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This paper elaborates on the wave propagation characteristics of a smart sandwich plate consisting of smart piezo composite layers on a plate's upper and lower borders via an auxetic core. This study's equation of motion was derived using a refined version of the Shear-deformation theory at a higher order, or HSDT. Additionally, detecting the properties of the auxetic core and piezoelectric composite layers employs a micromechanical model. The fundamental equations of the smart sandwich plates were formulated utilizing the Hamiltonian principle and Maxwell's law. Then, the governing equations of a sandwich plate are solved using an exponential form and an analytical method. Furthermore, the phase velocity of the intelligent sandwich plate is provided based on the layer thicknesses of the auxetic core and thicknesses of intelligent piezoelectric composite layers. In addition, each figure calculates and presents the weight of the Winkler–Pasternak coefficient, the viscoelastic substances factor, the source of the outside electricity, and the volume percent of reinforcement in the matrix on the phase velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research employs a multiple scales perturbation approach to evaluate the nonlinear wave propagation behaviors of a doubly curved sandwich composite piezoelectric shell with a flexible core in a hygrothermal environment. Stress and strain calculations for the flexible core and face sheets are carried out using Reddy's third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) and third-order polynomial theory, respectively. The study explores the synergistic effects of a multilayered shell, flexible core, and magneto-rheological layer (MR) in revealing the nonlinearity of both in-plane and vertical moment within the core. The Halpin–Tsai model is employed to derive the properties of polymer/carbon nanotube/fiber (PCF) and polymer/graphene platelet/fiber (PGF) three-phase composite shells. The governing equations for the multiscale shell are derived using Hamilton's formulation. The research investigates temperature variations, diverse distribution patterns, curvature ratios, and magnetic fields through numerical analysis, presenting the results graphically and prior research has demonstrated the accuracy of these methods. Notably, these factors exert significant influence on the frequency-amplitude curves of the smart structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to control the vibrational behavior of an auxetic plate coated with magnetostrictive material. The kinematic relations of the plate, rested on a Winkler–Pasternak medium, are expressed based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The governing equations are derived by employing the Hamilton's principle and solved analytically by applying the Navier's method. The effects of various parameters such as auxetic inclination angle, auxetic rib length, and feedback gain, on the control behavior of the system are monitored in detail. In order to exhibit the accuracy and validity of this study, our results are compared to those available in the literature. The results indicate that adding auxetic core to magnetostrictive plate results in increasing dimensionless natural frequency. The results obtained from this study can potentially contribute to the advancement of various applications such as the design and improvement of sensors, actuators, and vibration cancellation systems. Additionally, the obtained results could serve as a foundational basis for subsequent investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is clear that there is a relationship between time and space in nanostructures that are always attacked by waves with wavelengths within the intrinsic characteristic length of the nanostructure. Also, the viscoelastic behavior of nanostructures is affected by this relationship between nonlocal time and nonlocal space. It is worth noting that the conventional tempo-spatially decoupled nonlocal viscoelasticity does not give accurate results regarding the viscoelastic response of these structures. Hence, herein and for the first time, a novel fractional nonlocal time–space strain gradient viscoelasticity is implemented to be able to give a correct answer in addressing the dispersion of elastic waves inside functionally graded material (FGM) viscoelastic nanoplates. The constructive equations of this theory are based on the theory of nonlocal strain gradient elasticity. The properties of the FGM studied in this research are obtained by the power-law model, and the kinematic relations are extracted based on the refined higher-order plate theory. Subsequently, motion equations are written using Hamilton's principle and solved analytically. The results of this work reveal that an increase in the nonlocal parameter can reduce the loss factor in a remarkable way due to the coupling between the nonlocalities in the spatial and temporal domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a correlation between nonlocal time and space in the nanostructures which are attacked by waves whose length lies in the range of the nanostructure's intrinsic characteristic lengths. This temporal–spatial coupling affects the viscoelastic behaviors of the nanostructures. In such a case, the conventional tempo-spatially decoupled nonlocal viscoelasticity is not able to provide accurate dynamic responses. To resolve this problem, the present paper focuses on the development of a novel fractional nonlocal time–space strain gradient viscoelasticity and shows its application in the wave propagation analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) nanobeams. The fractional constitutive equations are derived on the basis of the combination of the well-known nonlocal strain gradient elasticity and fractional nonlocal time–space hypotheses. The motion equations of the beam-type elements are presented on the basis of the refined higher-order beam theory and Hamilton's principle. With this newly developed nonlocal theory, the governing equations of the nanobeam are extracted. Afterward, an analytical wave solution will be utilized to achieve the loss factor of the problem. The results of this work reveal that an increase in the nonlocal parameter can reduce the loss factor in a remarkable way due to the coupling between the nonlocalities in the spatial and temporal domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is concerned with the analysis of wave propagation of multi-scale hybrid composite beams subjected to various types of thermal loading. Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are assumed as reinforcements that are distributed in the matrix. The homogenization process is performed exerting the Halpin–Tsai model and the rule of mixture. Different types of temperature rise, namely, uniform, linear and sinusoidal temperature rise are presumed to present a more trustworthy thermal analysis. The beam is rested on Winkler–Pasternak foundation. A refined trigonometric shear deformable beam theory is used to compute the kinetic relations without any external shear correction coefficient. Governing equations are derived implementing Hamilton's principle and then solved analytically. Eventually, the effects of different parameters, such as CNT's weight fraction, the volume fraction of CF, elastic foundation, different types of temperature rise, etc., on wave frequency and phase velocity. are provided numerically in the framework of a set of illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation examines the vibrational properties of porous truncated conical structures made from a composite material consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reinforced with Terfenol-D particles. The effective properties of the magneto-electro-elastic composite were determined