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Background: To analyze the effects of different anesthesia depths on perioperative heart rate variability and hemodynamics in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia, and to provide a basis for clinical application. Methods: A total of 111 patients with gastric cancer who were treated with epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia were selected as the study subjects, and the patients were randomly divided into group A, group B and group C. The bispectral index (BIS) was maintained by adjusting the infusion speed of anesthetics, the BIS of group A was maintained at 50 ~ 59, the BIS of group B was maintained at 40 ~ 49, and the BIS of group C was maintained at 30 ~ 39. The high-frequency power (HFP), low-frequency power (LFP), total power (TP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured before anesthesia induction (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), 3 min after intubation (T3), and 6 min after extubation (T4). The cognitive function of the patients was evaluated before and 48 h after surgery. Results: The HFP, LFP/HFP, TP, HR, DBP and SBP between the three groups at T1 ~ T3 are significantly difference from each other (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in spontaneous breathing recovery time, eye opening time and extubation time among group A, B and C groups, and group B had the lowest spontaneous breathing recovery time, eye opening time and extubation time (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions during anesthesia between the three groups. The cognitive function score of group B was significantly higher than that of group A and group C (P < 0.05). Conclusions: BIS maintenance of 40 ~ 49 has little effect on perioperative heart rate variability and hemodynamics in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia, which is helpful for postoperative recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This review explores mathematical models, blinking characterization, and non-invasive techniques to enhance understanding and refine clinical interventions for ocular conditions, particularly for contact lens wear. Methods: The review evaluates mathematical models in tear film dynamics and their limitations, discusses contact lens wear models, and highlights computational mechanical models. It also explores computational techniques, customization of models based on individual blinking dynamics, and non-invasive diagnostic tools like high-speed cameras and advanced imaging technologies. Results: Mathematical models provide insights into tear film dynamics but face challenges due to simplifications. Contact lens wear models reveal complex ocular physiology and design aspects, aiding in lens development. Computational mechanical models explore eye biomechanics, often integrating tear film dynamics into a Multiphysics framework. While different computational techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, non-invasive tools like OCT and thermal imaging play a crucial role in customizing these Multiphysics models, particularly for contact lens wearers. Conclusion: Recent advancements in mathematical modeling and non-invasive tools have revolutionized ocular health research, enabling personalized approaches. The review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary exploration in the Multiphysics approach involving tear film dynamics and biomechanics for contact lens wearers, promoting advancements in eye care and broader ocular health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Football players often use quick change of direction, sudden acceleration and explosive movements. This is why chronic ankle instability is one of the most common conditions affecting this athlete population. This study investigates the effects of neuro-vestibular-ocular exercises and myofascial release on proprioception and performance in football players with chronic ankle instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial included 60 football players aged 18–30. The players were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (NVOEG, n = 30) was included in the Neuro-Vestibular-ocular exercise training program, while the myofascial release was applied to the second group (MRHOG, n = 30). Both protocols were applied for eight weeks. The participants' Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores were assessed before and after the intervention. Proprioception was evaluated by using the joint position sense test. Additionally, kick speed (KS), 30-m sprint, zig-zag agility test (ZAT) and Landing error score system (LESS) tests were applied to evaluate their performance. RESULTS: Post-rehabilitation scores showed significant differences in proprioception and performance parameters compared to pre-scores in both groups. (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed between the NVOEG and MRHOG in the post-test scores, including CAIT for unstable and stable ankle, proprioception for unstable ankle, LESS, ZAT with ball performance, and 30-meter sprint test. CONCLUSIONS: The neuro-vulvular-ocular exercise training protocol had superior results in terms of proprioception and performance parameters in chronic ankle instability management for football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It was aimed to compare the clinical results of the mini-monovision technique (MMV) with enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) and trifocal IOL applications and to evaluate the intereye differences in the MMV group. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated the results of cataract surgeries performed on 48 eyes of 24 patients. Surgeries in Group I were performed for MMV using the RayOne EMV IOL targeting emmetropia in dominant eyes (Group IA) and -0.70 diopter (D) myopia in non-dominant eyes (Group IB), while those in Group II were performed with the AcrySof® IQ PanOptixTM TNFT00 IOL targeting emmetropia. After the surgeries, uncorrected and corrected distance, intermediate, and near distance visual acuities, contrast sensitivity measurements, and defocus curves were determined. Subjective evaluation was made with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). The groups were compared statistically. Results: Postoperative refraction mean spherical equivalent was -0.25±0.22 D, -0.67±0.33 D, and -0.16±0.31 D in the three groups, respectively. A statistical difference was identified in favor of Group IA for uncorrected distance vision and in favor of Group IB for near vision (p<0.05). There was no difference in bilateral uncorrected visions in Groups I and II (p>0.05). While contrast sensitivity was better in Group I at all spatial frequencies (p<0.05), better vision was achieved in the defocus curve at distance in Group IA and at near in Group IB. In the binocular evaluation, it was seen that Groups I and II had similar results. In the subjective evaluation, NEI-VFQ-25 scores were 94.1±4.2/100 in Group I and 91.5±3.0/100 in Group II at 6 months (p>0.05). Photic complaints were significantly more common in Group II. Conclusion: With the MMV technique, it was observed that enhanced monofocal lenses provided better visual acuity at all distances and less dysphotopsia than trifocal lenses, whereas trifocal lenses were better at providing independence from glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sight is arguably the most precious of our senses. With the aging world population, it is vitally important to learn about the four major conditions that affect people as they age, namely, Macular Degeneration or Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD); Cataracts; Diabetic Retinopathy; and Glaucoma. This column will offer information on web-based sites that not only provide accurate and reliable information on these conditions to patients and their care-givers, but also identify help available to protect vision, treat vision conditions, and ways and encouragement that allow individuals to continue to live fulfilling lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of generic ophthalmic drug products with complex formulations is challenging due to the complexity of the ocular system and a lack of sensitive testing to evaluate the interplay of its physiology with ophthalmic drugs. New methods are needed to facilitate the development of ophthalmic generic drug products. Ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (O-PBPK) models can provide insight into drug partitioning in eye tissues that are usually not accessible and/or are challenging to sample in humans. