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Electrical bioimpedance (EBI) is a non-invasive technique for monitoring bladder volume. The EBI approaches global impedance (GI), impedance ratio method (IRM), and voltage change ratio (VCR) have been successfully applied to detect changes in the volume of objects with constant but unknown conductivity. In this work, simulated and in-vitro experiments are used to compare the performance of these methods with respect to a new approach proposed by some authors and called modified VCR (MVCR). Experimental results indicated that GI, VCR, and MVCR indices increase when the volume of the object under study increases. On the other hand, no direct or inverse relationship between IRM and volume was observed. The coefficient of variation, defined as the interquartile range divided by the median of a set of measurements, was lower for MVCR, which indicates that the proposed approach is less sensitive to measurement noise than the other three methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the results of the implementation of the Third National Survey on Public Perception of Science and Technology applied in Colombia. It analyzes the effect of education over some aspects related to the perception about Science and Technology of the Colombians, considering variables such as age and professionalization of the population. Methodologically, the research type is quantitative and descriptive; it uses statistical tools like frequency tables, histograms and subsampling techniques to avoid a biased comparison of the populations. The major findings presented are that the level of education acquired and the formal training actually have significance regarding the perceptions about science and technology in the studied population; it proved to affect the perception and attitude towards issues as the preference in the choice of a career for daughters and sons, the tendency for reviewing instructions and exploring the use of the information, the perception of whether the country works on science or not, and if people make science and technology. In the future, it will be required an approach based on differential studies, addressing the impact of the dissemination of science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]