using the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka model. The governing equation of the system is obtained by applying the principles of minimal potential energy and Hamilton's principle to the first-order shear deformation theory. The equations are solved utilizing the generalized differential quadrature technique. This study aims to examine the interconnections among the volume percentage, vertex angle, shell length, boundary conditions, and porosity of Terfenol-D. Moreover, to validate the results, a comprehensive analysis was performed by comparing them with the existing body of literature, resulting in a favorable and accurate agreement. The results demonstrate a consistent decrease in the linear natural frequency as the vertex angle gradually increases. The findings derived from this study have the potential to serve as a reference point for future analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the dynamic characteristics of a sandwich composite nanoplate when exposed to a nano damper–spring–mass stimulator. The composite structure consists of a core layer composed of magnetostrictive material, accompanied by upper and lower facesheets made of functionally graded material (FGM). Moreover, the proposed framework is designed to be based on a visco-Pasternak medium. The governing equations of nanoplates are derived using the higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) and Hamilton's principle. In the end, Navier's solution is utilized to solve partial differential equations, while the Laplace transform is employed for solving ordinary differential equations. Subsequently, a thorough investigation is conducted with a primary focus on examining the impact of different parameters on the dynamic response of the continuous system. The findings indicate that the incorporation of the damper–spring–mass system into the nanoplate has a notable impact on its natural frequency. The results can serve as reference points for the effective development of nanosensors, nanoresonators, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to examine the buckling properties of a composite material that combines graphene-origami-enabled features with magnetostrictive facesheets. The nonlocal theory, as developed by Eringen, has been used for the purpose of quantifying the small-scale parameter. However, the system being presented is based on the theoretical framework established by Winkler and Pasternak, which incorporates the analysis of a deformable medium. The use of a theoretical framework referred to as higher-order sinusoidal shear deformation theory has been utilized to formulate the governing equation. The governing equation is then solved via the Galerkin solution approach, while considering various boundary conditions. In order to assess the precision and effectiveness of the present inquiry, the findings are juxtaposed with the prevailing scholarly publications in the academic literature. Furthermore, this study aims to examine the impact of several factors, including as the weight fraction, hydrogen atom coverage, aspect ratio, and temperature, on the critical buckling load. The findings of the present investigation indicate that an increase in the weight fraction of graphene-origami-enabled material leads to an increase in the buckling load. The main aim of this study is to improve the understanding and predictive capability of engineers and designers about the phenomenon of buckling response. The aforementioned data have the potential to provide advantages in the advancement of nanoscale systems, including highly sought-after technologies such as sensors and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to examine the buckling behavior of a composite material that has both magnetostrictive capabilities and functionally graded facesheets. The effective material parameters of the functionally graded layer are determined using the power-law model. Eringen's nonlocal theory has been used for the quantification of the small-scale parameter. In contrast, the suggested system is based on the theoretical framework established by Winkler and Pasternak, which incorporates the analysis of an elastic medium. The use of higher-order sinusoidal shear deformation theory has been employed to derive the governing equation. This governing equation is then solved analytically using the Galerkin solution method, considering various boundary conditions. In order to assess the precision and effectiveness of the ongoing inquiry, the findings are juxtaposed with the existing literature articles. Furthermore, this study examines the impact of many factors, including aspect ratio, velocity feedback gain, and foundation, on the critical buckling load. The findings of the present research indicate that there is a positive correlation between the porosity volume parameter and the buckling load of the structure. The current study aims to provide engineers and designers with a better understanding and predictive capability about buckling response. This knowledge may be advantageous in the design of nanoscale systems, including highly sought-after technologies like as sensors and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the free vibration characteristics of hybrid laminated nanocomposite truncated conical shells and panels incorporating functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced (FG-GPLs) and functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced (FG-CNTs) materials, advancing understanding in hybrid material applications. The structures are assumed to be supported by a two-parameter elastic foundation, and the study also considers the influence of CNT agglomeration. The estimation of CNT agglomeration effect is performed using a two-parameter agglomeration model based on the Mori–Tanaka approach, considering the random orientation of carbon nanotubes. By employing a combination of various control parameters, it becomes possible to determine the optimal mode for setting the natural frequency of the system. To ensure accurate calculations for both thin and thick shells, a third-order shear deformation theory is employed. The governing equations and boundary conditions are formulated based on Hamilton's principle. Numerical solutions are obtained through the systematic differential quadrature method, wherein the Kronecker delta function is employed. By introducing subtle adjustments to the governing equations, this method effectively minimizes computational volume and complexity, proving particularly advantageous for addressing problems characterized by higher degrees of freedom. To estimate the effective mechanical properties of the CNT-reinforced nanocomposite layers, the rule of mixtures is employed. Meanwhile, the Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model is utilized for calculating the properties of the GPL-reinforced nanocomposite layers. The presented study establishes convergence and accuracy through evaluation, considering various parameters such as CNTs volume fraction, GPLs mass fraction, different distribution patterns, different geometries under various boundary conditions, vertex angle of the cone, agglomeration characteristics of CNTs, and different stiffness of the elastic foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to examine the vibrational characteristics of a nanobeam exhibiting auxetic activity, achieved by the incorporation of a magnetostrictive material called Terfenol-D. The nanobeam is postulated to include three distinct layers, whereby the central layer is comprised of a magnetostrictive substance, while the outside layers are formed of auxetic material. On the other hand, the use of higher-order parabolic shear deformation beam theory is utilized to obtain the kinematic relations. Moreover, Eringen's nonlocal theory is used to include the impact of small-scale phenomena. The