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of an ocular PBPK model to predict human exposure following the administration of ophthalmic suspension. Besifloxacin (Bes) suspension is presented as a case study. The O-PBPK model for Bes ophthalmic suspension (Besivance® 0.6%) accounts for nasolacrimal drainage, suspended particle dissolution in the tears, ocular absorption, and distribution in the rabbit eye. A topical controlled release formulation was used to integrate the effect of Durasite® on Bes ocular retention. The model was subsequently used to predict Bes exposure after its topical administration in humans. Drug-specific parameters were used as validated for rabbits. The physiological parameters were adjusted to match human ocular physiology. Simulated human ocular pharmacokinetic profiles were compared with the observed ocular tissue concentration data to assess the OCAT models' ability to predict human ocular exposure. The O-PBPK model simulations adequately described the observed concentrations in the eye tissues following the topical administration of Bes suspension in rabbits. After adjustment of physiological parameters to represent the human eye, the extrapolation of clinical ocular exposure following a single ocular administration of Bes suspension was successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering (TE) is a field of science that combines biological, engineering, and medical sciences and allows the development of disease models, drug development and gene therapy studies, and even cellular or tissue-based treatments developed by engineering methods. The eye is an organ that is easily accessible and amenable to engineering applications, paving the way for TE in ophthalmology. TE studies are being conducted on a wide range of topics, including the tear film, eyelids, cornea, optic nerve, glaucoma, and retinal diseases. With the rapid scientific advances in the field, it seems that TE is radically modifying the management of ocular disorders. : [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal injury is associated with hypoxia-induced neovascularization, which interferes optical transparency of the cornea, resulting in vision loss and blindness. The treatment of corneal damage remains a significant unmet medical need. Lactoferrin (Lf) and angiostatins (AS) are naturally occurring antiinflammatory and antiangiogenic proteins, which play important roles in eye physiology and can be used as protectors against corneal diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of plasminogen fragment AS K1-3 and Lf (as a referent preparation) on the levels of the principal markers of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy in the burn-injured cornea. Additionally, effects of AS on the metabolic activity of macrophages have been studied. Materials and Мethods. Experimental model of corneal burn was induced by NaOH application to rabbit’s eye surface. One of the group of animals with injured cornea topically received AS, which were applied as eye drops (1 μM solution) daily for 14 days after injury, another one was treated by the equimolar solution of Lf. The levels of protein markers of angiogenesis (VEGF), apoptosis (caspase-3), and autophagy (beclin-1) were evaluated in corneal lysates by western blot. Histological analysis was performed by hematoxylin/eosin staining of corneal slices followed by light microscopy. Effects of AS in the range of concentrations 10–200 nM on the activity of phagocytic cells were assessed in murine macrophage cell line J744.2 by the test with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). The quantitative results were analysed with the use of Mann-Whitney U-test. The difference between group mean values was considered significant at P < 0.05. Results. Dramatically increased levels of protein markers related to angiogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy were found in the corneas with burn-induced injury. AS or Lf-based treatment reduced burninduced overexpression of VEGF, caspase-3, and beclin-1. It is important to note that AS, along with anti-VEGF activity, appeared to more effectively suppress apoptosis and autophagy by decreasing tested markers near the control level, as compared with Lf. Histochemical examination revealed typical signs of fibrotic and necrotic changes in the injured corneas, which were associated with excessive inflammatory infiltration and intense neovascularization. Treatment of burn-induced injury with AS alleviated histopathological changes in cornea, which is evidenced by improving epithelial regeneration, reducing neovascularization, and moderating leucocyte infiltration. These observations are in agreement with the data of NBT test suggesting that AS in the concentrations >50 nM is able to moderately inhibit metabolic activity of macrophages up to 30% as compared with intact cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Obtained results indicate that AS may serve as an effective treatment option to relief alkali-induced corneal injury with the efficacy comparable or even higher than that of firmly established eye protective protein Lf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how emotional valence of a perceived emotional state impacted performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task (RMET) in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) controls. Valence of items on the RMET, Adult (RMET-A) and Child (RMET-C) versions, was first classified in a survey of 113 medical students. Adolescents with ASD (N = 33) and TD adolescents (N = 30) were administered both RMET versions. Individuals with ASD made more errors than TD controls on positive and negative, but not neutral, valence items. The difference in performance was accentuated on the RMET-A compared to the RMET-C. Both emotional valence and complexity of language contribute to RMET performance in individuals with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lifestyle in the modern era has drastically changed across the globe, and the healthcare profession was no exception. The increased time spent in the virtual space for various purposes, including online classes and webinars, is hypothesized to increase the risk of vision-related disorders such as asthenopia, dry eyes, and visual fatigue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fusional vergence and ocular accommodation among optometry professionals in a tertiary eye care center during the immediate post-coronavirus disease 2019 (post-COVID-19) lockdown period. Methods: Optometrists posted in the general out-patient department, specialty clinics, and the ocular diagnostics department were included in the study. A total of 65 optometrists were included in the study. All optometrists underwent a comprehensive binocular vision assessment. Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey questionnaires were administered to all optometrists at the beginning of the assessment. Results: Out of 65 optometrists, 48 (73.8%) were women. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 24 (3) years. Eleven (16.9%) optometrists had normal binocular vision parameters, and the rest 54 (83.1%) had non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies. Reduced accommodative facility and convergence insufficiency were seen among 43 (66.2%) optometrists, whereas 30 (46.2%) had reduced accommodative facility alone. Twelve (18.5%) participants were symptomatic as per the convergence insufficiency symptom survey. Conclusion: This study highlights the fact that a large proportion of optometrists have undetected non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in a tertiary eye care center. It is important for eye care professionals to undergo regular binocular vision assessments in association with ophthalmic examinations and relevant management. This will ensure that these dysfunctions do not impede work productivity and overall quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a pars plana incision surgical technique combined with 23 or 25-gauge vitrectomy in the management of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) and to assess its anatomical and functional results. Sixteen patients with ocular trauma complicated with IOFB were enrolled in our study. The mean preoperative visual acuity was 2.01 ± 0.55 LogMAR, and the mean postoperative visual acuity at the final visit was improved to 0.91 ± 0.58 LogMAR (p < 0.001). Until the last follow-up, all IOFBs were successfully removed and anatomic success was obtained. Complications, such as endophthalmitis, silicone oil-dependent, and ocular hypotonia, were not observed. Microsurgical vitrectomy with modified pars plana incision is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of retained IOFB, especially associated with transparent lens and posterior segment injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is often affected by visual complaints. A previous study suggested that visual complaints are not likely to be related to specific visual functions, but by a global decline of cognitive and visual functioning. In this study, we further explore this hypothesis, by investigating the relation between visual functions and global cognitive functioning, aiming to provide recommendations for rehabilitation for visual complaints. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A rehabilitation centre for partially sighted and blind people and a MS centre at a university hospital. Participants: 102 people with MS. Main measure: Correlations between assessments of visual functions (acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, smooth pursuit and saccades) and composite scores of a neuropsychological assessment (tests with a visual component and without a visual component). Results: All composite scores correlated with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and the sensitivity of the monocular field, but not with smooth pursuit and saccades. Similar patterns were found in various subgroups. Results showed that visual functions that related to visual complaints correlated with a diffuse decline of global cognitive functioning and that visual and cognitive functioning may decline concurrently in people with MS. Conclusions: Visual complaints may occur as a result of a diffuse decline of the integrity of a cerebral network involved in vision and cognition. People with MS with visual complaints may benefit from neurovisual rehabilitation, in which low-vision rehabilitation and neuropsychological rehabilitation are closely intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myopia, a common ophthalmic disorder, places a high economic burden on individuals and society. Genetic and environmental factors influence myopia progression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. This paper reviews recent advances in circadian rhythm, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), and dopamine (DA) signalling in myopia and proposes the hypothesis of a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit in myopia progression. The search of relevant English articles was conducted in the PubMed databases until June 2023. Based on the search, emerging evidence indicated that circadian rhythm was associated with myopia, including circadian genes Bmal1, Cycle, and Per. In both humans and animals, the ocular morphology and physiology show rhythmic oscillations. Theoretically, such ocular rhythms are regulated locally and indirectly via the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which receives signal from the ipRGCs. Compared with the conventional retinal ganglion cells, ipRGCs can sense the presence of light because of specific expression of melanopsin. Light, together with ipRGCs and DA signalling, plays a crucial role in both circadian rhythm and myopia. In summary, regarding myopia progression, a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit involving ipRGCs and DA signalling has not been well established. However, based on the relationship between circadian rhythm, ipRGCs, and DA signalling in myopia, we hypothesised a circadian rhythm brain retinal circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To analyze the distribution characteristics of axial length to corneal curvature radius ratio (AL/CR) and other ocular biometric parameters in adult myopia patients and their association with myopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with no eye diseases except ametropia who attended the optometry clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College from January 2022 to June 2022. In total, 187 eyes (right eye) of 187 myopic patients aged 18–35 years were selected by random sampling. Based on the results of spherical equivalent (SE, (D)) obtained by postdilation optometry, all subjects were divided into three groups: mild myopia (≤−0.50D and >−3.00D, 42 eyes), moderate myopia (≤−3.00D and >−6.00D, 80 eyes), and high myopia (≤−6.00D, 65 eyes). The axial length (AL), corneal curvature radius (CR), and AL/CR were measured and compared between the three groups. The association between AL and AL/CR of the eye and SE was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Also, the predictive ability of AL/CR for high myopia was investigated by ROC curve. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, or intraocular pressure between the three groups. The mean values of AL/CR in mild, moderate, and high myopia groups were 3.17 ± 0.06, 3.31 ± 0.08, and 3.43 ± 0.10, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant P < 0.001 ). Linear regression analysis showed that both AL and AL/CR were strongly negatively correlated with SE (P < 0.05), while CR had a weak positive correlation with SE without statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). The adjusted linear regression equation shows that for every 0.1 unit increase in AL/CR, SE increases by 1.54 D. Compared with 0.830 (95% confidence interval: 0.769 to 0.900) for AL, the area under ROC curve of AL/CR was 0.896 (95% confidence interval: 0.851 to 0.941), indicating that the diagnostic value of AL/CR for high myopia was higher than that of AL (P < 0.01). When the Youden index reached its maximum (0.626), the AL/CR cutoff point was 3.309, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.954 and 0.672, respectively. Conclusion. This study showed that AL and AL/CR in adult myopia patients were significantly negatively correlated with SE, and the corralation between AL/CR and SE is greater than that between AL and SE. Therefore, AL/CR can be used to analyze the dynamic changes of SE in the development of adult myopia independently of optometry on a certain basis, and it is especially suitable for the diagnosis of high myopia in adults. This trial is registered with ChiCTR2300069070. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the potential role of microRNA miR-221-5p on the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Ang-2/Tie-2 signaling axis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a rat model. Aspects of the rat's behavior were measured using the Kaoutzanis scoring system to test neurological responses. This included feeding behavior, body contraction, motor, and eye-opening responses. Brain sections were studied using transmission electron microscopy and Evans blue extravasation. Levels of Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2 were determined by Western blot, while miR-221-5p was quantified using stem-loop real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The SAH group responded worse to the neurological response test than the sham-operated group. The intercellular space was widened in the SAH group, but not in the sham-operated group. Evans blue dye leaked significantly more into brain tissue cells of the SAH group. Stem-loop qRT-PCR showed elevated miR-221-5p levels. Additionally, Ang-1 and Tie-2 were reduced but Ang-2 expression was increased after SAH. This led to a significant reduction of the Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio in the brain tissue, which was associated with the destruction of the blood-brain barrier. The data indicate that miR-221-5p might regulate blood-brain barrier dysfunction through the Ang-1/Ang-2/Tie-2 signaling axis, suggesting that it should be further investigated as a potential novel biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPM) and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPM) are advanced forms of intravital high-resolution functional microscopy techniques that allow for the imaging of dynamic molecular processes and resolve features of the biological tissues of interest. Due to the cornea's optical properties and the uniquely accessible position of the globe, it is possible to image cells and tissues longitudinally to investigate ocular surface physiology and disease. MPM can also be used for the in vitro investigation of biological processes and drug kinetics in ocular tissues. In corneal immunology, performed via the use of TPM, cells thought to be intraepithelial dendritic cells are found to resemble tissue-resident memory T cells, and reporter mice with labeled plasmacytoid dendritic cells are imaged to understand the protective antiviral defenses of the eye. In mice with limbal progenitor cells labeled by reporters, the kinetics and localization of corneal epithelial replenishment are evaluated to advance stem cell biology. In studies of the conjunctiva and sclera, the use of such imaging together with second harmonic generation allows for the delineation of matrix wound healing, especially following glaucoma surgery. In conclusion, these imaging models play a pivotal role in the progress of ocular surface science and translational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To assess the differences in accommodation and binocular vision in children with myopic anisometropia and determine the correlation with anisometropia. Method. A total of 110 patients with myopia aged 8–15 years were recruited from June 2021 to February 2022 from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. Based on the interocular differences of spherical equivalent refraction, patients were divided into the isometropia (35 children), low anisometropia (LA group, 42 children), and high anisometropia (HA group, 33 children). The variables assessed were refraction, heterophoria, amplitude of accommodation (AMP), accommodative response (AR), gradient AC/A, positive and negative relative accommodation (PRA/NRA), and near stereopsis in the three groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were used to investigate the possible