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The issue of dye disposal into the environment has received considerable critical attention. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the biodegradation and detoxification of Solvent Green 3 (SG3) by halophilic Hortaea sp. For toxicity examination, SG3 (before and after degradation) was inspected against two plants, which are Sorghum vulgare and Triticum aestivum. The maximum specific growth rate of the bacterium was 0.13 h−1. The fastest duration for the complete removal of the dye and chemical oxygen demand was achieved at the lowest concentration of the dye. The presence of Cu2+ performed a higher removal capability compared to other employed metal ions. The 1,2-dioxygenase performed the highest enzymatic activity (up to 488 U/L). The 1,2-dioxygenase and laccase were responsible for the biodegradation and detoxification of SG3. SG3 can be degraded by Hortaea sp. into lower toxicity compounds via two routes, which are initially transformed into 1,4-diaminoanthracene-9,10-dione and p-toluidine before degraded into phthalic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. The biodegraded product of SG3 achieved better the germination percentage, plumule, and radical lengths of the plants compared to SG3. In general, this study revealed that the dye can be completely removed by the bacterium and can be transformed into lower toxicity compounds. • Biotransformation and detoxification of SG3 using Hortaea sp. were investigated. • Toxicity properties of SG3 and the degraded product were examined against plants. • The dye and chemical oxygen demand can be completely removed by Hortaea sp. • 1,2-Dioxygenase and laccase were responsible for biodegradation of SG3. • SG3 can be degraded by Hortaea sp. into lower toxicity compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P1:June 15, P2:June 30, P3:July 15, P4:July 30, P5:August 15 and P6:August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM1:Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1 and FM2:NPK @ 30 g m−2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results: P6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1), available K (347 kg ha−1), bacterial count (124.87 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) was recorded in P1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m−2. However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m−2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1) and available K (349 kg ha−1) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha−1. Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1. Conclusion: Early planting (P1) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m−2) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiative balance, local climate, and human health are all significantly influenced by aerosol. Recent severe air pollution over Lahore, a city in Pakistan calls for more thorough research to determine the negative impacts brought on by too many aerosols. To study regional aerosol characteristics and their differences from various aspects, in-depth and long-term (2007–2020) investigations of the columnar aerosol properties over the urban environment of Lahore were carried out by using AERONET data. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD400) and Angstrom Exponent (AE400–870) vary from low values of 0.10 to a maximum value of 4.51 and from 0.03 to 1.81, respectively. The huge differences in the amount of AOD440 as well as AE440–870 show the large fluctuation of aerosol classes because of various sources of their emission. During the autumn and winter seasons, the decreasing trend of the optical parameters of aerosols like Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Asymmetry Parameter (ASY) with increasing wavelength from 675 to 1020 nm indicates the dominance of light-absorbing aerosols (biomass burning (BB) and industrial/urban (UI). Due to the long-distance dust movement during spring, summer, and autumn, coarse mode particles predominated in Lahore during the study period. Dust type (DD) aerosols are found to be the dominant one during spring (46.92%), summer (54.31%), and autumn (57.46%) while urban industry (BB/UI) was dominant during the winter season (53.21%). During each season, the clean continental (CC) aerosols are found to be in negligible amounts, indicating terrible air quality in Lahore City. The present research work fills up the study gap in the optical properties of aerosols in Lahore and will help us understand more fully how local aerosol fluctuation affects regional climate change over the urban environment of Lahore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the pollen and pollinia morpho-structure of 18 horticultural Apocynaceous species. Advanced light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM) were used to elaborate on and examine the systematic importance of pollen and pollinia micromorphology. Pollen grains were first acetolysed, which was followed by visualisation of their sculpturing features. The quantified data were subjected to statistical tools to elucidate dendrogram clustering and principal component analysis to reveal pollen/pollinia morphotypes. The size of pollen is variable, ranging from 113.45 μm in Cascabela thevetia to 23.4 μm in Alstonia scholaris. The study revealed tetrad, tetraporate, and tricolporate grains. Sculpturing (exine ornamentation) varies from reticulate perforate to reticulate. Pollinum shape was observed to be narrow oblong, obovate, orbicular, and reniform. Reticulate-psilate sculptural features were prominent among pollinia surfaces. Based on examination, it was ascertained that the minimum exine thickness in Periploca aphylla was 4.9 μm, whereas the corresponding number in Cryptolepis dubia was 1.35 μm. Taxonomic identification keys were constructed separately based on pollen/pollinia characters to identify the Apocynaceous taxa. In the presented study, seven pollen shapes were observed: from oblate to per prolate. The findings confirm that morphopollinic traits differ amongst genera of Apocynaceous species. However, these features can be used to distinguish the Apocynaceous taxa. The results show that structural characteristics of pollen and pollinia can help accurately identify Apocynaceous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mountainous region of Kashmir is a biodiversity hotspot, with diverse local communities and a rich cultural history linked to nature. Mountain ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change. This study emphasises the need to record the indigenous ethnoecological knowledge of wild plants used for the treatment of various ailments at higher elevations in remote areas where globalisation poses a threat to this traditional knowledge. Methods: The field survey was carried out in 2020–2022, to collect data on wild medicinal plants. Informants were selected randomly to collect indigenous medicinal knowledge using semi-structured interviews and group discussions. Various quantitative indices were employed to evaluate ethnomedicinal data. Results: A total of 110 medicinal plants belonging to 49 families were recorded in the study area. These medicinal plants are extensively used by local communities for the treatment of 20 major disease categories. Asteraceae was the dominant family contributing (9.09%) to medicinal plants, followed by Polygonaceae (8.18%), Apiaceae (7.27%), Lamiaceae (5.45%), and Ranunculaceae (5.45%). We observed 166 remedies were used for the treatment of various diseases in humans, and 9 remedies were used for animals. The most frequently used medicinal remedy was tea or decoction (30.91%). Among the medicinal plants, herbs (85.5%) were most frequently used by the local populations of Kashmir, whereas leaves (10.26%) were used for the treatment of various ailments. Out of 110 species, 31 were endemic, 15 of which are endemic to the Kashmir region and 16 to the Western Himalaya. The highest RFC value was reported for Allium humile (0.77), the highest UV value for Fritillaria cirrhosa (1.33), and the highest ICF value for gastro-intestinal/digestive disorders (0.85). Conclusions: Local communities still rely on wild medicinal plants for primary healthcare. These communities retained valuable indigenous knowledge, which needs to be preserved for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of natural resources. Further field exploration is required to fully explore indigenous knowledge in the mountainous regions of Kashmir, and this knowledge has the potential to support the ongoing ecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromium (Cr) contamination in soil poses a serious hazard because it hinders plant growth, which eventually reduces crop yield and raises the possibility of a food shortage. Cr's harmful effects interfere with crucial plant functions like photosynthesis and respiration, reducing energy output, causing oxidative stress, and interfering with nutrient intake. In this study, the negative effects of Cr on mung beans are examined, as well as investigate the effectiveness of Azospirillum brasilense and salicylic acid in reducing Cr-induced stress. Results: We investigated how different Cr levels (200, 300, and 400 mg/kg soil) affected the growth of mung bean seedlings with the use of Azospirillum brasilense and salicylic acid. Experiment was conducted with randomized complete block design with 13 treatments having three replications. Significant growth retardation was caused by Cr, as were important factors like shoot and root length, plant height, dry weight, and chlorophyll content significantly reduced. 