helped the woman to increasing his presence in the labor sphere and in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The nature and location of the active sites for the Beckmann rearrangement present in microporous and mesoporous solids have been investigated by comparing the results obtained for oximes of different molecular size, using in situ infrared spectroscopy. The rearrangement of acetophenone and cyclododecanone oximes into acetanilide and laurolactam, respectively, was studied using siliceous and Al-containing zeolites Beta and MFI and mesoporous MCM-41 as catalysts. The results indicate that Brønsted acid sites as well as strongly hydrogen bonded silanol groups and silanol nests, located in the pores of zeolites and MCM-41, are active in the reaction. When the external surface or the outer shell of MFI type crystals is considered, the bridging hydroxyl groups appear to be active, whereas no activity in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclododecanone is observed over silanol groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Water status controls plant physiology and is key to managing vineyard grape quality and yield. Water status is usually estimated by leaf water potential (LWP), which is measured using a pressure chamber; however, this method is difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone. While traditional spectral methods based on leaf reflectance are faster and non-destructive, most are based on vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery (and so only take into account discrete bandwidths) and do not take full advantage of modern hyperspectral sensors that capture spectral reflectance for thousands of wavelengths. We used partial least squares regression (PLSR) to predict LWP from reflectance values (wavelength 350–2500 nm) captured with a field spectroradiometer. We first identified wavelength ranges that minimized regression error. We then tested several common data pre-processing methods to analyze the impact on PLSR prediction precision, finding that derivative pre-processing increased the determination coefficients of our models and reduced root mean squared error (RMSE). The models fitted with raw data obtained their best results at around 1450 nm, while the models with derivative pre-processed achieved their best estimates at 826 nm and 1520 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a recursion model with real parameters of Nabis pseudoferus, we show that its filial cannibalism is an optimal foraging strategy for life reproductive success, but it is not an evolutionarily optimal foraging strategy, since it cannot maximize the descendant's number at the end of the reproductive season. Cannibalism is evolutionarily rational, when the number of newborn offspring produced from the cannibalized offspring can compensate the following two effects: (a) The cannibalistic lineage wastes time, since the individuals hatched from eggs produced by cannibalism start to reproduce later. (b) Cannibalism eliminates not only one offspring, but also all potential descendants from the cannibalized offspring during the rest of reproductive season. In our laboratory trials, from conspecific prey Nabis pseudoferus did not produce newborn nymphs enough to compensate the above two effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scientific literature has shown special interest in the identification of the factors that influence tourism expenditure, especially in cultural destinations. However, very few studies of this type have been undertaken in World Heritage Cities. Taking the case of Úbeda and Baeza, declared World Heritage Sites in 2003, and using a multivariate double-hurdle model, it has been possible to identify the factors that influence tourism expenditure in this type of destination, taking into account three areas of spending: transport, food, and visits and leisure. The results obtained are highly significant for policymakers, destination managers and businesses since they can inform decision-making by these groups in order to increase tourism expenditure in this type of city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic reminded us that the pathogen evolution still has a serious effect on human societies. States, however, can prepare themselves for the emergence of a novel pathogen with unknown characteristics by analysing potential scenarios. Game theory offers such an appropriate tool. In our game-theoretical framework, the state is playing against a pathogen by introducing non-pharmaceutical interventions to fulfil its socio-political goals, such as guaranteeing hospital care to all needed patients, keeping the country functioning, while the applied social restrictions should be as soft as possible. With the inclusion of activity and economic sector dependent transmission rate, optimal control of lockdowns and health care capacity management is calculated. We identify the presence and length of a pre-symptomatic infectious stage of the disease to have the greatest effect on the probability to cause a pandemic. Here we show that contrary to intuition, the state should not strive for the great expansion of its health care capacities even if its goal is to provide care for all requiring it and minimize the cost of lockdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporo-mandibular joint disc disorders are highly prevalent in adult populations. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a well-established method for the treatment of several chondral defects. However, very few studies have been carried out using human fibrous chondrocytes from the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ). One of the main drawbacks associated to chondrocyte cell culture is the possibility that chondrocyte cells kept in culture tend to de-differentiate and to lose cell viability under in in-vitro conditions. In this work, we have isolated human temporo-mandibular joint fibrochondrocytes (TMJF) from human disc and we have used a highly-sensitive technique to determine cell viability, cell proliferation and gene expression of nine consecutive cell passages to determine the most appropriate cell passage for use in tissue engineering and future clinical use. Our results revealed that the most potentially viable and functional cell passages were P5-P6, in which an adequate equilibrium between cell viability and the capability to synthesize all major extracellular matrix components exists. The combined action of pro-apoptotic (TRAF5, PHLDA1) and anti-apoptotic genes (SON, HTT, FAIM2) may explain the differential cell viability levels that we found in this study. These results suggest that TMJF should be used at P5-P6 for cell therapy protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how older people respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical if we are to confront the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and establish effective vaccination strategies. Immunosenescence reduces the ability to respond to neoantigens and may compromise the life of infected individuals. Here, we analyzed the immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 102 recovered patients aged over 60 years several months after the infection had been resolved. Specific memory T lymphocytes against the virus were measured by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B release by ELISpot; memory B-lymphocyte responses were quantified by detection of anti-S IgG1 producer cells by ELISpot and anti-S and anti-N antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Memory T lymphocytes were found in peripheral blood of most of the studied donors, more than 7 months after the infection in some of them. Fewer patients maintained memory B lymphocytes, but antibodies, mainly anti-S, were highly durable and positively correlated with T responses. More robust humoral responses were found in patients who had more severe symptoms and had been admitted to hospital. We concluded that specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is effectively preserved regardless of age, despite the great heterogeneity of their immune responses, and that memory T lymphocytes and anti-S IgG might be more durable than memory B cells and anti-N IgG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory corneal disease characterized by gradual thinning of the stroma, resulting in irreversible visual quality and quantity decline. Early detection of keratoconus and subsequent prevention of possible risks are crucial factors in its progression. Random forest is a machine learning technique for classification based on the construction of thousands of decision trees. The aim of this study was to use the random forest technique in the classification and prediction of subclinical keratoconus, considering the metrics proposed by Pentacam and Corvis. (2) Methods: The design was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 81 eyes of 81 patients were enrolled: sixty-one eyes with healthy corneas and twenty patients with subclinical keratoconus (SCKC): This initial stage includes patients with the following conditions: (1) minor topographic signs of keratoconus and suspicious topographic findings (mild asymmetric bow tie, with or without deviation; (2) average K (mean corneal curvature) < 46, 5 D; (3) minimum corneal thickness (ECM) > 490 μm; (4) no slit lamp found; and (5) contralateral clinical keratoconus of the eye. Pentacam topographic and Corvis biomechanical variables were collected. Decision tree and random forest were used as machine learning techniques for classifications. Random forest performed a ranking of the most critical variables in classification. (3) Results: The essential variable was SP A1 (stiffness parameter A1), followed by A2 time, posterior coma 0°, A2 velocity and peak distance. The model efficiently predicted all patients with subclinical keratoconus (Sp = 93%) and was also a good model for classifying healthy cases (Sen = 86%). The overall accuracy rate of the model was 89%. (4) Conclusions: The random forest model was a good model for classifying subclinical keratoconus. The SP A1 variable was the most critical determinant in classifying and identifying subclinical keratoconus, followed by A2 time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]