governing equations are derived by the application of Hamilton's principle and then solved using analytical techniques. This work presents a thorough analysis and elucidation of the influence of several parameters, such as auxetic inclination angle, auxetic rib length, and feedback gain, on the investigated system. Based on current research, evidence suggests that adding auxetic facesheets to magnetostrictive beam results in decreasing dimensionless natural frequency. In order to establish the accuracy and dependability of the present study, a comparison examination has been undertaken to juxtapose our results with the existing body of scholarly literature. The results obtained from the present study have the potential to provide a valuable contribution to the advancement and improved understanding of nano-systems, namely nano-sensors and nano-actuators. Furthermore, the conclusions acquired from this study might potentially serve as a fundamental framework for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to manipulate the vibrational characteristics of a graphene-origami auxetic beam via the use of magnetostrictive materials. The use of higher-order parabolic shear deformation beam theory is utilized to determine the kinematic relations. Moreover, Eringen's nonlocal theory is used to include the impact of small-scale phenomena. The governing equations are derived by the application of Hamilton's principle and then solved using analytical techniques. The results indicate that the integration of a graphene-origami auxetic core into a magnetostrictive beam results in an augmentation of the dimensionless natural frequency. Moreover, the results obtained might potentially serve as a preliminary stage for future research endeavors. In order to establish the accuracy and dependability of the present study, a comparison examination has been undertaken to juxtapose our results with the existing body of scholarly literature. The results of the present study have the potential to further the understanding and advancement of nanosystems, namely nanosensors and nanoactuators. Moreover, the results might perhaps serve as a preliminary stage for future inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high mechanical properties of auxetic materials with negative Poisson's ratio make them suitable for a variety of applications. This article investigated how the auxetic layer affects wave propagation and its effective characteristics in cylindrical sandwich shells. An analytical solution is established to describe wave propagation through wave frequency and wave velocity according to first-order shear deformable shell theory. Moreover, the Hamilton principle was applied. Then, the governing equation was solved by utilizing an analytical method. Different parameters such as auxetic cell angle inclined and dimensions on wave behavior were investigated. The final step is to conduct a numerical investigation. The results are reported in the form of several figures and analyze how each parameter influences wave propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the nonlinear vibrations of porous truncated conical polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reinforced with Terfenol-D particles. The effective properties of the magneto-electro-elastic composite have been obtained using the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka model. Also, the porosity in the composite is considered uniform. The governing equation of the system is derived based on the von Karman theory of nonlinear strains and the theory of first-order shear deformation by applying the principle of minimum energy potential and Hamilton's principle. These equations are solved using the generalized differential quadrature method. The effect of porosity, vertex angle, shell length, boundary conditions, and volume fraction of Terfenol-D will be discussed. Also, for validation, the obtained results were compared with those found in the literature, which was a good answer, along with the accuracy. Results show that the nonlinear to linear natural frequency ratio has a decreasing trend at the lower vertex angle. The present findings can serve as a reference point for subsequent assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present investigation is to study propagation of flexural wave in porous metal foam beams resting on Winkler–Pasternak foundation based upon refined higher-order shear deformable beam theory. Moreover, different types of porosity distribution through the thickness direction are probed namely; uniform, symmetric and asymmetric. The Hamiltonian approach is implemented to catch motion equations of porous metal foam beams. Then, the obtained governing equations of porous metal foam are solved analytically. The influences of different parameters such as various types of porosity distribution, porosity coefficient, slenderness ratio, wave number and elastic foundation coefficients on the variation of wave frequency, escape frequency and phase velocity are covered and presented within the framework of a group of figures which can be observed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary focus of this study is to analyze the vibrational properties of a nanobeam with a porous structure, which is composed of a functionally graded material. Additionally, the nanobeam comprises a magnetostrictive substance known as Terfenol-D. The nanobeam is postulated to include three distinct layers, whereby the central layer is comprised of a magnetostrictive material, while the outside layers are built of functionally graded material. On the other hand, the use of higher-order parabolic shear deformation beam theory is utilized to get the kinematic relations. Moreover, Eringen's nonlocal theory is used to include the impact of small-scale phenomena. The governing equations are derived by the application of Hamilton's principle and then solved using analytical techniques. This study presents a thorough examination and elucidation of the influence exerted by several elements, such as aspect ratio, feedback gain, and gradient index, on the system being studied. Based on extant research, empirical evidence indicates that increasing the feedback gain results in a decrease in the natural frequencies. In order to establish the accuracy and dependability of our present study, we have undertaken a comparison examination of our results in relation to the existing body of the literature. The results of the present study have the potential to advance the understanding and progress in the field of nano-systems, namely nano-sensors and nano-actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalization of graphene aims at altering its material properties to encourage its use in various new applications. In the present research, an investigation on a functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) reinforced nanocomposite (NC) plate is performed once the plate is subjected to thermal loading. The reinforcement of the plate is done with multiple functionally graded (FG) distributions through the thickness, specifically, uniform (U), X, V, and O. This action is for the purpose of finding the most effective distributional strategy for functionalized graphene oxide with ameliorated vibrational characteristics. Also, the Winkler–Pasternak elastic substrate serves as the support for the plate construction. To describe the mechanical properties of the FG nanocomposite plate, the Halpin–Tsai model is employed and a more advanced higher order shear deformation model is used to take the impact of shear deformation into account. Next, Hamilton's principle is utilized to derive the governing equations of the plate structure. These governing equations are then solved for a simply supported functionalized graphene oxide-reinforced nanocomposite plate. Ensuing, several parametric