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Introduction: Vonoprazan has been known to have a high Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rate since its launch in 2015. Yet, the risk factors for eradication failure and development of post-eradication gastric cancer (GC) using VPZ regimen remain unclear. Methods: This single-center cohort study included 934 consecutive patients who underwent H. pylori eradication using VPZ between February 2015 and June 2017 and were followed up for five years by the end of 2022. We examined several indicators of systemic immune, inflammatory, and nutritional status at the time of eradication to identify those indicators could predict eradication success, risk of post-eradication GC development, and long-term prognosis. Results: The successful eradication rates were 92.6% (intention-to-treat) and 98.7% (per-protocol). Multivariate analysis showed that only a high peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly associated with eradication failure. The 5-year GC incidence rate was 1.67%, and all GCs were stage IA. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) time from eradication to diagnosis was 40.5 (6.1) months. Multivariate analysis showed that high NLR and history of GC and hypertension were significantly associated with GC development. Patients with elevated NLR post-eradication had a higher risk of newly developed GC. Twelve patients died during the study period, and a high NLR was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate. Conclusions: NLR has the potential to be a biomarker that predicts the failure of eradication and development of post-eradication GC. High NLR was also associated with poor long-term prognosis after H. pylori eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Only a few studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of different durations of vonoprazan and amoxicillin (VA) high‐dose dual therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of 10 days versus 14 days of VA high‐dose dual therapy for H. pylori eradication.This study was conducted in 14 centers in China. A total of 250 patients infected with H. pylori were randomly assigned to Group VA‐10 or VA‐14. Both groups received the VA dual therapy (vonoprazan 20 mg twice daily + amoxicillin 1000 mg three times daily). The primary endpoint was the H. pylori eradication rate. Secondary endpoints included adverse events and patient compliance.Group VA‐10 achieved eradication rates of 89.60%, 91.06%, and 91.67% as determined by the intention‐to‐treat (ITT), modified intention‐to‐treat (MITT), and per‐protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. The eradication rates were similar to those in Group VA‐14: 91.20%, 93.44%, and 93.39%. The difference and 90% confidence interval boundary −1.60% (−7.73% to 4.53%) in the ITT analysis, −2.39% (−8.00% to 3.23%) in the MITT analysis, and −1.72% (−7.29% to 3.85%) in the PP analysis were greater than the predefined noninferiority margin of −10%, establishing a noninferiority of Group VA‐10 versus Group VA‐14 (noninferiority P = 0.001 in ITT analysis, P < 0.001 in MITT analysis, and P < 0.001 in PP analysis, respectively). No significant differences were observed in adverse events between the two groups.Ten‐day VA dual therapy achieves comparable efficacy and safety to the 14‐day regimen in Chinese population, providing patients with greater convenience and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current eradication regimens are not ideal for Helicobacter pylori infected patients who have difficulty choosing antibiotics due to penicillin allergy or antibiotic resistance. Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of a simple vonoprazan-minocycline dual therapy (VM dual therapy) in H. pylori eradication. Design: Clinical data of patients who were prescribed 14-day VM dual therapy were retrospectively collected. The included patients were 18–70 years old and positive for 13C urea breath test (13C-UBT). They were allergic to penicillin or had a history of repeated antibiotic exposure or had failed eradication with multiple regimens containing amoxicillin. VM dual therapy consists of vonoprazan 20 mg twice daily and minocycline 100 mg twice daily. 13C-UBT was repeated 4–6 weeks after treatment to evaluate the therapeutic outcome. Results: Of the 88 enrolled patients, 54 were treatment naïve, 13 had one prior eradication failure, and 21 had multiple eradication failures. The overall intention to treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) eradication rates were 90.9% (95% CI: 82.4–95.7) and 95.2% (95% CI: 87.6–98.5). The ITT eradication rates were 90.7% (95% CI: 78.9–96.5) in treatment-naïve patients, 84.6% (95% CI: 53.7–97.3) in patients with one prior treatment failure, and 95.2% (95% CI: 74.1–99.8) in patients with multiple failures. The PP eradication rates were 94.2% (95% CI: 83.1–98.5), 91.7% (95% CI: 59.8–99.6), and 100%, respectively. The overall incidence of adverse events was 23.0%. The common adverse reactions were nausea and mild dizziness, which could be resolved without intervention. Conclusion: Simple VM dual therapy exhibited a good eradication rate, low incidence of adverse effects, and good adherence. It is a potential new regimen for both first-line and rescue therapy. Plain language summary: The simple 14-day vonoprazan-minocycline dual therapy is a promising new regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication Current eradication regimens are not ideal for Helicobacter pylori infected patients who have difficulty choosing antibiotics due to penicillin allergy or antibiotic resistance. We explored a simple vonoprazan-minocycline dual therapy for these patients. We retrospectively collected 88 Helicobacter pylori infected patients' clinical data. They were allergic to penicillin or had a history of repeated antibiotic exposure, or had failed eradication with multiple regimens containing amoxicillin. VM dual therapy consists of Vonoprazan 20mg twice daily and minocycline 100mg twice daily. In the 54 treatment naïve patients, the eradication rate was 90.7%. In the 13 patients with on prior failure and the 21 patients with multiple failures, the eradication rates was 84.6% and 95.2%. 23% of the patients reported adverse events, which was mailnly nausea and mild dizziness. Our study suggested that the simple VM dual therapy exhibited a good eradication rate, low incidence of adverse effects, and good adherence. It is a promising new regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Tegoprazan, a potassium‐competitive acid blocker, can be used as a substitute for proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy; some studies have reported improved efficacy. In Korea, where clarithromycin resistance rates are high, we aimed to compare the efficacies of tegoprazan‐based concomitant and bismuth quadruple therapies.We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with H. pylori infection who received either 10‐day tegoprazan‐based concomitant therapy or 14‐day tegoprazan‐based bismuth quadruple therapy as first‐line treatment. The primary outcome was H. pylori eradication rate, with secondary outcomes including adverse events and insufficient medication rates.Among the 1082 patients included in the study, 620 and 462 were treated with tegoprazan‐based concomitant and bismuth quadruple therapies, respectively. Intention‐to‐treat analysis demonstrated no difference in eradication rates between the tegoprazan‐based concomitant and bismuth quadruple therapy groups (74.7% [95% confidence interval—CI, 71.1–78.0%] vs 74.7% [95% CI, 70.6–78.5%], P = 0.999). Per‐protocol analysis also showed similar eradication rates between the two groups (88.0% [95% CI, 85.0–90.6%] vs 89.7% [95% CI, 86.3–92.5%], P = 0.424). The overall adverse event rates (49.6% vs 39.2%, P = 0.001) and insufficient medication rates (4.8% vs 2.4%, P = 0.036) were higher in the bismuth quadruple therapy group than in the concomitant therapy group.The eradication rates of tegoprazan‐based 10‐day concomitant therapy and 14‐day bismuth quadruple therapy were comparable. However, because of its shorter treatment duration, better medical adherence, and lower incidence of adverse events, tegoprazan‐based concomitant therapy may be preferable in regions with high rates of clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RTS, S/AS01 vaccine is a significant milestone in advancing malaria control, especially in Africa, where the heavy burden of this disease is prevalent. The objective of this study is to discuss the effectiveness and utilization of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine in Africa while simultaneously addressing the gaps and associated issues. We also explore briefly the R21/Matrix-M vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for children aged five months and older. Essential considerations include but are not limited to the vaccine's effectiveness, implementation challenges, available funding sources, public acceptance, and compatibility with various conventional prevention methods for malaria, like insecticide-coated bed nets and antimalarial medicines. This paper also examines the global practices for integrating vaccines into public health systems and policies while emphasizing sustainable and equitable approaches. By drawing from the lessons learned from the implementations of pilot programs as well as early adoption of the RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine, this perspective study tries to identify the key factors that may enhance the impact of the vaccine in the fight against malaria and significantly contribute to the vision of complete eradication the disease. Further research needs to be carried out regarding the efficacy and duration of protection of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria have significantly linked to dental plaque and caries. The aim of this study is to assess efficacy of some natural compounds in inhibition and eradication of biofilm formed by bacterial isolates from dental infections. Results: Bacterial isolates were recovered from dental plaque/caries and identified using standard microbiological tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolated bacterial strains include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method and revealed that the majority of isolates showed high antibiotic resistance, and 61% of isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. The biofilm formation capacity of isolates was investigated using microtiter plate assay. Among the 77 bacterial isolates, seventeen showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, twenty-two showed near-moderate, thirty-four had weak biofilm-forming capacity, and four were non-biofilm producers. The antibiofilm activity of tested compounds (rose and jasmine oils, propolis, vanillin, and vinegar) was evaluated against isolates with highest biofilm-forming capacity. The in vitro antibiofilm ability of tested substances were investigated alone or in combination with each other to evaluate their ability to prevent biofilm formation or destroy preformed single-/multispecies biofilms. Finally, antibiofilm ability of tested combination was evaluated ex vivo on natural teeth. Our results showed that vanillin in combination with rose or jasmine oils showed promising biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication activities in both the in vitro and ex vivo models. Conclusions: Dental plaque and caries can be successfully prevented using combination of vanillin with rose or jasmine oils, and these compounds can be incorporated in new anticaries dental formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can cause an imbalance in the microbiota. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may produce multiple diseases and bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and its eradication on the composition of the oral tongue coating microbiota. A cohort of 35 participants was recruited and categorized into two groups: the H. pylori negative group (N group) consisting of 12 individuals and the H. pylori positive group (23 individuals). Within the H. pylori positive group, subjects were further stratified into the H. pylori pre-eradicated group (HPQ group) and the H. pylori eradicated group (HPH group). H. pylori positive individuals were treated with a quadruple regimen containing bismuth, and tongue coating samples were collected both prior to and following treatment. Concurrently, tongue coating samples were collected from H. pylori negative individuals. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing technology was employed to assess the microbial composition of the tongue coating in the N group, HPQ group, and HPH group. Pertinent clinical data were documented. Microbial diversity was found to significantly differ among the N group, HPQ group, and HPH group, as evidenced by variations in Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The dominant bacterial phyla identified across all groups included Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Saccharibacteria. At the phylum level, Firmicutes exhibited higher relative abundance in the HPQ group in comparison to both the N group and HPH group. Conversely, Bacteroidetes displayed greater prevalence in the N group and HPH group. Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis indicated a higher abundance of Romboutsia, Rothia, and Turiciactor in the HPQ group. Our study revealed significant disparities in microbial diversity and richness among the three groups. Furthermore, our findings suggest a potential association between the presence of Streptococcus, Rothia and H. pylori positive individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species eradication is a common strategy in naturalisation processes. It is no longer just about conserving or protecting, but about eliminating "invasive" species that have no place in the "restored" socio-ecosystem. This type of process is more complex than it is often presented, and its consequences transcend the strictly techno-ecological dimension. To understand it better, we propose an approach that considers eradication as a process that encompasses multi-species relations, political implications, and an intrinsic socio-ecological character. Consequently, the analysis focuses on two phenomena that are linked to eradication: (a) local reflections on the functioning of socio-ecosystems; and (b) the reconfiguration of human/environment relations. To this end, we studied the effect of eradication on a specific socio-ecosystem, Floreana Island, focusing on the elimination of two specific species, goats and rats, which are truly diverse in terms of meaning and significance for the inhabitants of this small island in the Galapagos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the historical and ongoing efforts to fight malaria, a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite over a century of control efforts, malaria remains a major global health issue. In 2022, there were an estimated 249 million cases across 85 countries, leading to approximately 600,000 deaths. In the recently published Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized malaria eradication. The main goals are to reduce malaria incidence and mortality by 90% by 2030 compared to 2015 levels. However, as of 2022, progress has been limited, with only a 2% reduction in incidence and a 6% reduction in mortality. This review traces the historical context of malaria, highlighting its ancient origins and the pivotal scientific discoveries in the late 19th century that paved the way for modern control measures. The Global Malaria Eradication Programme launched by the WHO in 1955 initially showed promise, largely due to the insecticide DDT, but ultimately failed to achieve its goals mainly due to logistical problems, vector resistance to DDT, and inadequate funding. Despite significant advances in the early 21st century, including the Roll Back Malaria initiative and increased international funding, malaria eradication remains a distant goal. Persistent challenges, such as weak healthcare systems, parasite and vector resistance to drugs and insecticides, and inadequate funding, continue to hamper global efforts. Therefore, this article underscores the need for a deeper understanding of malaria's history and recent evolution to inform future strategies for eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to identify risk factors for reintroduction of Actinobacillus pleuopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia) onto pig farms in areas in Switzerland that were involved in an eradication programme from 1996 to 1999 and to assess the role of dealers in relation to these reinfections. The study was based on the comparison of pig farms that were reinfected in the year 2000 (cases) and pig farms that remained uninfected in the same area (controls). Additionally, data were collected from Swiss pig dealers and transport companies. Out of a total of 3983 farms, 107 farms were reinfected in the year 2000. The incidences were 0.1% for Actinobacillus pleuopneumoniae and 2.6% for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia). Compared to reinfection rates prior to the eradication programme, this is a considerable reduction. Statistically significant risk factors for the reinfection were 'finishing farm', 'large mixed breeding-finishing farm', 'reinfected neighbour' and 'parking site for pig transport vehicles close to the farm'. Pig farmers that purchased pigs from only one supplier per batch had a lower risk of reintroducing infection (protective factor). As long as infected and uninfected regions co-exist in Switzerland, direct and indirect contact between farms, pig herds and slaughter sites via transport vehicles are a major pathway of disease spread. Risk management measures linked to these contacts are therefore of key importance. The survey of dealers indicated various areas for improvement such as strategic planning of pick-up routes or cleaning and disinfecting of trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, is a severe pig disease. Resistance to tylosins is common and resistance to tiamulin has been reported since the 1990s. Still, dysentery is not notifiable to authorities. The disease therefore escapes control from an overall population perspective. In Sweden, a program that aimed to control dysentery at national level was initiated in 2020, mainly due to the unexpected diagnosis of tiamulin resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2016. Results: Through joint efforts of a network including farmers, government, animal health organisations and abattoirs it was concluded that outbreaks of dysentery had taken place in 25 herds between 2016 and 2019. By 1 January 2020, nine of these herds were still not declared free from the disease. From that date, the network decided that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was to be cultured whenever dysentery could be suspected. Thus, 148, 157 and 124 herds were scrutinised for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, whereof five, three and two new herds were confirmed positive. By 31 December 2022, four herds were judged as impossible to sanitise. However, they posed no problem since they were identified by the network, pigs to and from these enterprises could be transported without jeopardising other herds. When Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was diagnosed in fattening herds purchasing growers, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae could not be detected in the delivering herds. That result, together with other observations, indicated that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ought to be regarded as ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs. Conclusions: Eradication of dysentery contributed to substantial welfare and financial improvements in affected herds. Dysentery was controlled successfully at national level through the united efforts from competing stake holders, such as different abattoirs and animal health organisations. However, as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was assumed to be ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs, the duration of the successful control of dysentery was concluded to only be transient. Without permanent monitoring for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the knowledge of the national status will rapidly decline to the level prior to the initiation of the control program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the World Health Organization Report on ageism and the spread of ageism during the COVID-19 pandemic, varied actions to combat ageism have taken place, worldwide. To examined what older people think about combating ageism, 731 Israelis, ages 60–85, responded to an online survey. Thematic analysis of their responses identified that the two main reasons for combating ageism rely on "moral-social justification" and "financial-employment justification." Respondents suggested various strategies to combat ageism including, "changes in law and adjudication," "inter-generational ties," "educational activities," and "campaigns." Respondents also identified "inner work" as the fifth and most important way to eliminate self-ageism. The results of this qualitative study contribute to the global campaign to combat ageism because of the emphasis on "inner