37.15% plant height, 71.85% root length, 57.09% chlorophyll contents, 82.34% crop growth rate was decreased when Cr toxicity was @ 50 µM but this decrease was remain 27.80%, 44.70%, 38.97% and 63.42%, respectively when applied A. brasilense and Salicylic acid in combine form. Use of Azospirillum brasilense and salicylic acid significantly increased mung bean seedling growth (49%) and contributed to reducing the toxic effect of Cr stress (34% and 14% in plant height, respectively) due to their beneficial properties in promoting plant growth. Conclusions: Mung bean seedlings are severely damaged by Cr contamination, which limits their growth and physiological characteristics. Using Azospirillum brasilense and salicylic acid together appears to be a viable way to combat stress brought on by Cr and promote general plant growth. Greater nutrient intake, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and greater root growth are examples of synergistic effects. This strategy has the ability to reduce oxidative stress brought on by chromium, enhancing plant resistance to adverse circumstances. The study offers new perspectives on sustainable practices that hold potential for increasing agricultural output and guaranteeing food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress is one of the major hurdles in agriculture which adversely affects crop production. It can cause osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity that disrupts essential nutrient balance, impaired nutrient uptake, stunted growth, increased oxidative stress, altered metabolism, and diminished crop yield and quality. However, foliar application of osmoprotectant is becoming popular to resolve this issue in crops. These osmoprotectants regulate the cellular osmotic balance and protect plants from the detrimental effects of high salt concentrations. Furthermore, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF) is also established in this regard. These AMF effectively reduce the salinity negative effects by improving the essential nutrient balance via the promotion of root growth. That's why keeping in mind the effectiveness of osmoprotectants current study was conducted on cotton. Total of six levels of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA = 0 mM, 0. 5 mM, and 1 mM) and ectoine (ECT = 0 mM, 0.25 mM, and 0.5 mM) were applied as treatments in 3 replications. Results showed that 0.5 mM γ-Aminobutyric acid and ectoine performed significantly best for the improvement in cotton growth attributes. It also caused significant enhancement in K and Ca contents of the leaf, stem, bur, and seeds compared to the control. Furthermore, 0.5 mM γ-Aminobutyric acid and ectoine also caused a significant decline in Cl and Na contents of leaf, stem, bur, and seeds of cotton compared to control under salinity stress. A significant enhancement in chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and decline in electrolyte leakage validated the effectiveness of 0.5 mM γ-Aminobutyric acid and ectoine over control. In conclusion, 0.5 mM γ-Aminobutyric acid and ectoine have the potential to mitigate the salinity stress in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-vitro chemical characterization and mosquitocidal screening of essential oil derived from Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae) (CVO-MS) against the malarial vector Anopheles gambiae was investigated. GC-MS analysis evidenced a total of 12 bio-active compounds, and maximum at α-bisabolol (39.34%) followed by stigmasterol (13.45%) respectively. The larvicidal activity of CVO-MS against the malarial vector An. gambiae evidenced that the mortality rate was prominent at the maximum dosage of 1000 ppm. The Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of CVO-MS was established at 488±2.45 ppm, respectively. Enzyme inhibition assay showed that the CVO-MS delivers a significant upsurge in the level of CYP450, GST, and a decline in the level of α-β carboxylesterase activity in both the third and fourth instar (p ≤ 0.0001). The gut-histological examination of CVO-MS showed that there is severe damage in the mid-gut tissues, especially epithelial layer (EL), gut-lumen (GL), and peritrophic membrane (pM). The non-target screening against the mosquito predators (A. bouvieri, D. indicus, and third instar larvae of Tx. splendens) suggests that CVO-MS showed less toxicity as compared to Pestanal® (1 ppm) respectively. The present study has paved a new insight in understanding the bioactivity of CVO-MS as a potential larvicidal agent of malarial vector and non-toxic against mosquito predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been widely used for their antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms. Arisaema dracontium a familiar medicinal plant, was analyzed and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using extracts of different parts of its shoot including leaves and stem. Further, the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts such as ethyl acetate, n-hexane, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform extracts were analyzed. AgNPs were prepared using aqueous silver nitrate solution and assessed their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and Non-multidrug-resistant bacteria. The characterization of AgNPs was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTI), and X-ray Diffraction approaches. The leaf extract contained Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids while Alkaloids, Saponins, and Glycosides were undetected. The stem extract contained Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Steroids, and Glycosides while Terpenoids were not observed. The AgNPs synthesized from stem and leaf extracts in the current study had spherical shapes and ranged in size from 1 to 50 nm and 20–500 nm respectively as were visible in TEM. The leaf extract-prepared AgNPs showed significantly higher activities i.e., 27.75 mm ± 0.86 against the MDR strains as compared to the stem-derived nanoparticles i.e., 24.33 ± 0.33 by comparing the zones of inhibitions which can be attributed to the differences in their phytochemical constituents. The acute toxicity assay confirmed that no mortality was noticed when the dosage was 100 mg per kg which confirms that the confirms that the AgNPs are not toxic when used in low quantities. It is concluded that leaf extract from A. dracontium could be used against pathogenic bacteria offering economic and health benefits compared to the chemical substances. [Display omitted] • To explore the phytoconstituents of the Arisaema dracontium which are involved in the capping and stabilizing agent in nanoparticles synthesis. • Green synthesis as an Eco-friendly technique to synthesize AgNPs without consumption of huge amount of energy and chemicals. • Characterization of the AgNPs via SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and UV. • The study has engrossed on the outcome of AgNPs antimicrobial activities. • The current study also focused to investigate its toxicological properties of the prepared nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most important cash crops primarily grown for fiber. It is a perennial crop with indeterminate growth pattern. Nitrogen (N) is extremely important for vegetative growth as balanced N-nutrition improves photosynthesis, resulting in better vegetative growth. Excessive N-supply results in more vegetative growth, which increases the incidence of insect pest and diseases' infestation, pollute surface and ground water, delays maturity and produces low crop yield with poor quality. The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is an emerging option to control excessive vegetative growth. The PGRs help in improving plant architecture, boll retention, boll opening, yield and quality by altering growth and physiological processes such as photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning and nutrients dynamic inside the plant body. Mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethylpiperidinum chloride) is globally used PGR for canopy development and control of excessive vegetative growth in cotton. This study investigated the effect of mepiquat chloride (MC) and N application on yield and yield components of transgenic cotton variety 'BT-FSH-326'. Two N rates (0, 198 kg ha-1) and five MC rates (0, 30,60, 90 and 120 g ha-1) were included in the study. Results revealed that MC and N application improved boll