studies are presented to better delineate the impact of numerous variants including FGO's weight fraction, distribution patterns, temperature raise, elastic substrate coefficients, and geometrical properties on the nanocomposite plates' fundamental frequency. Results of our study indicate that raising the temperature and aspect ratio can decrease the natural frequency of FGO-reinforced NC plates, while increase in the FGO's weight fraction and elastic foundation does the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is an attempt to examine the wave propagation of thermally loaded graphene platelets (GPL)s reinforced nanocomposite plates. Particularly, an analytical approach is made to determine the extent of wave dispersion in functionally graded nanocomposite plates reinforced with graphene platelets (GPL)s when thermal loading is added to the structure. Along with thermal loading, the plate structure is rested on an elastic foundation to derive a more realistic outcome. Variety of thermal loads with different temperature rises have been studies in the present research; these loads include: uniform temperature rise (UTR), sinusoidal temperature rise (STR), and linear temperature rise (LTR). Moreover, the nanocomposite (NC) plate is rested on a Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation. GPL particles are dispersed in the polymer base along the thickness of the plate in four differing distribution patterns. Furthermore, Hamilton's principle along with refined higher-order plate theory is utilized to derive the governing equations of the problem. Afterwards, these differential equations are solved in an analytical format to attain the wave frequency, as well as, the phase velocity of GPL-reinforced NC plate. Before, assessing the impact of numerous parameters on the wave propagation characteristics of GPL-reinforced NC plate, our analytical model had been validated with previous studies. Results of this study indicates that the wave dispersion of NC plates reinforced with GPLs is heavily depended on parameters such as GPL distribution pattern, thermal loading type, GPL weight fraction and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study employs the Timoshenko beam theory to thoroughly investigate the propagation of waves in auxetic metamaterial beams enabled by functionally graded graphene origami. This exploration is conducted while the Winkler–Pasternak foundation supports the beams. In addition, many distinct graphene origami (GOri) distribution patterns have been explored, and the results have been shown to be uniform and functionally graded across the thickness direction. The kinetic equations of auxetic metamaterial beams may be captured with the help of Hamilton's principle, which is applied here. The analytical solution of the governing equations for the auxetic metamaterial beam is determined based on the received information. Comparisons have been made between the effects that a wide variety of parameters have on the wave frequency and phase velocity of the auxetic metamaterial beam. These parameters include graphene distribution pattern and content, GOri folding degree, temperature, wave number, and elastic foundation coefficients. The crucial aspects of each figure have been identified through in-depth analysis and comparison of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, the influences of waviness and agglomeration factor of nanofillers on wave dispersion of embedded nanocomposite beams reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is investigated for the first time. These beams are supported on Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation. The effective mechanical properties of nanocomposite beam are estimated by employing a blend of a new form of Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model and rule of mixture. The kinematic and kinetic relations of nanocomposite beam are computed based upon refined higher-order shear deformation theory. Moreover, the governing equations are derived by utilizing the Hamiltonian approach. Afterward, an analytical method is used in order to solve the obtained governing equations. Effects of the wide range of variants such as volume fraction of MWCNTs, slenderness ratio, waviness factor, random orientation factor, agglomeration factor and elastic foundation coefficient on the variation of wave frequency and phase velocity have been illustrated comparatively. Furthermore, the results are thoroughly discussed to obtain the highlights of each figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the time-dependent characteristics of the polymers, carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced polymer nanocomposites exhibit great viscoelastic nature. Besides, it also has advantages in strength and stiffness. Therefore, a sufficient understanding of their rheological behavior is necessary if the materials are to be used in the aerospace industry. The paper's objective is to track the vibrational responses of a multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite beam for the first time while accounting for the wavy form and the time dependency of the polymer. To do this, the homogenization process combines the mix-ture's rule with the modified Halpin-Tsai model. The results demonstrate that assigning a large value to the polymer's characteristic relaxation time may delay the structure's vibration suppression. Furthermore, the results show that hybrid nanocomposites made of wavy CNTs are unable to offer optimal frequencies in comparison to those produced from straight CNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a machine-learning model is utilized to estimate the temperature-dependent moduli of neat, thermally reduced graphene and covalently functionalized graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. In addition, the governed mathematical expressions have been used to solve the buckling problem of beams fabricated from such nanocomposites in the presence of a thermal gradient. In order to do so, an energy-based method including the shear deformable beam hypothesis is used. The beam structure is rested on the Winkler–Pasternak substrate. The reported verifications demonstrate the impressive precision of the presented ML model, as well as the buckling response of the under-study structures. Finally, in the framework of some numerical case studies, the impact of several parameters on the buckling of nanocomposite beams is depicted. The results of this study delineate that temperature has a vital role in the determination of the critical buckling load that the nanocomposite structures can endure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the buckling problem of a multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite shell for the first time while the cylinder is supposed to be rested on an elastic substrate. The constituent material is considered to be made from a polymeric matrix strengthened via both macro- and nano-scale reinforcements. The influence of nanofillers' agglomeration, generated due to the high surface to volume ratio in nanostructures, is included by implementing the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme. Afterwards, the equivalent material properties of the carbon nanotube-reinforced (CNTR) nanocomposite are coupled with those of carbon fibers (CFs) within the framework of a modified rule of the mixture. A cylindrical coordinate system is chosen and mixed with the infinitesimal strains of first-order shear deformation theory of shells to obtain the motion equations on the basis of the static form of principle of virtual work. Next, the achieved governing equations will be solved by Galerkin's method to obtain the buckling load of the structure for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. The results indicate on the fact that if the agglomeration effects