association between each parameter and interocular differences (IODs). Results. Among 110 subjects, there were 49 males and 61 females with a mean age of 11.39 ± 2.28 years. Compared with those in the isometropia group, AMP was lower and near stereopsis was higher in the LA group, and the distance and near heterophoria, PRA, AR, and near stereopsis were higher, and PRA, AMP, and gradient AC/A were lower in the HA group (all P < 0.05). Compared with those in the LA group, the near stereopsis, AR, and the near stereopsis were higher in the HA group, and the gradient AC/A was lower (all P < 0.05). However, no significant differences existed in the negative relative accommodation (P > 0.05). The distance and near heterophoria, AR, AMP, and near stereopsis were observed to be correlated with IODs, respectively (r = −0.259, p = 0.006 ; r = −0.201, p = 0.036 ; r = 0.306, p = 0.001 ; r = −0.315, p = 0.001 ; r = 0.535, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Our results suggested that with the increase of anisometropia, distance and near heterophoria, AR, AMP, and near stereopsis had a tendency to get worse in children with myopic anisometropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of virtual reality (VR) usage on the eyes and investigate the parameters responsible for the subsequent discomfort sensation. Materials and Methods: This prospective study enrolled 20 healthy volunteers who were engaged in a 10-minute VR game session. Refractive errors, kappa angles, phoria presence, accommodative responses, and scotopic, mesopic, and photopic pupillometry values were recorded before and after using VR. A Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ) was applied to assess discomfort, and the relation with evaluated parameters was investigated. Results: Twenty volunteers (mean age 29.80±0.57 years) included 11 females (55%) and 9 males (45%). The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -- 1.94±0.28 diopters and 5 (25%) volunteers had phoria. Average kappa angles were 0.23±0.02 mm (x-axis) and 0.11±0.01 mm (y-axis). Post-VR, the median [(interquartile range (IQR)] stereopsis decreased from 30 (30-60) to 60 (60-60) arc seconds (P<0.001). Pupil sizes increased significantly across all lighting conditions (P<0.001). Accommodation did not significantly change post-VR (P>0.05). VRSQ scores correlated positively with phoria and kappa-x angle (r=0.458, P=0.003 and r=0.330, P=0.038) while negatively with stereopsis and kappa-y angle (r=-0.375, P=0.017 and r=-0.326, P=0.04). Conclusion: Virtual reality use reduces depth perception and induces significant mydriasis across lighting conditions. Post-VR discomfort feeling may be related to phoria, kappa angle, and stereopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates cAMP and cGMP play in eye physiology and sleep, we determined if (1) PDE11A protein is expressed in the retina or other eye segments in mice, (2) PDE11A-Y7272C affects catalytic activity and/or subcellular compartmentalization more so than the nearby suicide-associated PDE11A-M878V variant, and (3) Pde11a deletion alters eye growth or sleep quality in male and female mice. Western blots show distinct protein expression of PDE11A4, but not PDE11A1-3, in eyes of Pde11a WT, but not KO mice, that vary by eye segment and age. In HT22 and COS-1 cells, PDE11A4-Y727C reduces PDE11A4 catalytic activity far more than PDE11A4-M878V, with both variants reducing PDE11A4-cAMP more so than PDE11A4-cGMP activity. Despite this, Pde11a deletion does not alter age-related changes in retinal or lens thickness or axial length, nor vitreous or anterior chamber depth. Further, Pde11a deletion only minimally changes refractive error and sleep quality. That said, both variants also dramatically alter the subcellular compartmentalization of human and mouse PDE11A4, an effect occurring independently of dephosphorylating PDE11A4-S117/S124 or phosphorylating PDE11A4-S162. Rather, re-compartmentalization of PDE11A4-Y727C is due to the loss of the tyrosine changing how PDE11A4 is packaged/repackaged via the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, the protective impact of the Y727C variant may reflect a gain-of-function (e.g., PDE11A4 displacing another PDE) that warrants further investigation in the context of reversing/preventing sleep disturbances or myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To explore the causes and consequences of cortical visual impairment in people with learning disabilities • To understand better how to recognise visual perception issues in people with learning disabilities • To contribute towards revalidation as part of your 35 hours of CPD (UK readers) • To contribute towards your professional development and local registration renewal requirements (non-UK readers) Sight issues, which can be eye-related or brain-related, are common among people with learning disabilities. Premature birth or subsequent developmental delays can cause damage to the areas of the brain that process vision, leading to cortical visual impairment. Eye-related and brain-related sight issues can manifest as impaired visual perception causing, for example, difficulties with light perception, colour perception, object perception or movement perception. People with learning disabilities may display behaviours indicative of visual perception issues, but such behaviours are often ignored or misinterpreted. This article explains the causes and consequences of cortical visual impairment, describes visual perception issues that commonly arise from ocular/retinal or cortical causes, and outlines how learning disability nurses can detect the presence of visual perception issues in service users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a technique of fixation of rotational flap of the conjunctiva in primary surgical treatment of pterygium using a biodegradable adhesive Diplen membrane. A 78 years old patient was referred to ophthalmology department in September 2022 for treatment of pterygium of right eye. Primary pterygium surgery was performed using fixed rotational flap of the conjunctiva. In this method, the conjunctival flap is rotated to close the open sclera and fixed with a biodegradable adhesive Diplen membrane. The flap did not undergo ischemic changes, retained its original position and fully took root. Inflammatory and allergic reactions to the components of the membrane were not observed. Seamless fixation of conjunctival flap using an adhesive Diplen membrane is a safe, cost-effective and reliable method of treating pterygium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the central corneal thickness (CCT), minimum corneal thickness (MCT) and corneal power measured using the Scheimpflug-Placido device and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in healthy eyes. Study Design: Descriptive observational. Place and Duration of Study: Al-Kindy college of medicine/university of Baghdad, from June 2021 to April 2022. Methods: A total of 200 eyes of 200 individuals were enrolled in this study. CCT and MCT measurements were carried out using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Optovue) and a Scheimpflug-Placido topographer (Sirius). The agreement between the two approaches was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis in this study. Results: Mean age was 28.54 ± 6.6 years, mean spherical equivalent of refraction was -3.57 ± 3.35 D. Mean CCT by Optovue, and Sirius were 534.13 ± 27.88 μm, and 540.2 ± 27.85 μm, respectively. Mean CCT differences between them were -6.070 ± 6.593 μm, (p < 0.05). Minimum thickness by Optovue was 526.79 ± 27.81, and by Sirius was 537.44 ± 27.56, mean difference between the two devices was 10.66 ± 6.89, p = 0.00. The net power by OCT was 43.44 ± 1.456, mean K by Sirius was 43.597 ± 1.408, with p = 0.000. Maximum level of agreement between the two devices is -18.99 to 6.85 for CCT, is widest for minimum thickness -24.166 to 2.85 and narrowest for differences between net corneal power by OCT and mean K By Sirius is -0.87 to 1.18. Conclusion: In clinical practice, the two devices cannot be used interchangeably. CCT and keratometry should be evaluated and followed up using the same device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologists have long been interested in the underlying visual perceptual processes associated with forming responses to certain psychological tests, including the Rorschach Ink Blot Test, which modern users conceptualize as a conceptual problem-solving task. Accordingly, we used eye tracking technology to assess the internal consistency of saccadic responses to both the Rorschach Ink Blot Test and a facial expression task. Internal consistency was highest for eye Fixation Duration (FD) and Saccade Amplitude (SA), and both FD and SA measures in the Rorschach were positively related to the same measures in the facial expression task. Given this high internal consistency of FD and SA for viewing Rorschach ink blots and viewing pictures from well-known collections of facial expressions, and given high correlations between these