weight, number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton and lint yields. The highest seed cotton and lint yields (3595 kg ha-1 and 1701 kg ha-1, respectively) were observed under foliar application of 198 kg ha-1 N and 120 g ha-1 MC. Fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire and uniformity were significantly improved with foliar application of MC and N. In conclusion, foliar application of MC and N could be helpful in improving yield and fiber quality of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The utilization of organic wastes, for example, poultry waste, sugarcane press mud, and farmyard manure is extremely common among farmers from South Asia including Pakistan. We assess the biochemical nature and dietary benefit for plants and record the presence of heavy metals in garlic following cultivation in a soil amended with these organic wastes. Present investigation showed the grouping of toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals with a particular link to their source of origin and highlight the hazard of some of them for public health through their excessive utilization. Selecting appropriate manure can significantly reduce health risks for humans. In South Asia, the high costs of synthetic fertilizers have imposed research on alternative nutrient inputs. We aimed to identify potential trace elements (PTE) present in some organic manure that might be a source of environmental pollutions and risk to public health following consumption. The study aims to evaluate how different organic waste (poultry waste, PW; press mud, PM; and farmyard manure, FYM) influences the heavy metal migration in soil, the accumulation in garlic, and their potential health risks. Organic waste caused a higher accumulation of certain metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Co), whereas Mn, Cd, Cr, and Pb were in lower concentrations in soil. Amendments of soil with PM revealed a higher accumulation of Cd, Cr, Fe, and Pb, whereas PW resulted in Cu and Zn accumulation in garlic. Treatment of soil with FYM exhibited higher metal concentration of Co and Mn. An environmental hazard indices study revealed that pollution load index (PLI) was highest for Cu following treatment with PM. The health risk index (HRI) was greater for Cd following amendment with PM. Maximum daily intake of metals (DIM) was observed for Zn after treatment with PW. The Pb exhibited maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) in PM-amended plants. Based on these findings, we concluded that garlic grown on contaminated soil with organic waste may pose serious health hazards following consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses low yield in the arid and semiarid climates are imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers and no use of organic matter (animal and crop residues incorporation). The hypothesis was tested that integrated use of potassium (K) and animal manures could increase mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) productivity and profitability in the semiarid climate of Peshawar. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of organic matter (composted animal manures) (5, 10, and 15 t ha−1) and potassium (30, 45, and 60 kg ha−1) under irrigated (three irrigations, no water stress) and dryland or limited irrigated (one irrigation, water stresses before flowering and after pod formation) condition on mungbean (cv. Ramazan 92). The experiment was carried out in the summer of 2017 at Agronomy Research Farm, the results revealed that crop under no water stress had delayed phenological development (took more days to flowering, pod formation, and physiological maturity), better growth by producing taller plants with a more number of leaves, nodules, and pods plant−1, seeds pod−1, heavy 1000-grains weight, higher biological and grain yields than water stress condition. The experiment also confirmed that the combination of the highest rate of K and organic matter had improved the vegetative growth and development, and significantly increased yield and yield contributing parameters under both water stress and no stress conditions. It was concluded that mungbean yield and yield components increased with combined application of 60 kg K ha−1 + 15 t OM ha−1 under full irrigated (no water stress) and limited irrigated (water stress) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructured transition metal oxide hybrid have more attention in energy saving and environmental related field due to their higher electro-catalytic activity. In this work, we demonstrated SnO decorated with NiO nanocrystal electrocatalyst is successfully synthesized through solvothermal method and well characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Physical characterizations confirm that spherical shape of SnO nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed on the surface of NiO. The kinetic study of catalytic performance towards urea oxidation reaction were measured by liner sweep voltammetry and chronoamprometry. As proposed catalyst to facilitate the rate of urea oxidation reaction can increase by SnO doped NiO catalyst. The urea oxidation on SnO–NiO nanostructured modified electrode exhibits lower onset potential of 1.12 V and enhancement of current with tafel slope of 150 mV dec−1. The obtained results demonstrated the synthesized SnO–NiO anode material could be promising electrode for urea-rich containing wastewater remediation and hydrogen production from wastewater. [Display omitted] • The two-dimensional SnO–NiO catalyst were prepared by solvothermal method. • As synthesized catalyst were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS. • SnO–NiO showed low onset potential of 1.53 mV for OER in 1 M KOH. • SnO–NiO showed low onset potential of 1.12 mV for UOR in 1 M KOH +0.33 M Urea. • SnO–NiO anode could be promising electrode for wastewater remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in world population especially in developing countries, where soil fertility and health are decreasing continuously, leading to soil degradation and desertification. Water scarcity in developing countries mostly under semiarid climates is one of the major problems that decrease crop growth and yield leading to food security problems. Integrated foliar nutrients management system could improve crop growth, yield and yield components of crops under arid and semiarid climates. There is lack of research to study the impact of integrated foliar nutrients management in field crops. Therefore, two field experiments were designed (2010–11 & 2012–13) with an objective to investigate the impact of integrated foliar nutrients management on wheat productivity under the semiarid condition. In experiment one, foliar spray of sole boron (B), sole zinc (Zn) and their combination (Zn + B) was applied at various growth stages (tillering, booting and anthesis) under irrigated vs. dryland wheat. It was concluded that integrated foliar application of Zn + B in one single split (0.2% each) or two equal splits (0.1% + 0.1% each) at booting stage increased yield and yield components of wheat. In experiment two, foliar macro nutrients [phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)] and micronutrients [boron (B) and zinc (Zn)] alone and in various combinations at boot and pre-anthesis stages was investigated. The results revealed that integrated use of foliar micronutrients (Zn+B) produced the highest spikes m−2, grains spike−1 and heavy seeds (grains). On the other hand, integrated use of foliar macro nutrients along with boron (P + K + B) produced longer spikes, more spikelets spike−1 and higher grain yield. Earlier foliar nutrients spray at boot stage increased wheat productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, we report the green synthesis of mixed bimetal oxides (CuO/NiO) for the efficient reduction of toxic nitrophenols (NP, DNP and TNP) in aqueous medium. The CuO/NiO NPs were synthesized by green hydrothermal method combined calcination process. The physiochemical properties of the synthesized CuO/NiO NPs were systematically characterized by using XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, and HR-TEM techniques. The calcinated CuO/NiO NPs XRD pattern and SEM morphology show the high crystalline nature than the non-calcinated. Whereas, the XPS and FTIR results confirmed the formation of the metal oxide bonding and the interaction of the bimetals. The HR-TEM images showed the spherical crystals with average particle size about 25 nm. In addition, the SAED pattern confirmed the polycrystalline nature of CuO/NiO NPs. The catalytic reduction of nitro compounds to amino derivative was studied with reducing agent (NaBH 4). The CuO/NiO NPs showed the high catalytic activity and completed the reduction reaction of NP, DNP and TNP with in 2, 5 and 10 min respectively. In addition, CuO/NiO NPS exhibited the excellent kinetic rate constant k value about 1.519, 0.5102, 0.4601 min−1 for NP, DNP and TNP respectively. Furthermore, the conversion product aminophenol was observed for these three nitro compounds. The