work" of older people as a strategy in and of itself. Moreover, the study demonstrates the importance of including older adults in all stages of the global campaign to reduce and eliminate ageism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author turns to George Boyd's play Consecrated Ground and the medium of performance to stage an encounter with Blackness at one of Canada's earliest sites of relatively autonomous Black life. In so doing, the author illuminates the ways in which the play allows people to experience constitutive aspects of Black life in Africville as a point of entry that is in excess of the tendency for scholarship to be singularly focused on the community's razing. While Consecrated Ground is an imaginative rendering of events the egregious attempts at physical and psychic erasure it captures are occurrences, we should note that are shared with other sites of Blackness in Canada, including Hogan's Alley, Amber Valley, Negro Creek, Priceville, and Little Jamaica. These sites as haunting presences opportune what Canadian geographer Katherine McKittrick theorizes as "lost sites/citations of blackness". She explains that sites razed in the past can be experienced differently in the present. George Boyd's Consecrated Ground is one such example that makes visible a constitutive network of relations among intra-Black identities—Black Canadas, which illuminate a nuanced set of "citations of Blackness" even as this historic Black community faces an existential threat. This excavation of Consecrated Ground is not interested in sifting through the material rubble caused by deliberate neglect and blight. Rather, the author interrogates the terms on which a more nuanced articulation of Blackness in Canada is achieved through acts of relation by Boyd's cast of characters—with consideration for those scripted as dramatis personae (present) and those who are not (absented). This engagement with the seen and unseen, heard and unheard, visible and invisible, scripted and unscripted serves to trouble the nation's tendency toward an absented presence of Blackness and, when pressed, the dismissive acquiescence of Blackness as a monolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report biosecurity interceptions of Oryctes rhinoceros in Australia, New Zealand, Guam, United States, and other jurisdictions to provide the first such published assessment for this highly invasive species. Between 2003 and July 2023 New Zealand found O. rhinoceros 13 times. Between 2002 and July 2023 Australia found Oryctes rhinoceros 14 times. Since 2017 inspections in Guam detected individuals twice. Between 2003 and 2014, beetles were found eight times at ports in the United States. No credible interceptions were made in the European Union. Four other intercepts were reported from two other jurisdictions. There were very little commonalities among the intercept data. All but one detection were of adults, and of the 14 adults that were sexed, eight were female and six were male. From the Australian data, which included month of detection, there was no seasonality associated with detections. Detections were associated with a broad array of commodities or situations. Oryctes rhinoceros appears to be a generalist passenger, being accidentally transported by a wide variety of means at any time. This finding indicates that there is little possibility of focusing on any specific commodity, packaging, vessel, or season to detect accidental transport of this species. Instead, biosecurity vigilance is required on all goods and vessels arriving at, or leaving, destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective cross-border management of invasive alien species is dependent on robust data sharing among responsible authorities. This need is particularly pronounced for species like aquatic rodents, such as muskrat and coypu, which rely on interconnected hydrographic networks for dispersal. The LIFE MICA project sought to enhance crossborder cooperation between the Netherlands, Germany (Lower Saxony), and Belgium (Flanders) by centralising data on the occurrence and management of invasive alien rodents. Project partners from seven institutions collaborated to develop innovative detection and management methods, such as smart camera trapping, eDNA analysis, and smart life traps for muskrat and coypu. Prior to the LIFE MICA project, management and occurrence data for muskrats and coypus in a substantial part of northwest Europe were fragmented in isolated data repositories. To address this issue, the project adopted an open data approach based on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), resulting in the publication of nearly one million new muskrat and coypu observations dating from 1987 to the present day. This initiative represents a significant step towards improved collaboration and data sharing in the management of invasive alien rodents across a wide geographic area in northwestern mainland Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment with potassium‐competitive acid blockers has shown acceptable efficacy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. In regions like Korea, where the clarithromycin resistance rate is high, alternative combinations like non‐bismuth quadruple therapies have shown favorable results. This study compared the outcomes of sequential eradication therapy with new potassium‐competitive acid blocker tegoprazan and conventional esomeprazole‐containing sequential therapy. Materials and Methods: Patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection were consecutively recruited. Patients were allocated to either an esomeprazole‐containing sequential or a tegoprazan‐containing sequential therapy group. Sequential therapy comprised esomeprazole (40 mg) or tegoprazan (50 mg) plus amoxicillin (1000 mg) twice daily for the initial 5 days, followed by esomeprazole (40 mg) or tegoprazan (50 mg) with clarithromycin (500 mg) and metronidazole (500 mg) twice daily for the remaining 5 days. Eradication rate, compliance, and adverse events were recorded. Results: A total of 406 patients with H. pylori infection were enrolled in the trial and analyzed per protocol. Eradication rate by intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol was 83.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.7–88.9) for esomeprazole‐containing sequential therapy, and 87.1% (95% CI: 82.5–91.8) for tegoprazan‐containing sequential therapy, with no statistical significance (p = 0.399). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in treatment compliance between the two groups. Nausea was more prevalent (23.3%, 27/202) with sequential tegoprazans than with esomeprazole‐containing sequential therapy (14.2%, 29/204; p = 0.022). Conclusion: Tegoprazan‐containing 10‐day sequential eradication treatment demonstrated similar eradication efficacy compared to esomeprazole‐containing treatment, even in regions with high antimicrobial resistance, such as Korea. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06382493 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several attempts to eradicate invasive alien species have been initiated in South Africa and despite no formal eradication declaration, several species have been brought down to low levels or are now absent from the country. Based on an expert workshop with South African implementing agencies on best nationwide eradication practices, we recommend that eradication programmes should be well coordinated, and characterised by collaboration between implementing agencies, researchers and practitioners. Countries should have a list of eradication targets informed by the best available science, with targets ranked according to priority. The best eradication model should be used consistently until eradication is achieved. While most of these priority areas are not novel, it does provide a perspective from a biodiverse African country with limited funding, based on 16 years of experience in implementing eradication programmes. It corroborates challenges experienced elsewhere in the world and contributes to enhancing eradication outcomes globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduced salmonid ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris has been detected on Atlantic salmon in 53 Norwegian rivers and in 39 Norwegian fish farms. In affected rivers, the mortality of Atlantic salmon juveniles is very high, estimated to a mean of 86%. G. salaris has been considered one of the biggest threats to wild Norwegian Atlantic salmon stocks. With various measures, the authorities have reduced the potential for further spread of the parasite to new rivers and fish farms, and G. salaris has been eradicated from 43 rivers and all fish farms. Furthermore, the eradication process is almost completed in five affected rivers located at the Norwegian west coast, while preparations for the eradication in the remaining five rivers in the southeastern part of Norway have begun. The goal of Norwegian management is to eradicate the introduced pathogenic G. salaris strains from all occurrences in Norway. In fish farms, the parasite has been removed by mandatory slaughter of infected fish. In rivers, G. salaris has mostly been removed by killing all the fish hosts with rotenone. The indigenous genetic Atlantic salmon stocks are re‐established after eradication of the parasite. New methods are developed using chemicals that kill the parasite without killing fish in the rivers. Norwegian authorities have so far used more than NOK 1.5 billion on research, monitoring and combating G. salaris. However, the benefits are considered many times greater than the spending. Without control measures, G. salaris would likely have spread to new Atlantic salmon rivers where the same catastrophic outcome had to be expected. The Norwegian authorities seem to meet the goal in their long‐term work to halt the spread of G. salaris and to eradicate the parasite in affected rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Tegoprazan, a novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker, has been approved for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Korea. We compared the efficacy and safety of tegoprazan‐ and rabeprazole‐based concomitant therapies for H. pylori eradication in real‐world clinical practice.We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with H. pylori infection treated with tegoprazan‐ or rabeprazole‐based concomitant therapies. The primary endpoint was H. pylori eradication rate. The secondary endpoint was adverse events.Among the 1474 included patients, 620 and 854 received tegoprazan‐ and rabeprazole‐based concomitant therapies, respectively. Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed no significant difference in the eradication rates between the tegoprazan‐ and rabeprazole‐based concomitant therapy groups (74.7% [95% confidence interval [CI], 71.1–78.0%] vs 72.7% [95% CI, 69.7–75.6%], P = 0.400). Per‐protocol analysis also demonstrated similar eradication rates for the groups (tegoprazan vs rabeprazole: 88.0% [95% CI, 85.0–90.6%] vs 85.9% [95% CI, 83.2–88.3%], P = 0.288). Although the overall adverse event rate did not differ between groups (tegoprazan vs rabeprazole, 39.2% vs 40.6%, P = 0.578), abdominal discomfort was less frequent in the tegoprazan group than in the rabeprazole group (1.3 vs 4.8%, P = 0.001).Tegoprazan‐ and rabeprazole‐based concomitant therapies for H. pylori eradication showed comparable efficacy and overall safety. The effect of tegoprazan on dose increases or other regimens, such as bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy, should be further evaluated, because the efficacy of tegoprazan‐based concomitant therapy may be suboptimal in regions where the clarithromycin resistance rate is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rafting behaviour of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in response to flooding events is well documented, although studies generally have focussed on the mechanisms of raft assembly and the behaviour of the raft's occupants. Flooding as a means of dispersal of S. invicta is frequently mentioned in the literature, although there are few data on the distances travelled or how effective it is compared to natural flight. In Australia, S. invicta is a priority invasive species with a national eradication program operating for 23 years, focussed on the population in southeast Queensland, which currently encompasses more than 700 000 ha. Flooding presents a risk to the success of the program through extending the infestation area or recolonising successfully treated areas. We used the program's extensive spatiotemporal dataset of known fire ant colony locations to assess the effects of two significant flood events on the dispersal or displacement of S. invicta in Queensland. Results indicated that flooding did not spread S. invicta beyond the known boundaries of infestation but contributed to localised spread, particularly for sites with known polygyne infestations. This situation could change if the ant spreads to new river catchments. A novel method developed to assess the risk of S. invicta dispersal through flooding is presented, alongside program actions that can be applied to mitigate this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measles is a highly transmissible systemic viral infection associated with substantial mortality primarily due to secondary infections. Measles induces lifelong immunity to reinfection but loss of immunity to other pathogens. An attenuated live virus vaccine is highly effective, but lapses in delivery have resulted in increasing cases worldwide. Although the primary cause of failure to control measles is failure to vaccinate, waning vaccine-induced immunity and the possible emergence of more virulent virus strains may also contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPlant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a significant threat to global agriculture, leading to substantial yield losses. Managing nematode populations remains a challenging option due to financial, technical and environmental constraints. In Ontario, Canada, the presence of Xiphinema nematodes, a virus vector species, is of particular concern. This study reports the discovery of X. diversicaudatum in a peach field in Southern Ontario, Canada. The description includes morphological and molecular characterization using the 18S and 28S rDNA sequences. Morphological and molecular characterization of Ontario’s population matched those from Europe. While X. diversicaudatum was presumed eradicated from Canada, the present finding showed that the nematode could have spread beyond greenhouses. The study highlights the importance of intensive soil sampling for early nematode detection, even as strict reporting requirements may deter such efforts. We report for the first time the presence of X. diversicaudatum on peaches in Canada and in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades there has been growing recognition of the importance of Allee effects in population dynamics and applied ecology. The Allee effect, that is decreased fitness at lower population densities, has been recognized as potentially playing an important role in the conservation of endangered species, in the practice of biological control, and the eradication of invasive species. Although a number of theoretical studies have been devoted to the role of Allee effects in the population dynamics of insects and other terrestrial arthropods, experimental evidence documenting Allee effects is still scarce. Here, we reviewed the literature reporting on density-dependent relationships in low-density populations and conducted a meta-analysis of 191 case studies to identify the occurrence of Allee effects and associated species traits. Allee effects are not rare in terrestrial arthropods, as they were reported in 47% of the cases we reviewed, comprising 46 out of 68 species. Ample examples exist for both demographic Allee effects (28 out of 74 cases cases), and component Allee effects (61 out of 117 cases). Insufficient mating success, cooperative feeding, and enemy escape were the three main mechanisms associated with Allee effects in terrestrial arthropods. Insufficient reproductive success was the mechanism with the highest proportion of related Allee effects (71%). Voltinism and host specialization were common species traits behind demographic Allee effects. Host specialists with univoltine life cycles tended to have stronger Allee effects. The high frequency of Allee effects in terrestrial arthropods reported here and the identified mechanisms behind them have important implications for the selection of management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori, the most prevalent infection in the world, has great importance due to being related to peptic ulcer disease, gastric metaplasia, dysplasia, and even gastric adenocarcinoma or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The standard H. pylori eradication regimen is based on antibiotic susceptibility testing. If susceptibility testing is not available, a standard treatment regimen will be recommended based on records of H. pylori resistance rates to antibiotics in a region or locally proven highly effective regimens (equal to or higher than 90% eradication rate). The aim of this review was to define suitable recommendations for local treatment in different cities of Iran. Methods: This review article consists of randomized controlled trials related to H. pylori eradication in Iran. Data including the kind of therapy, number of patients and per-protocol H. pylori eradication rates were recorded in data gathering forms. Data search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 2018 to December 2023. Results: According to our review of Iranian articles regarding first-line H. pylori eradication regimens, these treatment protocols could be recommended: Bismuth-clarithromycin quadruple therapy in Ardabil, bismuth-clarithromycin quadruple therapy with probiotics in Birjand, standard triple therapy in Ilam, bismuth quadruple therapy or bismuth triple therapy or concomitant regimen in Sari, sequential therapy in Tehran and bismuth quadruple therapy in Yazd. These regimes can be extended to other regions that have a similar situation. According to the reports of Iranian researchers, a quinolone-containing regimen (levofloxacin preferred) is recommended for second-line eradication therapy. Conclusion: Various H. pylori eradication regimens can be used as first-line therapy; however, choices for second-line therapy are limited. We recommend the quinolone-containing regimens as the preferred second-line therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep pox and goat pox are infectious viral diseases that affect ovine and caprine animals and are caused by two viruses of the family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus. Sheep pox has been traditionally endemic in Africa, the Middle East, and several Southeast Asian countries, but it is considered a transboundary disease capable of affecting previously free countries epidemically. It is a disease of compulsory immediate notification to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the European Union (EU). On 19 September 2022, the disease reemerged in Spain, which had been free of it since 1968, causing a total of 30 outbreaks until 17 May 2023, when the last outbreak of the disease was reported. The control and eradication measures implemented were those laid down in EU legislation, based on the total stamping out of positive herds, zoning and restriction of movement, and strengthening of biosecurity and passive surveillance. This manuscript describes the outbreak, as well as assesses the challenges and lessons learned in relation to its management, with the aim of helping in the effective management of future outbreaks of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a widespread global health issue and a primary cause of diseases like gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. This study examines the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients undergoing upper endoscopy and assesses the efficacy of bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) and levofloxacin triple therapy. A retrospective analysis of 507 gastroscopies was conducted, with indications including epigastric pain, heartburn, postprandial fullness, early satiation, and regurgitation. Rapid urease tests were performed, and endoscopic findings documented. Two treatment regimens were used: BQT as the first-line therapy and levofloxacin triple therapy as the second-line. Of the 507 patients, 68.8% were infected with H. pylori. Gastric ulcer patients had significantly higher H. pylori prevalence compared to those with small polyps, Barrett's esophagus, or normal endoscopy. Among the 310 patients who participated in follow-up interviews, 11.9% did not initiate therapy and 5.1% discontinued due to intolerance. The overall eradication rate was 88.6%, with BQT showing a higher eradication rate (89.4%) compared to levofloxacin triple therapy (83.8%). The study highlights the high prevalence of H. pylori among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and the effectiveness of BQT as a first-line treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori screening with eradication reduces gastric cancer (GC) development. However, it was unknown