eye tracking measures across the two tasks, FD and SA may now be used in further studies of eye movements in visuo-attentive psychological/neuropsychological tests (e.g., the Thematic Apperception Test). Reliability of these eye movement measures across tasks enables their use for better understanding of underlying visual processes and improved interpretations of the meaning of behavioral responses to psychological/neuropsychological tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: MRI is increasingly used in the diagnosis and therapy planning of uveal melanoma (UM). In this prospective cohort study, we assessed the radiological characteristics, in terms of anatomical and functional imaging, of UM after ruthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy or proton beam therapy (PBT) and compared them to conventional ultrasound. Methods: Twenty-six UM patients were evaluated before and 3, 6 and 12 months after brachytherapy (n = 13) or PBT (n = 13). Tumour prominences were compared between ultrasound and MRI. On diffusion-weighted imaging, the apparent diffusion value (ADC), and on perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), the time-intensity curves (TIC), relative peak intensity and outflow percentages were determined. Values were compared between treatments and with baseline. Results: Pre-treatment prominences were comparable between MRI and ultrasound (mean absolute difference 0.51 mm, p = 0.46), but larger differences were observed post-treatment (e.g. 3 months: 0.9 mm (p = 0.02)). Pre-treatment PWI metrics were comparable between treatment groups. After treatment, brachytherapy patients showed favourable changes on PWI (e.g. 67% outflow reduction at 3 months, p < 0.01). After PBT, significant perfusion changes were observed at a later timepoint (e.g. 38% outflow reduction at 6 months, p = 0.01). No consistent ADC changes were observed after either treatment, e.g. a 0.11 × 10−3mm2/s increase 12 months after treatment (p = 0.15). Conclusion: MR-based follow-up is valuable for PBT-treated patients as favourable perfusion changes, including a reduction in outflow, can be detected before a reduction in size is apparent on ultrasound. For brachytherapy, a follow-up MRI is of less value as already 3 months post-treatment a significant size reduction can be measured on ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans recognize familiar faces highly accurately. However, it is unclear precisely what information is stored in the underlying long-term face representations. While some have emphaszsed the importance of the eye region, other evidence has shown that faces are processed as integrated wholes. We examined the role of the eye region in activating familiar face representations using the N250r, an event-related potential correlate of repetition priming. We presented blur chimeras, i.e., spatially low-pass filtered faces with unfiltered eye regions, and observed a clear N250r which was absent for fully blurred faces (Experiments 1 and 2). However, we observed a similar N250r for chimeras with unfiltered eye or mouth regions (Experiment 3), indicating that the effect is not exclusive to the eyes. We conclude that the efficient activation of face representations is not specifically facilitated by detailed information from the eye region, and that face representations are not centred around the eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a noncellular structure that plays an indispensable role in a series of cell life activities. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that ECM stiffness, a type of mechanical forces, exerts a pivotal influence on regulating organogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and the occurrence and development of miscellaneous diseases. Nevertheless, the role of ECM stiffness in ophthalmology is rarely discussed. In this review, we focus on describing the important role of ECM stiffness and its composition in multiple ocular structures (including cornea, retina, optic nerve, trabecular reticulum, and vitreous) from a new perspective. The abnormal changes in ECM can trigger physiological and pathological activities of the eye, suggesting that compared with different biochemical factors, the transmission and transduction of force signals triggered by mechanical cues such as ECM stiffness are also universal in different ocular cells. We expect that targeting ECM as a therapeutic approach or designing advanced ECM-based technologies will have a broader application prospect in ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leading reason for patients to abandon their contact lenses is discomfort. Mechanisms and biomarkers for lens discomfort remain to be elucidated. Physical stress and tear film interaction are likely factors for lens discomfort. Lipid mediators are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They regulate ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology, are constituents of human tears and may interact with contact lenses. This study set out to determine if hydrogel lenses and silicone hydrogel lenses interact with tear film polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived mediators. In vitro incubations, rat experiments and analysis of worn human lenses assessed polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediator interactions with lenses. Silicone hydrogel and hydrogel lenses were incubated with lipid mediators and polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 24 hours. Rats were fitted with custom silicone hydrogel lenses and basal tears collected. Silicone hydrogel lenses worn for 2 weeks were obtained from 57 human subjects. Tear and lens lipidomes were quantified by mass spectrometry. Silicone hydrogel lenses retained polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators within 15 minutes in vitro. Lenses contained 90% of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and 83–89% of total monohydroxy fatty acids by 12 hours. Retention correlated with polarity of lipid mediators and lipophilic properties of silicone hydrogel lenses. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators such as lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids were present in tears and worn lenses from rats. Worn silicone hydrogel lenses from human subjects established robust and lens-type specific lipidomes with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipoxygenase-pathway markers and subject-specific differences in lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4. Worn silicone hydrogel lenses rapidly retain and accumulate tear polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators. Marked subject and lens type differences in the lipidome may document changes in ocular surface physiology, cell activation or infection that are associated with lens wear. If contact lens discomfort and adverse events induce specific tear and lens fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles warrants further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective treatment of dry eye syndrome requires an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. The ocular surface refers to the outermost layer of the eye, which includes the cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids [[1]]. 10.1007/s00417-021-05415-6 29 Serrano-Morales J.-M., De-Hita-Cantalejo C., Sánchez-González M.C., Bautista-Llamas M.-J., Sánchez-González J.-M. Efficacy of 0.1% crosslinked hyaluronic acid, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E in the management of dry eye disease in menopause patients receiving antidepressants. [Extracted from the article]

Originally a genetic model organism, the experimental use of Drosophila melanogaster has grown to include quantitative behavioral analyses, sophisticated perturbations of neuronal function, and detailed sensory physiology. A highlight of these developments can be seen in the context of vision, where pioneering studies have uncovered fundamental and generalizable principles of sensory processing. Here we begin with an overview of vision-guided behaviors and common methods for probing visual circuits. We then outline the anatomy and physiology of brain regions involved in visual processing, beginning at the sensory periphery and ending with descending motor control. Areas of focus include contrast and motion detection in the optic lobe, circuits for visual feature selectivity, computations in support of spatial navigation, and contextual associative learning. Finally, we look to the future of fly visual neuroscience and discuss promising topics for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The change in refraction caused by accommodation inevitably affects the peripheral defocus state and thus may influence the effect of retinal peripheral myopic defocus measures in myopia control. This study investigated accommodation changes in different peripheral retinas under cycloplegia to help improve myopia control. Methods. Fifty-six eyes of fifty-six myopic subjects were recruited for this prospective study. The