are ignored, the designed nanocomposite system may fail under low static excitations. Also, it is better to avoid from the construction of a large number of small clusters to make the nanocomposite structure more powerful against buckling mode failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, wave propagation in multi-scale hybrid glass fiber (GF)/carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer nanocomposite plates is studied for the first time by means of refined higher-order plate theory. The hybrid nanocomposite consists of CNTs and glass fibers (GF) as reinforcing components distributed within a polymeric matrix. A hierarchical micromechanical approach is used to predict the effective mechanical properties of the hybrid nanocomposite, including the three-dimensional (3D) Mori-Tanaka method and the rule of mixture. Moreover, a refined-type higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is implemented to take into account the influence of the shear deformation on the motion equations of the system. Then, the governing equations are achieved on the basis of the energy-based Hamilton's principle. Finally, the derived equations will be solved analytically for the purpose of extracting the natural frequency of the continuous system. A set of numerical examples are provided to cover the effects of various parameters on the wave dispersion characteristics of the plate. It can be declared that the hybrid nanocomposite system can achieve higher wave frequencies compared with other types of composite structures. Additionally, it is found that the selection of the lay-ups and length-to-diameter ratio plays a significant role in the determination of the sandwich plate's acoustic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, wave propagation in simply supported (S-S) functionally graded (FG) beam is investigated while the beam is exposed to magneto-thermal environments and embedded on two-parameter elastic foundation. The mechanical properties of the structure are supposed to vary through the thickness via the exponential and power law function. The governing equations of the motion are derived by implementing Hamilton's principle on the basis of refined higher order beam theory which can capture the shear deformation effect. Two novel metal and ceramic with interesting properties named Osmium and Silicon Carbide (SiC) are used as materials of this structure. The thermal loadings are applied to the structure with various temperature changes namely uniform, linear and sinusoidal, through the thickness. Influences of the wide range of parameters such as magnetic field intensity, slenderness ratio, various thermal loadings, exponential- and power-law exponents and elastic foundation coefficient on the wave frequency and phase velocity of the FG beam have been illustrated comparatively and the results are thoroughly discussed to obtain the highlights of each figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the wave propagation analysis of multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite plates by considering the influences of the aggregation of the nanoparticles. For the constituent materials of the plate, a polymeric matrix is supposed to have macro- and nano-reinforcements dispersed in it. The well-known micromechanical methods, such as Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka model and the rule of the mixture, are exerted to compute the effective material properties of the nanocomposite plate. Also, a refined higher-order shear deformation theory is implemented to obtain the motion relations. Besides, the governing equations are derived by employing the principle of Hamilton. Then, the analytic method is used to solve the obtained governing equations of structure and finally wave frequency and phase velocity are calculated. The effects of the various parameters on the variation of phase velocity and wave frequency of the multi-scale nanocomposite plates are examined. The presented results demonstrate that the mechanical response of the system can be decreased, while the nanotubes are covered by clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free oscillation analysis of shells consisted of multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites is carried out with regard to the destroying effect of the nanofillers' agglomeration on the system's dynamics. The equivalent material properties of the hybrid nanocomposite are obtained in the framework of a bi-level micromechanical procedure. The influence of existence of agglomerated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the stiffness of the nanocomposite is included with the aid of the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka method. Thereafter, the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) of the shells will be combined with the dynamic form of the principle of virtual work to reach the Euler-Lagrange equations of the problem. Next, the governing equations will be extracted from the Euler-Lagrange ones by using the constitutive equations of the nanocomposite. To obtain the natural frequencies of the system for shells with clamped and simply supported ends, the Galerkin's method is hired. The validity check reveals that the utilized methodology is powerful enough to predict the frequency behaviors of nanocomposite shells. According to the results, it can be inferred that the hybrid nanocomposite shells may be involved in resonance phenomenon in low-range frequencies if the impact of the CNTs' aggregation is neglected. Obviously, the volume fraction of the CNTs inside the inclusions plays a magnificent role in the determination of the system's dynamic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is mainly focused on analyzing wave propagation of sigmoid functionally graded (SFG) piezoelectric nanobeams rested on an elastic foundation on the basis of the nonlocal elasticity theory. The small-scale influence is taken into account by employing Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory (ENET). Zinc oxide and Lithium niobate are supposed to be constituent materials of the nanoscale structure. Although the common power-law formulation has been used to determine electromechanical properties of functionally graded piezoelectric in the reported investigations, the sigmoid power-law formulation is employed in order to characterize the distribution of electromechanical properties in the current paper. Hamilton's principle and the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, which is also known by classic beam theory, are applied to derive nonlocal governing equations of piezoelectric nanobeam. Afterward, the obtained nonlocal governing equations are solved via the analytical method. Eventually, the effect of various parameters, such as wave number, nonlocal parameter, gradient index, slenderness ratio, elastic foundation coefficients, and electric voltage on the variation of wave frequency and phase velocity of SFG piezoelectric nanobeam, is examined and also, the obtained result is presented in a group of illustrations that can be found in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to investigate buckling characteristics of a functionally graded magneto-electro-thermo-elastic nanoshell based on nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). Accounting for nonlocal and strain gradient size-dependency, NSGT has two scale coefficients. The nanoshell is subjected to external electric, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal fields. The temperature distributions are considered as uniform and linear thorough the nanoshell thickness. All material properties including elastic, piezoelectric, and magnetic properties are defined based on a power-law distribution type. Seven coupled governing equations are derived for the nanoshell based on Hamilton's rule and then solved