at what age the H. pylori screening should be implemented to achieve the greatest benefits at the least cost. This study aimed to determine the optimal age of H. pylori screening for primary GC prevention. Materials and Methods: A state transition model for a hypothetical cohort of 15‐year‐olds from a healthcare payer perspective on a lifetime horizon was developed. Nine ages for H. pylori testing were considered: 15, 18, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years. H. pylori screening was compared with no screening and annual, biennial, and triennial endoscopies starting at age 50. The main outcomes were costs, quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), life expectancy life‐years (LYs), incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios, GC cases, stage I GC cases, and GC‐related deaths. One‐way, two‐way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the uncertainty of the parameters. Results: All H. pylori screenings at ages 15–80 were more cost‐effective than all endoscopies and no screening. H. pylori screening at age 15 yielded the greatest cost‐saving and benefits. The cost‐effectiveness was sensitive to the adherence rate of H. pylori screening at age 15. Cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves showed that H. pylori screening at age 15 was 99.6% cost‐effective at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of US$50,000 per QALY gained. Compared with no screening and biennial endoscopy in 15.6 million 15‐year‐olds from 2022 to 2037, respectively, H. pylori screening at age 15 saves US$9.70 million and US$2.39 billion, increases 1.26 million QALYs with 1312 LYs and 651 LYs, prevents 436 GC cases with 254 stage I GC cases and 305 stage I GC cases, and avoids 176 GC‐related deaths and 72 GC‐related deaths. Conclusions: The optimal age for population‐based H. pylori screening at ages 15–80 is the youngest, 15 years old. Shifting population‐based H. pylori screening to younger people will reduce GC morbidity and mortality worldwide, along with a detailed investigation of the feasibility and long‐term consequences of H. pylori eradication at a young age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The optimal duration of regimens for tailored therapy based on genotypic resistance for clarithromycin has yet to be established. Aim: This study was a nationwide, multicenter, randomized trial comparing empirical therapy with tailored therapy based on genotypic resistance for first‐line eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We also compared the eradication rates of 7‐ and 14‐day regimens for each group. Patients and Methods: Patients with H. pylori infection were first randomized to receive empirical or tailored therapy. Patients in each group were further randomized into 7‐ or 14‐day regimens. Empirical therapy consisted of a triple therapy (TT) regimen (twice‐daily doses of pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, and clarithromycin 500 mg) for 7 or 14 days. Tailored therapy consisted of TT of 7 or 14 days in patients without genotypic resistance. Patients with genotypic resistance were treated with bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) regimens (twice‐daily doses of pantoprazole 40 mg, three daily doses of metronidazole 500 mg, and four times daily doses of bismuth 300 mg and tetracycline 500 mg) for 7 or 14 days. A 13C‐urea breath test assessed eradication rates. The primary outcome was eradication rates of each group. Results: A total of 593 patients were included in the study. The eradication rates were 65.7% (201/306) in the empirical therapy group and 81.9% (235/287) in the tailored therapy group for intention‐to‐treat analysis (p < 0.001). In the per‐protocol analysis, the eradication rates of the empirical therapy and tailored groups were 70.3% (201/286) and 85.5% (235/274) (p < 0.001), respectively. There was no difference in compliance between the two groups. The rate of adverse events was higher in the tailored group compared to the empirical group (p < 0.001). Discussion: Our study confirmed that tailored therapy based on genotypic resistance was more effective than empirical therapy for H. pylori eradication in Korea. However, no significant difference was found between 7‐ and 14‐day regimens for each group. Future studies are needed to determine the optimal duration of therapy for empirical and tailored therapy regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: A few studies have suggested the association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and ischemic stroke. However, the impact of HP eradication on stroke risk has not been well evaluated. This study aimed to assess the influence of HP eradication on the incidence of ischemic stroke, considering the potential effect of sex. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, from May 2003 to February 2023, and involved gastroscopy-based HP testing. Propensity score (PS) matching was employed to ensure balanced groups by matching patients in the HP eradicated group (n=2,803) in a 3:1 ratio with patients in the HP non-eradicated group (n=960). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of ischemic stroke. Results: Among 6,664 patients, multivariate analysis after PS matching indicated that HP eradication did not significantly alter the risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 0.531; 95% confidence interval, 0.221 to 1.270; p=0.157). Sex-specific subgroup analyses, both univariate and multivariate, did not yield statistically significant differences. However, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a potential trend: the females in the HP eradicated group exhibited a lower incidence of ischemic stroke than those in the HP non-eradicated group, although this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.057). Conclusions: This finding suggests that HP eradication might not impact the risk of ischemic stroke. However, there was a trend showing that females potentially had a lower risk of ischemic stroke following HP eradication, though further investigation is required to establish definitive evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refractory Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection inevitably increase the difficulty of drug selection. Here, we described our experience with the use of a novel tetravalent IgY against H. pylori for the treatment of patients with refractory H. pylori infection. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to receive the standard quadruple therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, omeprazole and bismuth potassium citrate) for 2 weeks or 250 mg of avian polyclonal IgY orally twice a day for 4 weeks. The binding efficacy of IgY to H. pylori antigens was detected by western blotting13. C-urea breath test was performed to evaluate the eradication therap's efficacy. The side effects of IgY were evaluated via various routine tests. The questionnaire was used to gather clinical symptoms and adverse reactions. Results: Western blot analysis showed that tetravalent IgY simultaneously bind to VacA, HpaA, CagA and UreB of H. pylori. Tetravalent IgY had an eradication rate of 50.74% in patients with refractory H. pylori and an inhibition rate of 50.04% against DOB (delta over baseline) of 13C-urea. The symptom relief rate was 61.76% in thirty-four patients with clinical symptoms, and no adverse reactions were observed during tetravalent IgY treatment period. Conclusions: Polyclonal avian tetravalent IgY reduced H. pylori infection, and showed good efficacy and safety in the treatment of refractory H. pylori infection patients, which represented an effective therapeutic option of choice for patients with refractory H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to improve Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment interventions or provide adjunctive therapy. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate whether Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) could improve H. pylori eradication rate, reduce the incidence of adverse events (AEs), and alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms. Design: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing L. reuteri supplementation therapy with placebo was conducted. Sources and methods: We retrieved relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The primary outcome was H. pylori eradication rate, and the scores on the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale and AEs were secondary outcomes. Results: Eight RCTs including 1087 patients were included in this analysis. The L. reuteri supplementation group showed significantly higher H. pylori eradication rates in both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis [ITT: 80.0% versus 72.6%; p = 0.005, relative risk (RR): 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.17; number needed to treat (NNT) = 14; PP: 81.8% versus 75.0%; p = 0.006, RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.16; NNT = 15]. Patients treated with L. reuteri showed greater improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms (pooled mean difference: −2.43, 95% CI: −4.56 to −0.29, p = 0.03). The incidence of AEs was significantly reduced in the L. reuteri supplementation group based on ITT and PP analysis (ITT: p < 0.00001, RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.67–0.78; PP: p < 0.00001, RR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65–0.77). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that supplementation with L. reuteri was beneficial for improving the eradication rate of H. pylori, reducing the overall incidence of side effects, and relieving gastrointestinal symptoms in patients during treatment. The findings provide new insights into clinical decision-making. Trial registration (PROSPERO): CRD42023424052. Plain language summary: Lactobacillus reuteri compared with placebo as an adjuvant in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Given the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to improve Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment interventions or provide adjunctive therapy. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 1087 patients were included in this analysis. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that supplementing with L. reuteri tends to increase the eradication rate of H. pylori, reduce the overall incidence of antibiotic-related side effects, and alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms in patients during treatment, providing new insights for clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vonoprazan-based triple therapy has recently been reported as being more effective than proton pump inhibitors for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), but it is apparent that the eradication rate could be further improved. Methods: We investigated the effect of the concomitant use of polaprezinc, a therapeutic agent for gastric ulcers, and vonoprazan-based seven-day triple therapy in patients with gastric ulcers compared to standard vonoprazan-based seven-day triple therapy in patients with atrophic gastritis. The regimen for the treatment of atrophic gastritis contained vonoprazan 20 mg, amoxicillin 750 mg, and clarithromycin 200 mg b.d. (VAC group) for seven days; and that for gastric ulcers contained VAC and polaprezinc 75 mg b.d. (VACP group) for seven days. Results: Between October 2021 and January 2023, 201 subjects were examined (VAC group, n = 165; VACP group, n = 36). In per-protocol (PP) analysis, the eradication rate was significantly higher in the VACP group (100%) than in the VAC group (88.2%) (p = 0.025). In patients with severe atrophic gastritis, eradication rates were significantly higher in the VACP group (100%) than in the VAC group (84.4%) in PP analysis. (p = 0.024). Conclusions: The concomitant use of polaprezinc and standard vonoprazan-based first-line eradication therapy is effective for H. pylori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia's vast marine resources have high potential in the fisheries sector, which can provide economic value and become a supporting factor in increasing state revenue and improving the welfare of coastal and island communities, especially fishermen. To utilize these resources to increase state revenues and achieve community well-being, effective monitoring of illegal fishing activities is needed. Objective: This study aims to examine government supervision in the eradication of illegal fishing activities in the waters of the Riau Islands in 2021-2022.Method: The research method used is a qualitative approach. The research method that the author refers to is a qualitative interview method that is conducted by asking closed questions to the research subject with the nature of an informal, semi-structured interview, so that it can produce a lot of data that can then be sorted by the author for the completion of research on the supervision of marine resources and fisheries by the Riau Islands Provincial Government in eradication of illegal fishing activities Results: The results of the study show that the government has carried out various surveillance efforts, such as increasing patrols, coordination between related agencies, and imposing strict sanctions on illegal fishing perpetrators. However, the implementation of supervision still faces various challenges, such as the vastness of the sea area, limited facilities and infrastructure, and the persistence of illegal fishing practices. Conclusion: The government needs to continue to strengthen supervision and law enforcement efforts to eradicate illegal fishing activities in the waters of the Riau Islands by increasing coordination between relevant agencies, increasing the capacity of supervisory personnel, and providing adequate facilities and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Early gastric cancers (EGCs) after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication often appear as reddish depressed lesions (RDLs); the same features are also appeared in benign stomachs after eradication. We compared clinic-pathological and endoscopic features of benign and neoplastic RDLs after H. pylori eradication. Methods: 228 neoplastic RDLs after H. pylori eradication were studied. All lesions were divided into neoplastic RDLs (differentiated carcinoma or adenoma, n=114) and benign RDLs (n=114) according to the histology. Clinical and pathological characteristics were compared in neoplastic and benign groups. Endoscopic diagnostic yields using the white light (WL) endoscopy, chromoendoscopy (CE) using indigo carmine dye and the magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) were also evaluated in relation to the pathological diagnosis. Results: Size of neoplastic RDLs was larger than that of benign RDLs (p<0.01). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for predicting pathological types of RDLs was 70.1%, 52.6% and 61.4% for the WL, 65.8%, 63.1% and 65.4% for the CE, while the ME-NBI scored better with the 88.6%, 88.6%, 99.1% and 93.9% of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The accuracy of the ME-NBI was 99.9% (113/114) in the benign RDLs and 89.4% (101/114) for the neoplastic RDLs. Undiagnosed neoplastic RDLs using the ME-NBI were associated with more differentiated tumors such as adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (tub1) and the presence of an unclear demarcation line. Conclusions: ME-NBI is useful to diagnose RDLs after H. pylori eradiation, while some of neoplastic lesions are difficult to diagnose using the ME-NBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, eradication regimens for non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) have not been established yet. We investigated effectiveness of the standard triple-drug combination therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication and of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) monotherapy in eradication of NHPH. Methods: Subjects were the patients who were diagnosed with NHPH-infected gastritis based on microscopic findings, helical-shaped organisms obviously larger than Helicobacter pylori, in the gastric mucosal specimens using Giemsa staining at Kenwakai Hospital between November 2010 and September 2021, whose NHPH species were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of urease genes in endoscopically-biopsied samples, and who consented to NHPH eradication with either the triple-drug combination therapy for one week or a PPI monotherapy for six months. Six months after the completion of eradication, its result was determined with esophagogastroduodenoscopy, microscopic examination, and PCR analysis. In cases of unsuccessful eradication, a second eradication with the other therapy was suggested to the patient. Results: PCR analysis detected NHPH in 38 patients: 36 as Helicobacter suis and two as Helicobacter heilmannii/Helicobacter ailurogastricus. Fourteen Helicobacter suis-infected and one Helicobacter heilmannii/Helicobacter ailurogastricus-infected patients requested eradication therapy. The triple-drug combination therapy succeeded in four of five patients, while the PPI monotherapy succeeded in five of 10 patients. Three of five patients who had been unsuccessful with the latter therapy requested the triple-drug combination therapy as the second eradication and all three were successful. In total, the triple-drug combination therapy succeeded in seven out of eight (87.5%) attempted cases, while the PPI monotherapy in five out of 10 (50%) attempted cases. Conclusions: In NHPH eradication, the triple-drug combination therapy was considered to be effective to some extent and to become the first-line therapy. While, although less successful, PPI monotherapy appeared to be a potentially promising option particularly for patients with allergy or resistance to antibiotics. Effectiveness of PPI monotherapy may be attributed to hyperacid environment preference of Helicobacter suis and PPI's acid-suppressive effect. Additionally, male predominance in NHPH-infected gastritis patients may be explained by gender difference in gastric acid secretory capacity. However, further evidence needs to be accumulated. Study registration: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Kenwakai Hospital (No. 2,017,024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutria, or coypu (Myocastor coypus), are invasive semi‐aquatic rodents present across the United States, Europe, and Asia. Despite successful eradication efforts in certain areas, nutria have resurged in the mid‐Atlantic USA, underscoring the need for advanced monitoring tools. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a promising technique for species detection and monitoring. Here, an eDNA assay for nutria using qPCR was field‐validated in Virginia, USA, showcasing its potential as a tool for post‐eradication monitoring. The findings reveal an association between water levels and detection of nutria eDNA, highlighting the importance of water levels in nutria behavior. A painted turtle assay was introduced to confirm nutria absence and demonstrate the potential of passive sampling. The study showcases the sensitivity and efficiency of eDNA assays, emphasizing their value for monitoring and verifying invasive species eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori infection, a worldwide health issue, is typically treated with standard antibiotic therapies. However, these treatments often face resistance and non-compliance due to side effects. In this umbrella review, we aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of probiotics supplementation in different preparations on Helicobacter pylori standard treatment. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library from inception to June 1, 2023, to identify systematic reviews with meta-analyses that focused on eradication rates, total side effects and other outcomes of interest. The most comprehensive meta-analysis was selected for data extraction. AMSTAR 2 was used to assess quality of meta-analyses. Overall, 28 unique meta-analyses based on 534 RCTs were included. The results suggests that probiotics supplementation with pooled probiotic strains was significantly associated with improved eradication rates (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14) and reduced risk of total side effects (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.42–0.70) compared with standard therapy alone. Single-strained or multi-strained preparation of probiotics supplementation showed similar results. Despite Bifidobacterium spp. showing the highest potential for eradication, the study quality was critically low for most meta-analyses, necessitating further high-quality research to explore the optimal probiotic strains or their combinations for Helicobacter pylori treatment.aq_start?