center and peripheral retina refractions were measured using multispectral refractive topography. The subjects were divided into low-to-moderate myopia group (range: −1.25 D to −6.00 D) and high myopia group (range: −6.25 D to −9.75 D) according to spherical equivalent (SE). The compound tropicamide (0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine) was used to relax the accommodation. The difference between cycloplegia and non-cycloplegia peripheral retinal refraction was analyzed using the t-test. The correlation between eccentricity and changes in peripheral refraction was analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Results. The manifest refraction of the retina significantly decreased with an increase in eccentricity after cycloplegia. The annular refraction difference value at 50°–53° (ARDV 50–53) showed the largest refraction decrease of 1.31 D compared with the central retinal refraction decrease of 0.84 D. The inferior quadrantal refraction difference value had the least change compared to the other quadrants. The relative peripheral refraction (RPR) changes in refraction difference value (RDV) at 15° (RDV-15), RDV-30, and RDV-45 were less than 0.15 D. When the range of annulus narrowed to 5°, the narrower annulus showed faster change with eccentricity increase in ARDV 30–35, ARDV 35–40, ARDV 40–45, ARDV 45–50, and ARDV 50–53. The RPR was highly correlated with eccentricity (R = 0.938 and P < 0.001). The high myopia group had a greater hyperopic shift in the periphery than the low-to-moderate group after cycloplegia. Conclusions. Peripheral refraction showed a significant hyperopic shift after cycloplegia with an increase in eccentricity. The RPR became more hyperopic than the central refraction. The high myopia group showed more hyperopic shifts in the peripheral region. Accommodation should be taken into consideration in peripheral defocus treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, much attention is paid to measuring the temperature of the ocular surface in various ophthalmic diseases. However, for a comprehensive assessment of heat transfer of the eye, it is advisable to measure both the ocular surface temperature and the heat flux (HF) density. This will expand our knowledge of the physiology of the eye and create new possibilities for diagnosing ocular pathology. The present study aimed to develop a thermoelectric device to study rabbits' ocular surface temperature and HF density. The multichannel thermoelectric device was developed to measure the ocular surface temperature and HF density. This study included ten rabbits (20 eyes). In all animals, the temperature and the HF density were measured on the surface of the central cornea of both eyes. The measurement was repeated after pupils' dilation. The corneal surface temperature of rabbits was 33.1 ± 0.8 °C, and the HF density of the surface of the cornea was 8.3 ± 0.6 mW/cm2. Our results revealed a high degree of interocular symmetry in the surface HF density in healthy rabbits. After pupil dilation, an increase in the HF density on the surface of the rabbit cornea compared with the initial data and control eye was noted. The application of the developed device showed that it is safe and allows for the measurement of the ocular surface temperature and the HF density. We believe that further studies on the ocular surface HF density measurement in various eye diseases will allow us to evaluate the possibilities of this device and technique for diagnostic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcine ocular surface is used as a model of the human ocular surface; however, a detailed characterization of the porcine ocular surface has not been documented. This is due, in part, to the scarcity of antibodies produced specifically against the porcine ocular surface cell types or structures. We performed a histological and immunohistochemical investigation on frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ocular surface tissue from domestic pigs using a panel of 41 different antibodies related to epithelial progenitor/differentiation phenotypes, extracellular matrix and associated molecules, and various niche cell types. Our observations suggested that the Bowman's layer is not evident in the cornea; the deep invaginations of the limbal epithelium in the limbal zone are analogous to the limbal interpalisade crypts of human limbal tissue; and the presence of goblet cells in the bulbar conjunctiva. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the epithelial progenitor markers cytokeratin (CK)15, CK14, p63α, and P-cadherin were expressed in both the limbal and conjunctival basal epithelium, whereas the basal cells of the limbal and conjunctival epithelium did not stain for CK3, CK12, E-cadherin, and CK13. Antibodies detecting marker proteins related to the extracellular matrix (collagen IV, Tenascin-C), cell–matrix adhesion (β-dystroglycan, integrin α3 and α6), mesenchymal cells (vimentin, CD90, CD44), neurons (neurofilament), immune cells (HLA-ABC; HLA-DR, CD1, CD4, CD14), vasculature (von Willebrand factor), and melanocytes (SRY-homeobox-10, human melanoma black-45, Tyrosinase) on the normal human ocular surface demonstrated similar immunoreactivity on the normal porcine ocular surface. Only a few antibodies (directed against N-cadherin, fibronectin, agrin, laminin α3 and α5, melan-A) appeared unreactive on porcine tissues. Our findings characterize the main immunohistochemical properties of the porcine ocular surface and provide a morphological and immunohistochemical basis useful to research using porcine models. Furthermore, the analyzed porcine ocular structures are similar to those of humans, confirming the potential usefulness of pig eyes to study ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe normative ocular surface and aqueous tear testing data for cats of various cephalic conformation. Animals studied: Fifty‐three healthy adult cats (11 British Shorthair, 11 Burmese, 10 Devon Rex, 10 Scottish Fold, and 11 Sphynx). Procedures: Blink rate, corneal tactile sensation (CTS), and Schirmer tear test with or without topical anesthesia (STT‐1, STT‐2) and with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL‐STT1, NL‐STT2) were assessed. Palpebral fissure length (PFL) and skull morphology were measured, and cephalic index (CI) and craniofacial ratio (CFR) calculated. Results: Mean ± SD test results were as follows: blink rate (5.0 ± 2.3 blinks/min), CTS (3.2 ± 0.7 cm), STT‐1 (11.2 ± 4.3 mm/min), STT‐2 (6.7 ± 3.6 mm/min), NL‐STT1 (13.4 ± 5.7 mm/min), NL‐STT2 (13.5 ± 5.2 mm/min), and PFL (2.0 ± 0.2 cm). Corneal sensitivity did not differ significantly among breeds (p =.152) but was negatively correlated with body weight (r = −.32, p =.019). STT‐1 significantly differed among breeds (p <.001) and was lowest in Sphynx cats (8.7 ± 4.3 mm/min). A positive correlation was detected between STT‐1 values at 30 and 60 s (r =.98; p <.001). The nasolacrimal reflex significantly increased STT in anesthetized and unanesthetized eyes (approximately +100% and +20%, respectively; p ≤.002). STT‐1 tended to be higher in intact versus neutered cats (p =.062). Age did not impact any test result (p ≥.085). Conclusions: Normative data described here serve as a baseline for future studies assessing ocular surface disease in multiple feline breeds. Unlike dogs, brachycephalic cats did not have lower CTS or STT‐1 than non‐brachycephalic cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The exposure to constant light during the hospitalization was investigated to verify its influence on the daily rhythmicity of Schirmer tear test I (STT I) in the Felis catus. Animal studied: One group (HG—hospitalized group) was consisted of 10 owned‐cats hospitalized to perform a sterilization procedure and was exposed to a 24/0 light/dark (L/D) cycle; the cat control group (CG) was consisted of 10 staff‐owned cats living in an indoor environment (12/12 L/D cycle). Procedure: The STT I values was performed at 4 h intervals over a 48 h period (starting at 8:00 a.m. on Day 1 and finishing at 8:00 a.m. on Day 3) on the left (LE) and right (RE) eyes into two cat groups. A 35 x 5 mm commercial tear test strip was used to record tear production in millimeters wetting per minute (mm/min). Results: Multivariate for repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of time. No difference was found between LE and RE tear production, and between the two experimental conditions. Robust daily rhythmicity was exhibited by the STT I in both eyes during the entire monitoring period in control cats and only during the Day 1 in hospitalized cats. Conclusions: These data are a starting point for evaluating the imbalance of ocular physiology observed in hospitalized cats. Further studies on larger sample size and exposing the animals to various hospitalization procedures are needed to establish whether these alterations are caused by hospitalization procedures or by the light/dark schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual exploration (scanning) of one's environment is