applying Galerkin's approach. The dependency of the buckling behavior of the nanoshell on applied thermal load, temperature distribution, electric voltage, magnetic potential, material gradient index, scale parameters, and shear deformation will be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims to clarify the effect of the nanoflow on the nonlinear dynamic instability of graphene sheets under parametric excitation. To achieve this aim, the graphene layer is added to a visco-Pasternak foundation then, the resulting nanostructure is subjected to the nanoflow and a parametric axial force, simultaneously. The nonlocal elasticity and the nonlinear von Karman theories and Hamilton's principle are combined in this article, which lead to the governing equation of motion. A class of nonlinear Mathieu–Hill equation is established to determine the bifurcations and the regions of the nonlinear dynamic instability. The main conclusion to be drawn is that nanoflow directly influences the amplitude response of the system. This investigation contains analysis of how the nanoflow affects the nonlinear instability of nanostructures including the graphene sheets which can be provided useful information for the next investigations in field of nano electromechanical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation deals with wave propagation analysis of porous metal foam resting on the Kerr substrate in the thermal environment within the framework of the refined higher-order plate theory. Different types of temperature rise are studied namely; uniform, linear and sinusoidal temperature rise. The pores are distributed through the thickness symmetrically and asymmetrically. The principle of Hamilton is employed in order to reach motion equations of porous metal foam plates. Next, governing equations of porous metal foam are derived for a refined inverse cotangential shear deformation plate and then solved analytically. The effects of various parameters including porosity coefficient, various types of porosity distribution, different types of temperature rise, length to thickness ratio, shape function, wave number and linear and shear layers of Kerr substrate on the variation of wave frequency and phase velocity of metal foam plate are covered and presented within the framework of a group of figures which can be observed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical approach is developed in this paper to investigate the wave propagating in graphene oxide powder (GOP) reinforced nanocomposite plates under thermal loading. The plate is embedded on a two parameter elastic substrate to make this research more realistic. The structure is exposed to thermal loadings with various temperature rises such as sinusoidal temperature rise (STR), linear temperature rise (LTR) and uniform temperature rise (UTR). The governing differential equations are derived via incorporation of the Hamilton's principle and refined higher order plate theory then solved analytically to obtain the wave frequency and phase velocity of the GOP reinforced nanocomposite plate. The GOPs are dispersed in a polymeric matrix through the thickness of the plate by considering different functionally graded (FG) patterns. Moreover, the effective material properties of the structure are predicted on the basis of Halpin–Tsai micromechanical scheme. Furthermore, the accuracy of the present model is verified with previous works and also the influences of various parameters on the wave propagation behavior of the structure are covered too. The graphical results declare that wave propagation in GOP reinforced nanocomposite plates dramatically depends on these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a sandwich composite plate with tunable magneto-rheological (MR) fluid core is utilized for analyzing the wave propagation. Sandwich composite plate is made of three layers consisting of the base layer, MR layer and the limiter layer. MR layer is embedded within the base and the limiter layers. Moreover, the upper and the lower layers are made of the elastic materials. This structure is also located on a viscoelastic substrate. At first, for achieving the governing equations of motion, Hamilton's principle and classical plate theory (CLPT) are utilized. Then, exerting an analytical solution, the wave frequency and phase velocity of the propagated waves can be gained by solving eigenvalue problem. By investigating the effect of the magnetic field, the results emphasize that the magnetic field intensity is most important factor for changing the value of the wave dispersion characteristic. Besides, results indicate by enhancing the core-to-top layer thickness ratio, the wave frequency decreases because MR fluid core is softer in comparison to the elastic layers, Hence, MR fluid core operates similar damper. At the end, the effect of the other parameters such as thickness of MR layer, Winkler, Pasternak and damping coefficients are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, wave propagation behavior of a size-dependent spinning graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced composite (GNPRC) cylindrical nanoshell with porosity is presented. The effects of small scale are analyzed based on nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT), this accurate theory employs exact length scale parameter and nonlocal constant. The governing equations of GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell coupled with piezoelectric actuator (PIAC) are evolved by minimum potential energy principle and solved by the analytical method. For the first time in the current study, wave propagation-porosity behavior of a GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell coupled with PIAC is examined based on NSGT. The results show that, as the angular velocity increases, the difference between the minimum and maximum values of the phase velocity decreases. Another important result of this paper is that, by increasing the radius, extremum values of phase velocity occur in the lower values of the wave number. Finally, the influences of porosity, angular velocity, wave number and different graphene platelet distribution patterns on the phase velocity are investigated using the mentioned continuum mechanics theory. The outputs of the present work can be used in structural health monitoring and ultrasonic inspection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, analysis of torsional vibration behavior of non-circular nanorods made of auxetic honeycomb material is investigated for the first time. The triangular and elliptical cross-sections are selected to be analyzed. Moreover, one of the distinct properties of auxetic honeycomb materials is that they possess a negative Poisson's ratio, which can be effective on the design and analysis of structures. In order to capture a small size or scale effect, the constitutive relation of nanorods is modified based on Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory (ENET). Hamilton's principle is employed to obtain the kinematic relation of nanoscale rods. The nonlocal derived governing equations of non-circular auxetic nanorods are solved by utilizing an analytical method with respect to different boundary conditions. In order to verify the correctness of obtained outcomes, the results are compared to previous investigations, and good agreement can be observable. The influences of various parameters such as both Clamped–Clamped (C–C) and Clamped-Free (C-F) boundary conditions, nonlocal parameters, inclined angles, and geometrical ratios are explored and illustrated in the framework of several figures, which can be seen in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper is devoted to investigate the free and forced vibrational responses of the multi-phase angle-ply laminated nanocomposite beam with focusing on the occurrence