proposed CuO/NiO NPs showed excellent crystal stability after the nitrophenol reduction reactions. An inexpensive CuO/NiO NPs is a promising catalysts for reduction of toxic nitro compounds to useful products in aqueous or non-aqueous medium. [Display omitted] • Mixed bimetal oxide CuO/NiO NPs were synthesized through hydrothermal process. • The spherical CuO/NiO nano crystals (25 nm) was achieved by calcination process. • The CuO/NiO NPs completed the reduction of NP, DNP and TNP within 2, 5 and 10 min. • CuO/NiO NPs showed the excellent kinetic rate constant k value about 1.519, 0.5102, 0.4601 min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a fibrous plant with high biomass production, and can survive under heavy metal stress conditions. To determine the growth potential of industrial hemp on lead (Pb) contaminated soil, a pot experiment was conducted using two varieties Bamahuoma (BM) and Yunma-1 (Y1), under different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer viz., 0 (control), 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g kg−1. The soil was artificially spiked with Pb using PbCl. Lead uptake and its accumulation in different organs of both hemp varieties were analyzed. Increasing level of N fertilizer caused a significant increase in the plant growth and dry biomass production in both varieties, while Y1 showed more tolerance to Pb, than BM. Furthermore, N (%) was higher in the leaves and stems then in the roots. Contrastingly, Pb was highly accumulated in the roots then in the leaves and stems of both varieties under varying levels of N fertilizer in the soil. Lead uptake and its accumulation in different plant parts were increased with the increase in N fertilizer in the soil. Hence, these findings indicate that external N fertilization is a useful strategy to enhance dry biomass and Pb accumulation in industrial hemp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dry matter partitioning is the product of the flow of assimilates from the source organs (leaves and stems) along the transport route to the storage organs (grains). A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2015–2016 (Y1) to 2016–2017 (Y2) having semiarid climate. Four summer crops, pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoidum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and four winter crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), fababean (Vicia faba) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown under two irrigation regimes (full vs. limited irrigation) with the pattern of growing each crop either alone as sole crop or in combination of two crops in each intercropping system under both winter and summer seasons. The result showed that under full irrigated condition (no water stress), all crops had higher crop growth rate (CGR), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), and spike/head dry weight (S/H/PDW) at both anthesis and physiological maturity (PM) than limited irrigated condition (water stress). In winter crops, both wheat and barley grown as sole crop or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Among summer crops, sorghum intercropped either with pigeon pea or with mungbean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at both growth stages. Sole mungbean and pigeon pea or pigeon pea and mungbean intercropping had higher CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than millet and sorghum intercropping. On the other hand, wheat and barley grown as sole crops or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Fababean grown as sole crop or intercropped with wheat produced higher CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at PM than intercropped with barley or rapeseed. From the results it was concluded that cereal plus legume intercropping particularly wheat/fababean in winter and sorghum/pigeon pea or sorgum/mungbean in summer are the most productive intercropping systems under both low and high moisture regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal Dendrobium species of Orchidaceae possess significant pharmaceutical value, and modern pharmacological research has shown that Dendrobium contains many important active ingredients. Alkaloids, the crucial components of medicinal Dendrobium , demonstrate beneficial healing properties in cardiovascular, cataract, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases. Members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) gene family play essential roles in alkaloid synthesis, participating in alkaloid terpene skeleton construction and subsequent modifications. Although studies of the CYP family have been conducted in some species, genome-wide characterization and systematic analysis of the CYP family in medicinal Dendrobium remain underexplored. In this study, we identified CYP gene family members in the genomes of four medicinal Dendrobium species recorded in the Pharmacopoeia: D. nobile , D. chrysotoxum , D. catenatum , and D. huoshanense. Further, we analyzed the motif composition, gene replication events, and selection pressure of this family. Syntenic analysis revealed that members of the clan 710 were present on chromosome 18 in three medicinal Dendrobium species, except for D. nobile , indicating a loss of clan 710 occurring in D. nobile. We also conducted an initial screening of the CYP genes involved in alkaloid synthesis through transcriptome sequencing. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR showed that the expression of DnoNew43 and DnoNew50 , homologs of secologanin synthase involved in the alkaloid synthesis pathway, was significantly higher in the stems than in the leaves. This result coincided with the distribution of dendrobine content in Dendrobium stems and leaves, indicating that these two genes might be involved in the dendrobine synthesis pathway. Our results give insights into the CYP gene family evolution analysis in four medicinal Dendrobium species for the first time and identify two related genes that may be involved in alkaloid synthesis, providing a valuable resource for further investigations into alkaloid synthesis pathway in Dendrobium and other medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "The Local Medicinal Plant Knowledge in Kashmir Western Himalaya: A Way to Foster Ecological Transition via Community-Centred Health Seeking Strategies" is presented.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalic acid (DEHP) is the most extensively practiced plasticizer compound and a representative endocrine disrupting pollutant. Recently, the environmental impact and toxicological causes of DHEP on human health have been extensively investigated. DEHP uptake by plants is most significant biotransformation process of DEHP in environment. In this study, Helianthus annuus (H.annuus), vastly efficient in phytoremediation of polluted soil was selected to study the uptake and phytoremediation of DEHP in contaminated soil. In addition, the effect of citric acid on enhanced uptake and removal of DEHP was also investigated. The orders of biomass concentrations showed in the CA treatments were 200 mM (60.5 g) ˃ 150 mM (54.5) ˃ 100 mM (50.2 g) ˃ 50 mM (46.5 g). The maximum shoot accumulation of DHEP (20 mg/kg) was observed at 200 mM citric acid treatment compared to all other treatments (50, 100, and 150 mM). Significant difference of the antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, 25.7, POD, 22.5 (μmol H 2 O 2 /min/g FW) and COD 5.6 U/g FW) was observed between control and CA treatments as well as different concentrations of CA treated plants. The maximum ALP (0.17 mg.g−1soil.24 h−1) and urease activities (1.65 mg.g−1soil.24 h−1) were observed at 200 mM CA amended soils. The application of citric acid was significantly enhanced the H.annuus growth as well as uptake of DEHP. The results explored that the citric acid has excellent potential for the enhanced uptake of DEHP in contaminated soil. • Citric acid was found to be the key chelating agent for the enhanced biomass and uptake of DEHP. • The maximum shoot accumulation of DHEP (20 mg/kg) was observed at 200 mM citric acid. • The antioxidant enzymes such as, CAT (25.7, POD, 22.5 (μmol H 2 O 2 /min/g FW) and COD 5.6 U/g FW) showed maximum activity at 200 mM CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-temperature synthesis of the graphene oxide–wrapped perovskite-type strontium titanate nanocomposites (GO@SrTiO3-NC) is reported for the electrochemical sensing of organochlorine pesticide 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) detection. The as-prepared GO@SrTiO3 nanocomposites provide a large surface area, excellent conductivity, and active sites, which are more favorable to the catalysis of TCP. The synergistic effect between the GO and the perovskite SrTiO3 results in the extended working range of 0.01 to 1.47 and 1.47 to 434.4 μM with a very low detection limit of 3.21 nM towards TCP detection. Moreover, the prepared sensor possessed good selectivity and long-term stability. Finally, the practical applicability of the sensor was