a key aspect in team sports. Based on Gibson's (1979) ecological approach of visual perception, this study aims to advance the understanding of scanning by focusing on the direction of head movements in football and its implications for subsequent on-ball actions. The video-based data analysis consisted of nine selected matches and 162 players of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) U17 and U21 European Championship 2019. The results indicate that the direction of the last scan prior to receiving the ball is related to the foot used for the first ball contact. This relationship was further analysed in view of the game context (direction of play and opponent pressure) and with information about the player's dominant foot. The findings reveal a relationship between the direction of the last scan before receiving the ball and the direction the game is proceeded in. Further, when a player performs the last scan to the side of their dominant foot, the probability increases that their dominant foot is used for the subsequent first ball contact. Depending on the direction of the last scan, opponent pressure had various effects on the foot used for the first contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exocrine meibomian glands (MGs) play a central role in the ocular physiology and biochemistry by producing in situ and, mostly, de novo a secretion (meibum), which is composed of a complex mixture of homologous lipids of various classes, in a metabolic pathway termed meibogenesis. Recent in vivo experiments with a number of mouse models demonstrated that inactivation of any of the major genes of meibogenesis led to alterations in the lipid composition of meibum and severe ocular and MG abnormalities that replicated various human ocular pathologies. However, the role of dietary lipids in meibogenesis, and in the onset and/or alleviation of these diseases, remains controversial. To uncover the role of dietary lipids, the metabolic transformations of a dietary lipid tracer--stable isotope-labeled glyceryl tri(oleate-1,2,3,7,8-13C5) (13C15-TO)--were investigated using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that major metabolic transformations of the tracer occurred in the stomach and small intestines where 13C15-TO underwent immediate and extensive transesterification into 13C5- and 13C10-substituted triacylglycerols of various lengths, giving a mixture of 13Clabeled compounds that remain virtually unchanged in the mouse plasma, liver, and white adipose tissue but were almost undetectable in the feces. Importantly, the tracer and its metabolites were virtually undetectable in MGs, even after 4 weeks of daily supplementation. Notably, unbiased principal component analysis of the data revealed no measurable changes in the overall chemical composition of meibum after the treatment, which implies no direct effect of dietary triacylglycerols on meibogenesis, and left their systemic effects as the most likely mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs about a rare adverse effect, Drug-induced Corneal Endothelial Deposits (DICED), caused by the usage of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). Topic include the case study discusses a 25-year-old doctor experiencing glare in both eyes due to the long-term use of antidepressant drugs, highlighting the importance of awareness among physicians, ophthalmological referral, and a thorough risk-benefit analysis in such cases.

Background: The development of generic ophthalmic drug products is challenging due to the complexity of the ocular system, and a lack of sensitive testing to evaluate the interplay of physiology with ophthalmic formulations. While measurements of drug concentration at the site of action in humans are typically sparse, these measurements are more easily obtained in rabbits. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for translation of ocular exposure from rabbit to human. Method: The Ocular Compartmental Absorption and Transit (OCAT™) model within GastroPlus® v9.8.2 was used to build PBPK models for levofloxacin (Lev), moxifloxacin (Mox), and gatifloxacin (Gat) ophthalmic solutions. in the rabbit eye. The models were subsequently used to predict Lev, Mox, and Gat exposure after ocular solution administrations in humans. Drug-specific parameters were used as fitted and validated in the rabbit OCAT model. The physiological parameters were scaled to match human ocular physiology. Results: OCAT model simulations for rabbit well described the observed concentrations in the eye compartments following Lev, Mox, and Gat solution administrations of different doses and various administration schedules. The clinical ocular exposure following ocular administration of Lev, Mox, and Gat solutions at different doses and various administration schedules was well predicted. Conclusion: Even though additional case studies for different types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulations will be needed, the current study represents an important step in the validation of the extrapolation method to predict human ocular exposure for ophthalmic drug products using PBPK models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a difference in retinal microvascularization between adolescents with and without simple myopia using optical coherence tomography angiography. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients aged 12-18 years diagnosed with school-age simple myopia (0-6 diopters), and 34 eyes of 34 healthy controls of similar ages were included in this retrospective study. The ocular, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography findings of the participants were recorded. Results: The simple myopia group had statistically thicker inferior ganglion cell complex thicknesses compared to the controls (P =.038). The macular map values did not statistically significantly differ between the 2 groups. The foveal avascular zone area (P =.038) and circularity index (P =.022) values were statistically lower in the simple myopia group compared to the control group. The superficial capillary plexus outer and inner ring vessel density (%) (superior and nasal) showed statistically significant differences (outer ring superior/ nasal P = .004/P = .037; inner ring superior/nasal P = .014/P = .046). Conclusion: Similar to high myopia, vascular density in the macula decreases as the axial length and spherical equivalent increase in simple myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This study investigated the correlation between corneal biomechanical parameters and the speed of myopia progression. Methods. This is a retrospective, multicenter study. Both Chinese and Caucasian children were involved. The follow-up time was at least 12 months. Ocular biometry data including the central corneal thickness (CCT), axial length (AL), corneal keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white (WTW) distance, and pupil size (PS) were measured. The age of onset, speed of progression of spherical equivalent (SE), and speed of AL elongation were calculated. Data were analyzed using the R programming language. Results. This study comprised 306 eyes of 153 myopic children. 122 children were Chinese, and 31 children were Caucasian. The myopia progression was faster in Chinese children than that in the Caucasian group in both SE progression speed and AL elongation speed. The CCT was negatively correlated with the SE speed of progression (correlation coefficient, R = −0.65, and p = 7.25 × 10 − 38 ) and AL speed (R = −0.47 and p = 1.62 × 10 − 18 ). CCT was positively correlated with the age of onset (R = 0.35 and p = 4.53 × 10 − 10 ). No significant correlation (R > 0.3 and p < 0.01) was found between other ocular biometries (K, ACD, WTW, and PS) and the onset and speed of the progression of myopia. The same trends were found in both Chinese and Caucasian children and in both the right eye and left eye. Conclusion. CCT was negatively correlated with myopia (SE) progression speed and AL elongation speed. Thin CCT may be associated with faster myopia progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition resulting from reduced tear secretion from the lacrimal glands, increased tear water evaporation or the production of poor-quality tears. Such tear instability can lead to inflammation and damage of the ocular surface, as well as to abnormal nociception. Historically, tear substitutes and corticosteroids have been the bastion of DED therapy, but a substantial number of patients still suffer from residual symptoms even after being treated with traditional treatments. Aiming to find safe and effective alternative therapies, recent efforts have been focused on the role of vitamin D in the cellular physiology of the eye. Possibly because of its positive effect in modulating the immune and inflammatory responses, the systemic supplementation of vitamin D seems, indeed, to be an effective therapeutic strategy, especially, but not only, for patients affected by DED that does not respond to conventional treatments. In this context, this