of resonance phenomenon. The influence of uniform thermal loading and three-parameter Kerr substrate which can affect the resonance behavior of the structure is surveyed. Utilizing a superior nanofiller with the name of Graphene Oxide (GO) together with the macro-scale Carbon Fibers (CFs) will constitute a novel multi-scale hybrid reinforcement for the polymer matrix. The combination of the Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model and extended rule of the mixture is implemented to estimate the effective properties of this multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite. Refined higher-order beam theory is employed to obtain the displacement fields and then with applying Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are derived and analytically solved via Galerkin's exact solution method. Also, the presented results are validated with reputed works in open literature. Furthermore, some tabulated and graphical results are provided to reveal the effects of various parameters such as fibers' orientation angle, weight and volume fractions of reinforcements, different boundary conditions, beam's slenderness ratio, Kerr substrate parameters, excitation frequency and temperature change on the dynamic behavior of the proposed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article studies the two phase local/nonlocal deformation of magneto thermo electrical composite nano beam reinforced with graphene oxide powder (GOP). The controlling equation of motion and boundary conditions are derived via two phase elasticity in differential form conjunction with Hamilton's principle and Euler-Bernoulli beam model. The effect of a non-uniform magnetic and piezo electric field is incorporated with the governing equations by convoluting field quantities and displacement components. Then, Navier method is adopted to observe the influence of various boundary conditions on the dynamics of the beam. Comparison studies are performed to display the accuracy and efficiency of this analytical model. Further, the effects of magnetic field, GOP weight fraction, two phase parameter, external electric voltage, nonlocal parameter and temperature difference on the dimensionless frequency of GOP reinforced magneto piezo thermo elastic composite beams are thoroughly investigated and highlighted through tables and dispersion curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation is to propose a thermoelasticity model for analyzing the propagation of thermoelastic waves in a composite hollow circular cylinder with an LEMV/CFRP interface layer. The model incorporates a modified nonlocal couple stress theory and addresses the challenges associated with higher order time derivatives. The derivation results in three partial differential equations for the modified nonlocal couple stress of the cylinder in axisymmetric mode. Applying linear elasticity theory, the equations are solved to obtain frequency equations for the external surface of the cylinder under traction-free conditions, while ensuring continuity at the boundaries. The study explores the influence of variations in wave number and thickness on the frequency, temperature, and displacements within the field. To assess the impact of different thermoelasticity theories and nonlocal coupled stress parameters, the research utilizes tables and graphs for comparison and estimation. From the numerical evaluation, it is revealed that the impact of modified nonlocal couple stress parameter shows substantial effects on the physical quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is proposed to capture the influences of carbon nanotubes' agglomeration on the natural frequency behaviors of multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite plates for the first time. The constituent material, which is a hybrid nanocomposite, is consisted of both macro- and nano-scale reinforcing fibers dispersed in a polymer matrix. The equivalent material properties are seemed to be calculated coupling the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka model with the rule of the mixture to consider the effects of carbon nanotubes inside the probably generated clusters while finding the mechanical properties of such novel hybrid nanocomposites. Furthermore, an energy-based approach is implemented to obtain the governing equations of the problem utilizing a refined higher-order plate theorem. Next, the derived equations will be solved in the framework of Galerkin's well-known analytical method to reach the fundamental frequency. It is worth mentioning that the influence of various boundary conditions is included. Once the validity of the presented results is proven, a set of numerical examples are presented to explain how each variant can affect the plate's natural frequency. Communicated by Wei-Chau Xie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an investigation of the wave propagation of a rectangular sandwich composite plate with tunable magneto-rheological fluid core. The constituent parts of this rectangular sandwich composite plate are the base layer, magneto-rheological fluid core, and limiter layer. Magneto-rheological fluid core is embedded within the base and limiter layers. Also, the upper and lower layers are made of elastic materials. For obtaining the governing equations of motion, Hamilton's principle and classical plate theory are used. After that, applying an analytical solution, the wave frequency and phase velocity of the propagated waves can be gained by solving eigenvalue problem. By investigating the effect of the magnetic field, the results emphasize that the magnetic field intensity is the most important factor for changing the value of the wave frequency and phase velocity. Besides, results show by enhancing the core-to-top layer thickness ratio, the wave frequencies reduce because magneto-rheological fluid core is softer in comparison to elastic layers. Therefore, magneto-rheological fluid layer operates similar to a damper. At the end, the influence of the thickness of magneto-rheological fluid core on the phase velocity is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the bending analysis of flexoelectric functionally graded (FG) microbeams according to nonlocal elasticity theory is verified. To this end, higher order refined beam theory has been used. The foundation of FG microbeam includes Winkler-Pasternak layer. Hamilton’s principle is used to obtain the governing equations based on the nonlocal theory and solved employing an analytical solution. The model is designed in such a way that the properties change continuously. A parametric study is presented to inquire the nonlocal parameter, power-law hygro-thermal-loadings, flexoelectric effect, transverse external loading, on the bending characteristics of FG microbeam. It is found that boundary conditions, flexoelectric effect, nonlocal parameter, power-law index and beam geometrical parameters have notable effects on dimensionless deflection of FG microscale beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the thermo-magneto-elastic wave dispersion answers of rotary functionally graded (FG) double-nanobeam systems (DNBSs) are surveyed implementing a nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). The kinematic relations are derived employing the classical beam theory. Also, scale influences are covered precisely in the framework of NSGT. Moreover, Mori-Tanaka homogenization model is introduced in order to obtain the effective material properties of FG nanobeams. Meanwhile, effects of external forces such as thermal and Lorentz forces are included in this research. Also, based upon the Hamilton's principle, the Euler–Lagrange equations are developed; afterwards, these equations are incorporated with those of NSGT to reach the nonlocal governing equations of FG-DNBSs. Furthermore, according to an analytical approach, the governing equations are solved to obtain the wave frequencies and phase velocities of FG-DNBSs. At the end, some illustrations are rendered to clarify the influences of a wide range of involved parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the agglomeration effect of reinforcements on wave propagation analysis of multi-scale hybrid nanocomposite shell based on first-order shear deformable theory (FSDT) of shell for the first time. The nanocomposite shell is consist of carbon fiber (CF) as macro reinforcement, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as nanoreinforcement and epoxy as an initial matrix. Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka method and rule of mixture are implemented in order to predict the equivalent mechanical properties of nanocomposite shell. To derive the motion equation of shell, FSDT is applied and governing equations are attained by employing Hamilton's principle. Dispersion solution is calculated by solving eigenvalue problem and also analytical method is utilized to solve the governing equations and finally wave frequency and phase velocity of nanocomposite shell can be achieved. In detail, several illustrations are presented which influence various parameters such as longitudinal and circumferential wave number, the volume fraction of CF, volume fraction of CNTs inside the cluster and so on are investigated. Communicated by Chandrika Prakash Vyasarayani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates wave propagation behavior of a multi-phase nanocrystalline nanobeam subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field in the framework of nonlocal couple stress and surface elasticity theories. In this model, the essential measures to describe the real material structure of nanocrystalline nanobeams and the size effects were incorporated. This non-classical nanobeam model contains couple stress effect to capture grains micro-rotations. Moreover, the nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to study the nonlocal and long-range interactions between the particles. The present model can degenerate into the classical model if the nonlocal parameter, couple stress and surface effects are omitted. Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the governing equations which are solved by applying an analytical method. The frequencies are compared with those of nonlocal and couple stress-based beams. It is showed that wave frequencies and phase velocities of a nanocrystalline nanobeam depend on the grain size, grain rotations, porosities, interface, magnetic field, surface effect and nonlocality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is motivated by lack of research in the nonlinear dynamics and the instability of the double-walled nanobeams caused by the parametric excitation and also subjected to the thermo-magneto-mechanical loads. In this paper, firstly, a short double-walled nanobeam is modeled and embedded on a viscoelastic foundation. The double-walled nanobeam is subjected to an axial parametric force and the thermo-magneto-mechanical loads simultaneously. Secondly, based on the nonlocal elasticity and the nonlinear von Karman beam theories, the nonlinear governing equation of motion is derived. A class of nonlinear Mathieu–Hill equation is established to determine the bifurcations and the regions of the nonlinear dynamic instability. The numerical results are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the parametric excitation, the thermo-magneto-mechanical loads, the viscoelastic foundation coefficients and the damping coefficient. The results emphasize that the outer layer of the nanobeam plays a significant role in the nonlinear instability of the system than the inner layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present paper is to comprehensively study the nonlinear frequency response of viscoelastic piezoelectric nanoplates exposed to dual harmonic external excitation and thermo-electro-mechanical loads. To achieve this goal, firstly, a piezoelectric nanoplate resting on a viscoelastic foundation is modeled. Secondly, using the nonlocal piezoelectricity theory, Kelvin-Voigt model, von Karman nonlinear relations and Hamilton's principle, the nonlinear governing differential equation of motion is derived. In the next step, employing the Galerkin technique and multiple time scales method, the partial differential equation is transformed to an ordinary one and solved. Finally, the modulation equation of viscoelastic piezoelectric nanoplates for combinational excitation is obtained. Emphasizing the effect of dual harmonic excitation and thermo-electro-mechanical loads on nonlinear frequency response of the system, jump and resonance phenomena are discussed. A detailed parametric study is conducted to examine the effect of nonlinearity, damping coefficient, nonlocal parameter, combinational excitation, electric voltage, initial stress and thermal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the thermal vibration analysis of the graphene-oxide powder-reinforced (GOPR) nanocomposite plates, once the plate is embedded on the viscoelastic substrate. The structure is subjected to thermal loadings with various temperature rises such as sinusoidal temperature rise (STR), linear temperature rise (LTR), and uniform temperature rise (UTR). Damping behavior of the GOPR nanocomposite plates is investigated based on the variations of the natural frequencies. Four functionally graded (FG) patterns of GOPs' distribution are taken into account comparatively in order to find out the best model of reinforcing the structure. The homogenization of the materials is carried based on the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme. The governing equations of the motion have been derived through the combination of refined higher-order shear deformation theory and Hamilton's principle. The accuracy of this modeling is validated with those reported in the open literature. Finally, the influences of different parameters on the natural frequencies of the embedded GOPR nanocomposite plates are investigated based on the damping coefficient of the viscoelastic substrate. The graphical results reveal that the free vibrational behavior of the structure is remarkably affected by the variations of these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, thermal buckling and forced vibration characteristics of the imperfect composite cylindrical nanoshell reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in thermal environments are presented. Halpin–Tsai nanomechanical model is used to determine the material properties of each layer. The size-dependent effects of GNPRC nanoshell is analyzed using modified couple stress theory. For the first time, in the present study, porous functionally graded multilayer couple stress (FMCS) parameter which changes along the thickness is considered. The novelty of the current study is to consider the effects of porosity, GNPRC, FMCS and thermal environment on the resonance frequencies, thermal buckling and dynamic deflections of a nanoshell using FMCS parameter. The governing equations and boundary conditions are developed using Hamilton's principle and solved by an analytical method. The results show that, porosity, GNP distribution pattern, modified couple stress parameter, length to radius ratio, mode number and the effect of thermal environment have an important role on the resonance frequencies, relative frequency change, thermal buckling, and dynamic deflections of the porous GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell using FMCS parameter. The results of current study can be useful in the field of materials science, micro-electro-mechanical systems and nano electromechanical systems such as microactuators and microsensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]