tested in environmental samples of river water and soil, exhibiting adequate recovery values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance imipramine (IMPR) sensor has been developed based on metal chalcogenide-carbon composite materials. The antimony telluride-graphite nanofiber (Sb2Te3-GNF, hereafter SBT-GNF) composite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern. The morphology, crystalline lattice, and chemical states were characterized by HRTEM, SAED, and XPS analysis. The characterizations confirmed the formation of an effective composite, SBT-GNF. The SBT-GNF was fabricated as a disposable sensor electrode with a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and examined for the detection of IMPR by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electroanalytical results of SBT-GNF are compared with the SBT and GNF, and the rational design of effective composite is discussed. SBT-GNF/SPCE showed a good linear range (0.01‑51.8 μM), sensitivity (1.35 ± 0.1 μA μM−1 cm−2), and low LOD (4 ± 2 nM). Moreover, the SBT-GNF/SPCE revealed high selectivity and high tolerance limit against potential interfering compounds in blood serum and urine samples. Therefore, this electrochemical sensor can be applicable for the detection of tricyclic antidepressant drug IMPR in clinical and pharmaceutical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal pathogens exert severe qualitative and quantitative damages to wheat crop. Karnal bunt of wheat caused by Tilletia indica Mitra, Mundkur is a severe threat to global food security. Nonetheless, T. indica is regulated as a quarantine pest in numerous countries, which further aggravates the situation. Tolerant varieties and appropriate management practices for Karnal bunt are imperative to meet the global wheat demands. This two-year study explored the impact of fungicide [Fosetyl-Aluminium (Aliette)] application timing on allometric traits, disease suppression and economic returns of bread wheat. Four bread wheat cultivars differing in their tolerance to Karnal bunt were used in the study. Fungicide was applied as either seed treatment (ST), foliar application at heading (FAH) or ST + FAH, whereas no application (NA) was taken as control. Lasani-08 performed better than the rest of the cultivars in terms of allometric traits (plant height, leaf area, crop growth rate, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll content), yield and economic returns. Nonetheless, minimal disease severity was recorded for Lasani-08 compared to other cultivars during both years. The ST improved allometric traits of all cultivars; however, ST + FAH resulted in higher yield and economic returns. Cultivar Pasban-90 observed the highest disease severity and performed poor for allometric traits, yield and economic returns. It is concluded that ST + FAH of Fosetyl-Aluminium could be a pragmatic option to cope Karnal bunt of wheat. Nonetheless, Pasban-90 must not be used for cultivation to avoid yield and quality losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthium strumarium L. (Common cocklebur) is a noxious weed prevailing in different ecosystems around the world. It incurs significant yield and economic losses in different cropping systems globally. Successful management of any weed species depends on sound knowledge of seed germination biology. However, detailed knowledge on seed germination biology of the species is missing. Therefore, we investigated the impact of different environmental factors on seed germination and seed burial depths on seedling emergence of two X. strumarium populations. The impact of different sorghum mulch doses (0–10 t ha-1) on seedling emergence of the tested populations was also explored. Seed germination was evaluated under different photoperiods (0, 12 and 24), constant temperatures (0–50°C with 5°C stepwise rise), and different levels of pH (3–12), salinity (0–600 mM) and osmotic potential (0 to -1.6 MPa). Seedling emergence was observed for seeds buried at different depths (0–15 cm). Seeds of both populations proved non-photoblastic; however, higher germination was recorded under 12-hour photoperiod. The seeds germinated under a wide range of constant temperatures (10–45°C), pH (4–10), osmotic potentials (0 to -0.8 MPa) and salinity levels (0–400 mM NaCl). However, the highest germination was observed under 30–31°C temperature and neutral pH (7.51–7.52). Seeds were able to withstand 400 mM salinity and -1.00 MPa osmotic potential. Seedling emergence was initially improved with increasing burial depth and then a sharp decline was noted for the seeds buried >3 cm depth. Most of the seeds of both populations did not emerge from >8 cm depth. Different sorghum mulch doses linearly suppressed seedling emergence of tested populations, and 5.83–5.89 t ha-1 mulch application suppressed 50% of seedling emergence. Seedling emergence was completely retarded with 8 t ha-1 sorghum mulch. The tested populations germinated under diverse environmental circumstances indicating that the species can become troublesome in marginal habitats and cropped lands. Deep burial of seeds and application of sorghum mulches suppressed seedling emergence. Thus, deep burial followed by shallow tillage and application of sorghum mulches could be used as a successful strategy to manage the species in agricultural fields. Nonetheless, management strategies must be developed to control the species in other habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have prepared anatase titanium (IV) oxide warped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TiO2-rGO NC) using ultrasonic methodology. The morphology of the TiO2-rGO NC was studied using FESEM and TEM. In addition, XRD, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and XPS are used to analyze the crystallinity and chemical composition of the TiO2-rGO NC. We have also investigated the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared NCs with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and different pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV). The TiO2-rGO NC modified electrode shows the lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 62.87 Ω. Next, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with sonochemically prepared TiO2-rGO NC and used to determine the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrofurazone (NTF). Thus, the proposed sensor established the wider covering range (WCR) of 0.01 to 380 µM and an excellent detection limit of 2.28 nM. Finally, the TiO2-rGO NC/GCE was applied to determine the NTF in real samples, including crayfish and human blood serum samples, which acquired good found and recovery values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For the first time, Manganese ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4) with two different catalytic and morphological properties were synthesized through the conventional and template-synthetic approaches. The typical conventionally prepared MnFe 2 O 4 particles attained nanoscaled spherical structure, and the unique structured novel MnFe 2 O 4 nano-agglomerates were conquered by the template synthesis. The templates of MnCO 3 made MnFe 2 O 4 to attain the nano-agglomeric structure with the abundant electroactive surface area and copious catalytic sites, which were confirmed through the structural, morphological, elemental, and electrochemical investigations. By the recent reports, the supercapacitor and heavy metal detection properties of MnFe 2 O 4 were recognized. Therefore, both the MnFe 2 O 4 nanospheres (NSs), and MnFe 2 O 4 nano-agglomerates (NAs) were applied for the detection of Hg(II) ions in real samples, and also for the supercapacitor applications. Both the materials exhibited moral parameters in electrochemical sensing and supercapacitor applications, but the results obtained for the MnFe 2 O 4 NAs is quite high (LOD: 0.14 nM and Specific capacitance: 1283 F/g at 5 mV/s) when compared to the NSs. Finally, the MnFe 2 O 4 NAs was employed to be an active participant in supercapacitor and also to detect Hg(II) ions in seafood and industrial wastewater samples. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • For the first time, unique structured novel MnFe 2 O 4 nano-agglomerates were conquered by the template synthetic approach. • The typically synthesized MnFe 2 O 4 nanospheres were compared with the template synthesized nano-agglomerates. • As a comparison study, both the MnFe 2 O 4 nanospheres and nano-agglomerates were applied for the detection of Hg(II) ions, and also for the supercapacitor applications. • The results obtained for the MnFe 2 O 4 nano-agglomerates is quite high (LOD: 0.14nM and Specific capacitance: 1283 F/g at 5 mV/s) on compared to the nanospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have reported an effective electrochemical sensor for assorted pesticide (i.e., Fenitrothion). Exact tracking of these pesticides has become more important for protecting the environment and food resources owing to their high toxicity. Hence, the development of compatible sensors for the real-time detection of pesticides is imperative to overcome practical limitations encountered in conventional methodologies. In this regard, the role of the novel, advanced functional materials such as niobium carbide (NbC) supported on molybdenum nanoparticles (NbC@Mo) has drawn great consideration in conventional sensory systems because of their numerous advantages over other nanomaterials. The nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, XPS, HR-TEM, and EIS. Under optimized working conditions, the modified electrode NbC@Mo/SPCE responds linearly as 0.01–1889 μM concentration range and the detection limit is 0.15 nM. Most importantly, the method was successfully demonstrated in fruit samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present research, we succeeded in synthesizing nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) using bio active agent present in the leaf extracts of Cleome gynandra (CG) under green synthesis. While adding silver nitrate (AgNO 3) solution in green extracts of CG leaf containing bio compound, the mixture turns from yellow to reddish brown, as a consequence of existence of nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) and later UV instrument is used to obtain the Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectra to confirm existing nanostructured silver particles (NS-AgPs) in aqueous solutions (synthesized sample). To confirm existing functional groups in NS-AgPs, the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study is carried throughout this research. The scanning and tunneling of wave like nature of electrons passing through powdered NS-AgPs sample gives Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images respectively, which are carried out to find out the 2-dimensional size and shape distribution of NS-AgPs. Further dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential studies are used to confirm the size and good stability of NS-AgPs respectively. It is evident that NS-AgPs exhibits a strong toxic activity against microorganism and to confirm this mechanism the antibacterial (against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) study is carried out. • Biological technique is cost-efficient, capable of processing AgNPs at 60 °C. • synthesized AgNPs were spherical in size and the size ranging from 18 to 35 nm. • The feasible biomolecules which are liable for the minimization of Ag + ions. • Alkyl halides bond reported that the indicates association of alkanes. • AgNPs reported that proteins could bind to silver nanoparticles which are compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Arif M, Atta S, Bashir MA, Khan MI, Hussain A, Shahjahan M, et al. (2021) The impact of Fosetyl-Aluminium application timing on Karnal bunt suppression and economic returns of bread wheat ( I Triticum aestivum i L.). The following information is missing from the Funding statement: Authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2020/173), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [Extracted from the article]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNPs functionalized by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/AuNPs) were prepared successfully through chemical reduction method. The structural, morphological, optical, compositional and vibrational studies for the AuNPs and β-CD/AuNPs were carried out. Functionalization of AuNPs by β-CD was confirmed with FT-IR results. The UV–visible absorption spectra exhibit a red-shift with decreasing average particle size. This sustains the enhancement in surface area (SA) to volume (V) ratio that is one of the peculiar characteristics of nanoparticles. TEM results show that β-CD/AuNPs formed were monodispersed and self assembled. Also it shows a decrease in average particle size and improved distribution. The use of β-CD in the synthesis of AuNPs are revealed not only create uniform small sized nanoparticles but these water soluble nanoparticles have very good antibacterial action by inhibiting the growth of bacteria commonly found in water and sensing activity for sensing the concentration of toxic metals in water. The sensitivity of the system towards copper (Cu) concentration was found as 1.788/mM for β-CD/AuNPs and 1.333/mM for AuNPs. The photocatalytic action of the obtained nanoparticles increases with decreasing average particle size. The k app value of this photocatalytic degradation of textile dyeing waste water in presence of AuNPs was 0.002/min and β-CD/AuNPs was 0.005/min. This is a non-toxic and eco-friendly approach. • AuNPs were self assembled & functionalized by β-cyclodextrin. • Detection of toxic heavy metals in water is focused • Copper sensor is constructed based on SPR property β-CD functionalized AuNPs. • β-CD/AuNPs act as a good photocatalyst for textile waste water • Can be used in biomedical & pharmaceutical applications by the inclusion capability and the biologically friendly feature of the β-CD molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the decomposition of trashes, leachate is created and leaching is gradually pollutes the surface and groundwater. Thus, the most severe ecological impact is the risk of ground water pollution because of collection of leachate from unlined insecure landfills. Due to the low biodegradable organic strength, irregular productivity and composition, the environmentally neglected landfill leachate treatment is challenging. This work was conducted on a synthetically effective bimetallic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) nanosensor by gold/silver-bimetallic nanoparticles (Au/Ag-NPs), and used for the specific detection of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate in groundwater. The optical study of Au/Ag-NPs led to reflections from Ag cores and small Au shells. The structural studies represent the FCC structure of Au/Ag-NPs. The core-shell nanocrevice NPs with particle size of 23 nm played an important role with plasmonic behaviour enhances the electromagnetic excitation to achieve SERS detection and plasmonic photocatalysis. Thus, obtained results clearly show that Au was successfully added to Ag-NPs, and its existence can also be confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The prepared SERS based sensors have the potential to detect aromatic hydrocarbon, pesticides and heavy metals from environmentally ignored MSW landfill leachate. In general, the application of this new synergetic strategy of the photocatalytic degradation of leachate was irradiated by visible wavelength with the rate constant of 0.0036/min, 0.0047/min and 0.005/min by Ag-NPs, Au-NPs and Au/Ag-NPs respectively. Overall, this is the only study achieved efficiently with photocatalytic degradation and SERS detection of environmentally ignored real sample (leachate) to make pollutant free homeland aquifers. • Ag and Au nanoparticles detected landfill leachate. • Leachate degrades in the visible region. • Solid profiles and COD ranges were achieved for crosslinked membrane. • UV/Vis spectrophometer confirms the efficiency of each process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Allium cepa leaf extract was utilized to reduce the silver nitrate into the nanoscale range of silver ions (Ag NPs). The biosynthesized Ag NPs were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antioxidant activity of synthesized Ag NPs was verified by DPPH assay. From the results obtained from XRD and DLS studies, the size of Ag NPs was determined to be around 54.3 nm. The measured zeta potential value of −19.1 mV confirms the excellent stability of biosynthesized Ag NPs. TEM analyses reveal that the biosynthesized Ag NPs have a spherical structure of 13 nm in size. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed through FTIR studies and EDAX verifies the weight percentage of silver content in biosynthesized nanoparticles to be 30.33%. In the present study, anti-cancer activity was carried out by using breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Further, silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-positive Bacillus cereus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The MTT assay also showed better cytotoxic activity against the MCF- 7 cell line. • antibacterial & antiproliferative activity on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. • The antioxidant activity of synthesized Ag NPs was confirmed by DPPH assay. • XRD & DLS analysis reveals that the size of AgNPs was found to be around 54.3 nm. • The value of zeta potential at −19.1 mV which confirms the great stability of Ag NPs. • EDAX verifies the weight percentage of Ag content in biosynthesized NPs to be 30.