>Kindly check and confirm the edit made in article title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potassium‐competitive acid blockers have demonstrated enormous potential in the eradication treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, with tegoprazan being one of the representatives. The available data on the safety and efficacy of tegoprazan in dual therapy are limited. Materials and Methods: The multicenter, noninferiority, randomized‐controlled trial was conducted from May 2023 to March 2024. Treatment‐naive subjects were randomly assigned (1:1) to enter either the tegoprazan–amoxicillin (TA) group (tegoprazan 50 mg twice daily and amoxicillin 750 mg four times daily) or the esomeprazole–amoxicillin (EA) group (esomeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 750 mg all four times daily), with a duration for 14 days. The primary outcome was eradication rate as determined by 13C‐urea breath test, including per‐protocol (PP) analysis and intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis. Secondary outcomes were adverse events and compliance. Results: A total of 368 individuals were included in the randomization. The eradication rates in the EA group and the TA group were 84.2% and 85.8%, respectively, according to an ITT analysis (p = 0.77), and 88.5% and 88.2%, respectively, according to PP analysis (p = 1.00). The eradication rates for the TA group were not inferior to those of the EA group in both PP (p = 0.0023) and ITT analyses (p = 0.0009). There were no significant statistical differences in the incidence of adverse events and compliance between the two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that poor compliance increased the risk of eradication failure (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Dual therapy containing tegoprazan is safe and effective to be considered as a clinical first‐line treatment option, but further optimization involving antimicrobial susceptibility testing and adjustments in dosage and frequency is warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05870683. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease affecting suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). ASF was described for the first time in 1921 in Kenya. The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European wave. In 2007, ASFV genotype II was detected in Georgia, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars, and it later spread to several European and extra-European countries, including Italy. This report focuses on the strategic challenges encountered in the attempt to eradicate ASFV amongst domestic pigs in the Lombardy region. The joint efforts that were implemented facilitated the eradication of ASF in domestic pigs in just over 1.5 months, representing an example of effective and timely cooperation to mitigate both the spread of the infection and the economic repercussions for the Italian and global pig industries. African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease characterized by high lethality in suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European epidemic wave. In 2007, ASFV genotype II was detected in Georgia, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars before spreading to various European and extra-European countries, including Italy. The first case of ASFV in Italy was documented on 7 January 2022, in a wild boar in the Piedmont region. Since then, several ASFV-positive wild boar carcasses have been identified in the Piedmont and Liguria regions. By June 2023, ASFV had spread to Lombardy, one of the major pig-producing regions in northern Italy; the virus was first detected in early summer in wild boar carcasses. Two months later, it was diagnosed in a commercial pig farm as a consequence of the disease's spread amongst wild boars and an increase in the viral environmental load. This report aims to describe the features of ASFV domestic pig outbreaks that occurred in the Zinasco municipality (Lombardy) and the joint efforts to mitigate potential direct and indirect economic impacts on the Italian and global pig industry. The epidemiological investigation and the measures implemented, which were all performed according to national and European regulations, as well as exceptional ad hoc measures aimed at protecting the pig industry, are described in order to provide a practical and effective approach to combating ASF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, is a serious wood borer of hardwood trees in North America, Europe, and China, causing substantial economic and ecological losses. Several ALB management strategies have been applied; however, certain drawbacks have been identified with these strategies. To explore effective and environmentally sustainable management options, we investigated the biological characteristics of ALB, including the distribution of frass and emergence holes on trees and preferred branches for ALB foraging and ovipositing. The results showed that 76.31–78.88% of frass holes and 85.08–87.93% of emergence holes were located above a height of 200 cm. Adults showed a preference for feeding on branches 2–3 cm in diameter, and eggs were predominantly laid on 5 cm branches, primarily located above a height of 200 cm. These findings suggest a correlation between the number of ALBs and the height of the tree crown. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the number of ALBs decreased when the tree crown was removed above 200 cm (high trunk truncation, HTT). The results revealed a significant decrease in the number after the implementation of HTT. Based on our results we advocate for HTT as an effective ALB management strategy, offering valuable insights into the development of a sustainable approach to controlling the number of ALBs. The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) causes substantial economic and ecological losses, thus, an environmentally friendly management strategy is needed. Here, we propose high trunk truncation (HTT), the removal of the above 200 cm portion of trees, as a sustainable management strategy to control ALB. To examine the hypothesis, an initial step involved the assessment of various biological characteristics of ALB. Subsequently, a controlled field experiment was carried out utilizing HTT. Finally, HTT was applied in two additional ALB infestation regions. The results of the study of the biological characteristics of ALB showed that 76.31–78.88% of frass holes and 85.08–87.93% of emergence holes were located on branches above 200 cm. Adults preferred to feed on branches 2–3 cm in diameter, ALB eggs were predominantly laid on 5 cm branches, and both were primarily located above 200 cm. These results revealed a correlation between the number of ALBs and the tree crown height. The controlled field experiment showed that the number of ALBs was significantly decreased when the HTT strategy was implemented: approximately 90% of frass holes and 95% of adults were eradicated by HTT compared with the control. Different field surveys involving HTT have shown similar results. These findings provide valuable insights into a sustainable and efficient management strategy for reducing the number of ALBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) and consequently activates the DNA Damage Response pathway (DDR) and senescence in gastric epithelium. We studied DDR activation and senescence before and after the eradication of the pathogen. Gastric antral and corpus biopsies of 61 patients with H. pylori infection, prior to and after eradication treatment, were analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence for DDR marker (γH2AΧ, phosporylated ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (pATM), p53-binding protein (53BP1) and p53) expression. Samples were also evaluated for Ki67 (proliferation index), cleaved caspase-3 (apoptotic index) and GL13 staining (cellular senescence). Ten H. pylori (−) dyspeptic patients served as controls. All patients were re-endoscoped in 72-1361 days (mean value 434 days), and tissue samples were processed in the same manner. The eradication of the microorganism, in human gastric mucosa, downregulates γH2AΧ expression in both the antrum and corpus (p = 0.00019 and p = 0.00081 respectively). The expression of pATM, p53 and 53BP1 is also reduced after eradication. Proliferation and apoptotic indices were reduced, albeit not significantly, after pathogen clearance. Moreover, cellular senescence is increased in H. pylori-infected mucosa and remains unaffected after eradication. Interestingly, senescence was statistically increased in areas of intestinal metaplasia (IM) compared with adjacent non-metaplastic mucosa (p < 0.001). In conclusion, H. pylori infection triggers DSBs, DDR and senescence in the gastric epithelium. Pathogen eradication reverses the DDR activation but not senescence. Increased senescent cells may favor IM persistence, thus potentially contributing to gastric carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a method that specifically kills target cells by combining a photosensitizer and irradiation with light at the appropriate wavelength. The natural amino acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is the precursor of endogenous porphyrins in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts. The effectiveness of 5-ALA-aPDI in destroying various groups of pathogens (viruses, fungi, yeasts, parasites) was presented, but greater attention was focused on the antibacterial activity of this technique. Finally, the clinical applications of 5-ALA in therapies using 5-ALA and visible light (treatment of ulcers and disinfection of dental canals) were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of ecophysiological features makes some invasive plants difficult to eradicate in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The human footprint in these ecosystems increases propagule pressure, helps habitat fragmentation, and facilitates adaptation of these invasive plants. Citizen science is as important as fundamental science and environmental management by public authorities to prevent new invasions. An in-depth analysis of the mechanistic processes underlying the evolution and ecophysiology of typical invasive plants such as Carpobrotus spp., Acacia spp., Agave spp., and Opuntia spp. in Mediterranean-type ecosystems shows very sophisticated, complex, and efficient strategies for invasion success, particularly in fragmented habitats. Propagule pressure at both geographical and temporal scales and the establishment of long-term seed banks are determinant for invasion success. A two-sword strategy based on long-term prevention and eradication is proposed for the management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Eradication of invasive plants in Mediterranean-type ecosystems appears to be extremely difficult nowadays and, at least for some invaders like Carpobrotus spp., long-term approaches that ultimately culminate in the elimination of seed banks is the only path for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing antibiotic resistance is the primary reason for treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. To enhance the eradication rate, minimize the development of secondary resistance, and alleviate the