review focuses on the literature reporting on the pathogenesis and treatment of DED, with a special emphasis on the recent investigations reporting on the potential role of the systemic administration of vitamin D as a therapeutic approach in the management of such condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Electroencephalography changes that occur during the transition from eyes-closed to the eyes-open state in resting condition are related to the early phase of sensory processing and are defined as activation. The present study aimed to reveal the potential deteriorations that may occur in the initial period of sensory processing in resting electroencephalography between children with subclinical hypothyroidism and a control group. Materials and Methods: Electroencephalographies of 15 children with subclinical hypothyroidism and 15 healthy children aged 10 to 17 years were recorded for 2 minutes for EC and 2 minutes for eyes-open conditions in resting state. Absolute electroencephalography band powers (μV² ) within the delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands were calculated in Fz, Cz, Pz, and Oz electrodes, respectively, for eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Results: The results show that, although there was no noteworthy difference between the powers of the electroencephalography frequency bands of children with subclinical hypothyroidism and healthy children during the eyes-open condition, the alpha powers of the control group were significantly higher in all electrodes during the eyes-closed condition. Furthermore, the powers of all frequency bands were observed to decrease in the eyes-open condition in the control group. However, the same net decrease was not observed in the frequency powers of children with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, children with subclinical hypothyroidism may experience information processing impairments starting in the early stages of sensory processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review cardiovascular rhythms and pathologies associated with disruption of these circadian rhythms, and how biological sex influences these outcomes. Bridging these two papers on cardiovascular disease, Zhang and colleagues [[5]] review circadian rhythms in blood pressure and renal disease and how disrupted rhythms may exacerbate kidney diseases. The review by Martínez-Águila and colleagues [[9]] describes the role of ocular-synthesized melatonin and the interaction of circadian rhythms and clock genes in ocular physiology and diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Vision is one of the five senses that facilitate a child's normal development. Amblyopia is the main cause of low vision or blindness in the pediatric population. Health promotion and primary prevention strategies minimize the risks of amblyopia. A thorough vision history and examination of the eyes throughout childhood ensure a child's ability to achieve a normal sense of vision. Anticipatory guidance related to eye trauma, exposure to chemical and environmental assaults, and astute observation of vision development ensure a child's sense of vision fully develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Relevance: The extent of binocular vision dysfunction in elite soccer players needs to be determined as it may impact performance.Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in elite soccer players.Methods: One hundred and seven professional soccer players were evaluated. Refractive error was measured and the following binocular vision parameters were assessed: horizontal and vertical phoria for distance and near vision, the values of break and recovery for negative and positive fusional vergences at distance and near vision, vergence facility at distance and near vision, monocular accommodative facility at near vision, and near point of convergence (break and recovery points). All the athletes were men with a mean age of 24.4 ± 4.8 years.Results: No athlete was diagnosed with divergence excess, divergence insufficiency, or basic exophoria. About 13.0% of the athletes have binocular vision dysfunctions related to esophoria (0.9% with esophoria at near vision and 12.1% with esophoria at distance and near vision). About 10.3% have convergence insufficiency and 2.8% were diagnosed with fusional vergence dysfunction. The only accommodation-related parameter analysed was accommodative infacility, and 6.5% of the athletes had this dysfunction. Vertical phoria was present in 3.7% of the athletes. No statistically significant differences were found based on in athletes with respect to ethnicity, position occupied on the field, age, ametropia or laterality.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of binocular vision dysfunction in elite soccer players was 36.4%. The most prevalent dysfunctions are related to the presence of esophoria (13.0%). The values found point out the need to include binocular vision assessment protocols in the visual assessment routine for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of Hewitt-Pelisse syndrome, detailing vulvovaginal-gingival lichen planus with concurrent ocular and duodenal involvement, successfully managed using oral cyclosporine. It underscores the unique manifestation of LP affecting mucosal and ocular sites and the therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporine in this multifaceted condition.

The complexity of the eye structure and its physiology turned ocular drug administration into one of the most challenging topics in the pharmaceutical field. Ocular inflammation is one of the most common ophthalmic disorders. Topical administration of anti-inflammatory drugs is also commonly used as a side treatment in tissue repair and regeneration. The difficulty in overcoming the eye barriers, which are both physical and chemical, reduces drug bioavailability, and the frequency of administration must be increased to reach the therapeutic effect. However, this can cause serious side effects. Lipid nanoparticles seem to be a great alternative to ocular drug delivery as they are composed from natural excipients and can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs of different sources, and their unique properties, as their excellent biocompatibility, safety and adhesion allow to increase the bioavailability, compliance and achieve a sustained drug release. They are also very stable, easy to produce and scale up, and can be lyophilized or sterilized with no significant alterations to the release profile and stability. Because of this, lipid nanoparticles show a great potential to be an essential part of the new therapeutic technologies in ophthalmology to deliver synthetic and natural anti-inflammatory drugs. In fact, there is an increasing interest in natural bioactives with anti-inflammatory activities, and the use of nanoparticles for their site-specific delivery. It is therefore expected that, in the near future, many more studies will promote the development of new nanomedicines resulting in clinical studies of new drugs formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. A rising trend in electronic use has increased the prevalence of myopia in adolescents, but the optimal approach to controlling myopia remains undetermined. Here, we explored the effects of common single vision (SV) spectacle lenses combined with 0.01% atropine eye drops (SV + A), orthokeratology (OK) lenses, and peripheral defocus (PD) spectacle lenses on myopia control in adolescents. Methods. Totally 150 myopic adolescent patients (300 eyes) receiving treatment at The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City were enrolled. According to doctors' advice and guardians' wishes, the patients were divided into SV + A group, OK group, and PD group, with each group consisting of 50 cases (100 eyes). The spherical equivalent, axial length, accommodative response index (accommodative sensitivity and accommodative lag), and intraocular pressure were compared before and after 12 months of wearing lenses, and the complications were recorded. Results. Before wearing lenses, there was no statistical significance in baseline characteristics such as age, gender, and spherical equivalent among the three groups (P > 0.05). After wearing lenses, the increase in spherical equivalent and axial length in the SV + A and OK groups were lower than in the PD group (P < 0.05), and the SV + A group had the lowest axial length growth. Compared with the SV + A group, accommodative sensitivity was much higher and accommodative lag was significantly lower in the OK and PD groups (P < 0.01). In addition, there was no significant difference in intraocular pressure before and after wearing lenses among the three groups (P > 0.05). Though the OK group patients had more complications, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. SV + A, OK, and PD lenses can effectively control the progression of myopia in adolescents, but SV + A and OK lenses exhibited more significant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]