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated the chemical characterization and insecticidal activity of n-Hexane extracts of Epaltes divaricata (NH-EDx) along with their chief derivatives n-Hexadecanoic acid (n-HDa) and n-Octadecanoic acid (n-ODa) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura. Chemical screening of NH-EDx through GC–MS analysis delivered nine major derivatives, and the maximum peak area percentage was observed in n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.63%) followed by n-Octadecadienoic acid (6.73%). The larvicidal activity of NH-EDx (1000 ppm), n-HDa (5 ppm), and n-ODa (5 ppm) against the A. aegypti and S. litura larvae showed significant mortality rate in a dose-dependent way across all the instars. The larvicidal activity was profound in the A. aegypti as compared to the S. litura across all the larval instars. The sublethal dosages of NH-EDx (500 ppm), n-HDa (2.5 ppm), and n-ODa (2.5 ppm) also showed alterations in the larval/pupal durations and adult longevity in both the insect pests. The enzyme activity revealed that the α- and β-carboxylesterase levels were decreased significantly in both the insect pests, whereas the levels of GST and CYP450 uplifted in a dose-dependent manner of NH-EDx, n-HDa, and n-ODa. Correspondingly, midgut tissues such as the epithelial layer (EL), gut lumen (GL), peritrophic matrix (Pm), and brush border membrane (BBM) were significantly altered in their morphology across both A. aegypti and S. litura against the NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites. NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites n-HDa and n-ODa showed significant larvicidal, growth retardant, enzyme inhibition, and midgut toxicity effects against two crucial agriculturally and medically challenging insect pest of ecological importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bi 2 S 3 nanowire/ITO photodiodes have been constructed. • V-I characteristics of the diode show a photocurrent efficiency of 12 folds to that in dark. • 1D Bi 2 S 3 nanowires in the form of 2D thin films. • XRD peaks reveal orthorhombic structure with good crystallinity. ga1 This work discloses the characteristics of a Bi 2 S 3 nanowire / ITO photodiode and a manufacture method thereof; wherein, the high-crystalline Bi 2 S 3 nanostructures were prepared by an environmental friendly dip-coating method onto Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using bismuth nitrate and thiourea as raw material with DMF as solvent. The XRD spectra showed that the Bi 2 S 3 nanowire exhibits orthorhombic structure, while the SEM images revealed the formation of uniform sized nanowires with diameter around 15.8 nm. The optical bandgap of the films had been estimated via Tauc plot and found to be in the range of 1.85–1.9 eV. In order to understand the I-V characterizations of the prepared diode showed prominent photo-response with a high photo-responsivity of 1.7 μA/cm2 with a fast response time were reported in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of soil amendments including biomasses (rice husk, RRH and maple leaf, RML), biochar (rice husk biochar, RHB and maple leaf biochar, MLB), and industrial by-products (red mud, RM and steel slag, SS), at two application rates (0, 1, and 2% w/w) on leaching and bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the presence of an Asteraceae (i.e., lettuce). Physicochemical properties of the soil (i.e., pH, EC, CEC, and HMs leaching) and plants were examined before and after amending. The addition of amendments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil EC (from 100 to 180 μScm−1) and CEC (from 7.6 to 15 meq100 g−1). Soil pH from 6.7 ± 0.05 increased about 2 units with increasing in the application rate of MLB, RM, and SS, while it decreased about 0.8 units in RML amended soil. Soil amendments reduced the easily leachable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of HMs in the order of MLB > SS > RM > RHB. The average concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in plant roots and shoots decreased >30 wt% in biochars and industrial by-products amended soils, while biomasses mitigated As uptake in lettuce. Results demonstrated that adding maple-derived biochar combined with revegetation effectively immobilized HMs in a post-mining area beside an induce in plant growth parameters. [Display omitted] • Effect of soil amendments varieties on metal(loid)s stabilization was investigated. • Stabilization efficiency varied by amendments properties and metal(loid)s species. • Alkaline amendments reduced the amount of easily-leachable fractions of metals. • Biomass and biochar in soil induced plant growth, but reduced As uptake by lettuce. • Maple biochar and steel slag showed the most stabilization efficiency for metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar, created from Prosopis Juliflora (B-PJ) through an ionic polymerization route, was utilized as a sorbent to remediate turquoise blue (TB). The biochar was described utilizing Fourier change infrared spectroscopy. The effects of operating factors such as flow rate, bed depth, concentration, and solution pH were investigated in column mode. Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Adams-Bohart models were applied to examine the experimental column data and the correlation between operating factors. The greatest adsorption limit of the BPJ was discovered utilizing 200 mg/L of the adsorbate, B-PJ portion 3 g, at a contact time of 150 min and pH of 6. The adsorption energy and harmony isotherms were all around spoken to by the pseudo-second-request model and the Langmuir model, separately. The most extreme adsorption limit acquired from the Langmuir isotherm model was 0.005173 mg/g. The test energy information dissected utilizing various models featured that the pseudo-second request motor model created a prevalent depiction of the trial information. The adsorption energy followed a pseudo-second-request active model with high connection coefficients (R2 ˃0.98). These outcomes showed that alginate immobilized biochar is earth well-disposed locally accessible, powerful and practical adsorbent for the expulsion of TB color from modern wastewaters. [Display omitted] • Bio-char adsorbent from P. Juliflora used to remove turquoise blue (TB). • FT-IR spectra were utilized to decide the nearness of different practical gatherings. • Yoon Nelson, Thomas and Adam Bohart models created for structuring. • 3 g extreme adsorption in the alginate immobilized biochar at 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic dye degradation of pure α-Fe 2 O 3 and different concentration of Co doped α-Fe 2 O 3 is explored. Facile hydrothermal method were employed to prepare pristine, 2% and 4% Co–Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Further, synthesized product confirmation studies were employed from X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope studies. The rhombohedral nanoparticles developed were enhanced photocatalytic action. Photocatalytic dye degradation studies were analyzed for prepared three samples and the photocatalytic efficacy of the obtained photocatalysts was compared experimentally. Methylene blue dye was degraded under UV-light irradiation with 364 nm. The results showed that 4% Co doped α-Fe 2 O 3 sample exhibited better dye degradation with 92% efficiency. The 4% doping of cobalt ions enhanced the photocatalytic property of Fe 2 O 3 and is a good candidate for methylene blue dye degradation above 90%. In addition, strategy for photocatalytic efficiency enhancement was proposed. • A strategy for photocatalytic efficiency enhancement was proposed. • 4% Co–Fe 2 O 3 enhanced the photocatalytic activity. • 4% Co–Fe 2 O 3 explored dye degradation with 92% efficiency. • Cobalt ions doping enhanced Fe 2 O 3 photocatalytic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional weed control practices have generated serious issues related to the environment and human health. Therefore, there is a demand for the development of alternative techniques for sustainable agriculture. The present study performed a large-scale screening of allelopathic bacteria from the rhizosphere of weeds and wheat to obtain biological weed control inoculants in the cultivation of wheat. Initially, around 400 strains of rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of weeds as well as wheat that grows in areas of chronic weed invasions. A series of the screen was performed on these strains, including the release of phytotoxic metabolites, growth inhibition of sensitive Escherichia coli, growth inhibition of indicator plant of lettuce, agar bioassays on five weeds, and agar bioassay on wheat. Firstly, 22.6% (89 strains) of the total strains were cyanogenic, and among the cyanogenic strains, 21.3% (19 strains) were inhibitory to the growth of sensitive E. coli. Then, these 19 strains were tested using lettuce seedling bioassay to show that eight strains suppressed, nine strains promoted, and two strains remained ineffective on the growth. These 19 strains were further applied to weeds and wheat on agar bioassays. The results indicated that dry matter of broad-leaved dock, wild oat, little seed canary grass, and common lambs' quarter were reduced by eight strains (23.1–68.1%), seven strains (38.5–80.2%), eight strains (16.5–69.4%), and three strains (27.5–50.0%), respectively. Five strains suppressed the growth of wheat, nine strains increased its dry matter (12.8–47.9%), and five remained ineffective. Altogether, the strains that selectively inhibit weeds, while retaining normal growth of wheat, can offer good opportunities for the development of biological weed control in the cultivation of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, and reduce crop growth and total rice biomass. In RWS, both phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints for reducing rice crop growth rates (CGR) and total biomass/biological yield (BY). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha−1) on CGR and BY of three rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) versus coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)] in Northwestern Pakistan during summer 2011 (Y1) and 2012 (Y2). The results revealed that higher CGR at various growth stages and total BY was obtained with the integrated use of higher phosphorus (80 and 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The lower CGR and BY were recorded when P and Zn were not applied (control) or when P and Zn were applied alone. In the case of rice genotypes, the highest CGR and BY were recorded for the hybrid rice (Pukhraj) than the other two genotypes. The CGR was increased to the highest level at the heading stage as compared to tillering and physiological maturity. The increase in CGR had a positive impact on the total BY of rice cultivars. The increase in BY had a positive relationship with grain yield and grower's income. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of higher P and Zn rates to the coarse rice genotypes (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj) could increase CGR, total BY, crop productivity and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sonochemical synthesis of SrWO 4 microrods with nafion polymer composite. • SrWO 4 /nafion modified SPCE was tested towards oxidative biomarker detection. • SrWO 4 /nafion modified SPCE showed nanomolar detection limit towards biomarker. • SrWO 4 /nafion is high stable electrode modified material. • The practical ability of SrWO 4 /nafion modified SPCE was successfully investigated. High-intensity ultrasound can be used to produce novel materials, offering an atypical pathway to recognized products without high bulk temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times. A highly sensitive and selective robust modified sensor was developed using a composition of electrochemically active strontium metal (Sr) based tungstate interconnected with nafion polymer through a facile sonochemical approach. In addition, multiple parameters are important for sonochemical methods and specifically nanomaterial or electrocatalyst development during the ultrasonic irradiation. Moreover, high-intensity ultrasonic probe (Ti-horn) was used to synthesis of nanomaterial at 50 kHz and 200 W. The SrWO 4 /nafion was characterized via FESEM, EDX and XRD methods. 8-HD-guanosine (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) is one of the major byproduct of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidation. The concentrations of 8-HD-guanosine within a cell are a measurement of oxidative stress in body and however its excess level in body causes carcinogenic threats. Therefore, the quantification of 8-HD-guanosine in biological samples with high sensitivity is of great significance. The SrWO 4 /nafion modified sensor displayed low detection of 14.36 nM and wide linear range (0.025–398.6 µM), compare to previous reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility and reduce crop productivity as well as zinc (Zn) concentrations in rice grains and straw. Low Zn concentrations in rice grains have a negative impact on human health, while low Zn concertation in rice straw creates a nutritional problem for animals. The current high yielding rice varieties and hybrids remove large quantities of Zn from the soils, lowering the residual concentrations of soil Zn for the subsequent crop (e.g., wheat). Field experiments were conducted on farmers field in Malakand with the objective to evaluate the impact of various combinations of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on biofortification of Zn in grains and straw of rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) vs. coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)]. The results revealed that Zn biofortification in rice genotypes increased with the integrated use of both nutrients (P + Zn) when applied at higher rates (80 and 120 kg P ha−1, and 10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1, respectively). The biofortification of Zn in both grains and straw was higher in the coarse than fine rice genotypes (Pukhraj > Fakhre-e-Malakand > Basmati-385). It was concluded from this study that the application of higher P and Zn levels increased Zn contents in rice parts (grains and straw) under the rice-wheat system. We also concluded from this study that Zn concentrations in rice grains and straw are influenced by plant genetic factors and Zn management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, reduced crop productivity, and grower's income. Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints under rice-wheat cropping system. One strategy to increase crop productivity and grower's income under the rice-wheat system is the balanced application of P and Zn fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of sole and various combinations of P (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on productivity (grain yield and yield components) and profitability (net returns) of different rice genotypes (cultivars) (fine (cv.Bamati-385) vs. coarse (cv. Fakhre-e-Malakand and cv. Pukhraj)) and their residual effect on the income of the succeeding wheat crop (cv. Siran-2010). The results revealed that both rice and wheat productivity and profitability was higher with the combined application of both nutrients at higher rates (80 and 120 kg P ha−1 and 10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The highest productivity and profitability was obtained with the cultivation of hybrid rice "Pukhraj" (Pukhraj > Fakhre-e-Malakand > Basmati-385). It was concluded from this study that application of higher P and Zn levels and growing of hybrid rice increased productivity and profitability under the rice-wheat cropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sonochemical synthesis of CuO/CeO 2 based nanomaterial was developed. • CuO/CeO 2 is characterized by FESEM, EDX, XRD and electrochemical studies. • CuO/CeO 2 based electro-catalyst was demonstrated towards dopamine sensor. • CuO/CeO 2 modified electrode used for real time demonstration in biological and drug samples. A nanostructured and high conductive cupric oxide (CuO NPs) with hierarchical CeO 2 sheets-like structure was synthesized by a facile sonochemical approach. Furthermore, CuO/CeO 2 nanostructure is synthesized by high-intensity ultrasonic probe (Ti-horn, 50 kHz and 100 W) at ambient air. Moreover, the synthesized CuO/CeO 2 material was characterized by various analytical techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD and electrochemical methods. Then, the synthesized CuO/CeO 2 composite was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of dopamine using CV and DPV techniques. In addition, the CuO/CeO 2 modified electrode has good electrocatalytic performance with high linear range from 0.025 to 98.5 µM towards the determination of dopamine drug and high sensitivity of the CuO/CeO 2 modified drug sensor was calculated as 16.34 nM and 4.823 μA·µM−1·cm−2, respectively. Moreover, a repeatability, reproducibility and stability of the CuO@CeO 2 mixture modified electrode were analyzed towards the determination of dopamine biomolecule. Interestingly, the real time application of CuO@CeO 2 modified electrode was established in different serum and drug samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of manganese diselenide nanoparticles (MnSeNPs) was synthesized by using a hydrothermal method. Their surface morphology, crystallinity and elemental distribution were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which scrutinize the formation of the NPs. The NPs were coated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were applied to study the electroanalytical properties towards the oxidation of the food additive capsaicin. The modified GCE displays lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 29.52 Ω), a larger active surface area (0.089 cm2/g, and more efficient electrochemical oxidation of capsaicin compared to a MnS2/GCE and a bare GCE. The oxidation peak potential is 0.43 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) which is lower than that of previously reported GCEs. The sensor has a detection limit as low as 0.05 μM and an electrochemical sensitivity of 2.41 μA μM−1 cm−2. The method was applied to the determination of capsaicin in pepper samples.Electrochemical determination of capsaicin in pepper extract by using MnSeNPs modified electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]