socioeconomic burden, it is crucial to select H. pylori‐sensitive antibiotics carefully. Furazolidone has been used for H. pylori eradication in developing countries for decades due to its affordability and low resistance rate. Numerous studies have demonstrated that furazolidone‐containing regimens are more efficacious than those containing other antibiotics, as both first‐ and second‐line therapies, and are also well tolerated. However, utility of furazolidone is restricted or not optimal in certain countries due to its infrequent but potentially severe adverse effects. The decision to discontinue usage of furazolidone because of concerns regarding adverse effects may be misguided. Here we comprehensively reviewed the studies on furazolidone at different dosages and treatment durations for H. pylori eradication. Further research on the mechanisms of action and clinical trials of furazolidone are of great practical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the correlation of iron deficiency (ID) indexes with eradication and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in children. Methods: This is a clinical comparative study. One hundred and twenty-six children who were first diagnosed as Hp infection in Baoding Children's Hospital (Hp infection group); and the control group included 200 children without Helicobacter Pylori infection (negative stool Hp antigen test and/or 13C-urea breath test) in local region at the same time from January 2020 to January 2022. Enrolled children were subjected to routine blood test, serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) detection. Meanwhile, children with Hp infection were given triple therapy for eradication and followed up for one year. Results: The levels of SI, SF and Hb in non-eradication group were lower than those in eradication group (P<0.05); while TIBC level in the former group was higher than that in the latter group (P<0.05). Furthermore, SF level in the recurrence group was lower than that in the non-recurrence group (P<0.05). While there was no significant difference in Hb, SI and TIBC levels between the recurrence group and the non-recurrence group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Low level of SF may be a risk factor for difficulty in eradication and recurrence after eradication in children with Hp infection. Meanwhile, low levels of Hb and SI are influential factors for difficulty in eradication in children with Hp infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the increasing globalisation of trade generates an escalating spread of arthropod pests, eradication has gained traction as a viable approach to avoiding the growing long-term management costs. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) involves releasing sexually sterile insects into the wild population and has been employed for environmentally friendly eradication. Alternatively, classical biological control (CBC) comprises the importation and release of natural enemies. Although generally used for long-term management, evidence suggests a synergistic impact could be exerted on pest populations when combined with SIT, potentially improving eradication outcomes. It is possible that sterile parasitoids, which would not bear the risk of irreversible non-target impacts associated with conventional CBC releases, could be accepted by regulatory agencies as a safe option to be used as a synergistic component of eradication. We investigated the post-irradiation behaviour and fitness of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis to determine whether irradiation-induced sterility may reduce its efficacy. In comparing sterile and non-sterile parasitoids, there were no observable differences in searching behaviour, no significant differences in the number of egg masses found and parasitised, nor longevity. It is possible that sterile parasitoid release could contribute to an eradication programme without detrimental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The systematic use of susceptibility testing and tailored first‐line treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication has yet to be established. Aim: To compare 14‐day tailored PCR‐guided triple therapy to 14‐day non‐Bismuth concomitant quadruple therapy for first‐line Helicobacter pylori eradication. Patients and Methods: We performed a multicenter, parallel‐group, randomized noninferiority controlled trial. Naive adult patients with Helicobacter pylori infection were treated with 14‐day tailored PCR‐guided triple therapy (esomeprazole 40 mg and amoxicillin 1000 mg b.d. plus clarithromycin 500 mg or levofloxacin 500 mg b.d. according to clarithromycin susceptibility) or 14‐day non‐Bismuth concomitant quadruple therapy (esomeprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, and metronidazole 500 mg b.d.). The primary endpoint was H. pylori eradication. Results: We screened 991 patients for eligibility and randomized 241 patients. The first‐line eradication rate was 99.2% in the tailored PCR‐guided group and 95.9% in the control group (ITT population; absolute difference of +3.30%, with a lower bound of CI at −0.68%). Both first‐line therapies were well tolerated, with a formally significant difference in favor of the tailored PCR‐guided group (61.4% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.003). Economic analyses revealed a lower cost of the tailored PCR‐guided arm, with a 92% chance of being jointly more effective and less expensive than the control arm in the ITT population. Conclusion: In a country with a high level of clarithromycin resistance, the results of our study demonstrated the noninferiority of 14‐day tailored PCR‐guided triple therapy as a first‐line H. pylori eradication therapy compared to 14‐day non‐Bismuth quadruple therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02576236). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is supposed that in all armed conflicts until World War II more humans died of infectious diseases than of the actual violence. Especially malaria left a crucial imprint on wars throughout history. The disease aggravates wartime conditions, is thus responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in conflict zones, and is at the same time more commonly found in these areas. Malaria has halted many military campaigns in the past, with prominent examples ranging from antiquity through the medieval period and into the modern era. The parasitosis still continues to play an important role in the outcome of warfare and follow-up events today and is of special public health importance in areas of the Global South, where most of its endemicity and some of the most brutal conflicts of our time are located. Vice versa, wars and ensuing population movements increase malaria transmission and morbidity as well as impede control efforts. Awareness of this and the development of strategies to overcome both malaria and wars will massively improve the well-being of the population affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays in achieving polio eradication have led to ongoing risks of poliovirus importations that may cause outbreaks in polio-free countries. Because of the low, but non-zero risk of paralysis with oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs), countries that achieve and maintain high national routine immunization coverage have increasingly shifted to exclusive use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for all preventive immunizations. However, immunization coverage within countries varies, with under-vaccinated subpopulations potentially able to sustain transmission of imported polioviruses and experience local outbreaks. Due to its cost, ease-of-use, and ability to induce mucosal immunity, using OPV as an outbreak control measure offers a more cost-effective option in countries in which OPV remains in use. However, recent polio outbreaks in IPV-only countries raise questions about whether and when IPV use for outbreak response may fail to stop poliovirus transmission and what consequences may follow from using OPV for outbreak response in these countries. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify modeling studies that explored the use of IPV for outbreak response in IPV-only countries. In addition, applying a model of the 2022 type 2 poliovirus outbreak in New York, we characterized the implications of using different OPV formulations for outbreak response instead of IPV. We also explored the hypothetical scenario of the same outbreak except for type 1 poliovirus instead of type 2. We find that using IPV for outbreak response will likely only stop outbreaks for polioviruses of relatively low transmission potential in countries with very high overall immunization coverage, seasonal transmission dynamics, and only if IPV immunization interventions reach some unvaccinated individuals. Using OPV for outbreak response in IPV-only countries poses substantial risks and challenges that require careful consideration, but may represent an option to consider for some outbreaks in some populations depending on the properties of the available vaccines and coverage attainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species are among the most pervasive threats to biodiversity. Invasive species can cause catastrophic reductions in populations of native and endemic species and the collapse of ecosystem function. A second major global conservation concern is the extirpation of large‐bodied mobile animals, including long‐distance migrants, which often have keystone ecological roles over extensive spatial extents. Here, we report on a potentially catastrophic synergy between these phenomena that threatens the endemic biota of the Galapagos Archipelago. We used GPS telemetry to track 140 migratory journeys by 25 Western Santa Cruz Island Galapagos tortoises. We plotted the spatial interaction between tortoise migrations and recently established non‐native forest dominated by the invasive tree Cedrela odorata (Cedrela forest). We qualified (a) the proportion of migratory journeys that traversed Cedrela forest, and (b) the probability that this observed pattern occurred by chance. Tortoise migrations were overwhelmingly restricted to small corridors between Cedrela forest blocks, indicating clear avoidance of those blocks. Just eight of 140 migrations traversed extensive Cedrela stands. Tortoises avoid Cedrela forest during their migrations. Further expansion of Cedrela forest threatens long‐distance migration and population viability of critically endangered Galapagos tortoises. Applied research to determine effective management solutions to mitigate Cedrela invasion is a high priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]