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The temperature and drain current (ID) dependencies of sub-threshold swing (SS) values of Si n- and p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with different substrate impurity concentrations ranging from the 1015 to 1018 cm−3 ranges are systematically and experimentally evaluated at cryogenic temperatures. It is found that SS of p-channel MOSFETs tends to increase with decreasing temperature, which contrasts with saturation of SS of n-MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures, well reported by many previous works. To explain these SS behaviors quantitatively, we employ a density-of-state (DOS) model with tail states consisting of localized states in a deep energy range and mobile states in a shallow energy range, which are attributable to potential fluctuations caused by substrate impurities. It is shown that this model can quantitatively explain the temperature and ID dependencies of SS of both n-MOSFETs and p-MOSFETs. Then, we are assuming that the Si p-MOSFET has a higher density of localized states than the n-MOSFET. Thus, the increase in SS of the p-MOSFETs with decreasing temperature is explained by an increase in the density of localized states at the Fermi level with decreasing temperature, because the density of localized states increases with elevating the Fermi level position in the employed DOS model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural disorder in mesoporous solids gives rise to complex phase behavior for materials confined within their pore spaces. As a result, a wide spectrum of possible phase configurations associated with spatial distributions of thermodynamic phases throughout the pore networks can be realized in experiments. Despite their importance, quantifying these states remains largely unaddressed. By considering solid–liquid equilibria as a representative example and using a simple random network model, we investigate the spectrum of such states accessible in real experiments and relate this spectrum to the structural characteristics of porous solids. We classify these states by their free energies and demonstrate how network effects break degeneracies for specific phase compositions and temperatures. Furthermore, we identify the experimental conditions that delineate boundary free energy states, differentiating accessible from inaccessible states. The insights from this study on solid–liquid equilibria are also equally applicable to gas–liquid equilibria in confined spaces and contribute to a deeper understanding of relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved global potential energy surface (PES) for the electronic ground state of the HeLiH+ system is reported. The data points are calculated at the full configuration-interaction level of theory and extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The fitting procedure implements a combination of neural network and Aguado–Paniagua functional forms to fit the ab initio data points. The fitted surface reproduces the ab initio data points accurately in short as well as long ranges and has an overall root mean square error of 1.76 × 10−3 eV (14.21 cm−1) in energy space < 10 and 9.28 × 10−4 eV (7.48 cm−1) upto 2 eV. The optimized global minimum is also accurately reproduced using the fitted surface. To establish the accuracy of the new PES, dynamics investigation of the He + LiH+(v = 0, j = 0) → LiHe+ + H reaction is performed using the Coriolis coupled quantum mechanical and quasi-classical trajectory methods. The results, such as integral cross sections and rate constants, show the effect of the opening of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) channel at low collision energy and are significantly different from the earlier study of Tacconi et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 637–645 (2012)]. These discrepancies appear to be a result of the treatment of the CID channel in the dynamics calculations, which is excluded from the reactive channel in the current work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the electronic structure and chemical bonding of the MoC X3Σ− ground state and the six lowest excited states, A3Δ, a1Γ, b5Σ−, c1Δ, d1Σ+, and e5Π, have been investigated in detail using multireference configuration interaction methods and basis sets, including relativistic effective core potentials. In addition, scalar relativistic effects have been considered in the second order Douglas–Kroll–Hess approximation, while spin–orbit coupling has also been calculated. Five of the investigated states, X3Σ−, A3Δ, a1Γ, c1Δ, and d1Σ+, present quadruple σ2σ2π2π2 bonds. Experimentally, the predissociation threshold of MoC was measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy, allowing for a precise measurement of the dissociation energy of the ground state. Theoretically, the complete basis set limit of the calculated dissociation energy with respect to the atomic ground state products, including corrections for scalar relativistic effects, De(D0), is computed as 5.13(5.06) eV, in excellent agreement with our measured value of D0(MoC) of 5.136(5) eV. Furthermore, the calculated dissociation energies of the states having quadruple bonds with respect to their adiabatic atomic products range from 6.22 to 7.23 eV. The excited electronic states A3Δ2 and c1Δ2 are calculated to lie at 3899 and 8057 cm−1, also in excellent agreement with the experimental values of DaBell et al., 4002.5 and 7834 cm−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among lattice configurations of densely packed hard ellipses, Monte Carlo simulations are used to identify the so-called parallel and diagonal lattices as the two favorable states. The free energies of these two states are computed for several system sizes employing the Einstein crystal method. An accurate calculation of the free energy difference between the two states reveals the parallel lattice as the state with the lowest free energy. The origin of the entropic difference between the two states is further elucidated by assessing the roles of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for achieving rapid generation and annihilation of skyrmions is to apply local heating. However, the mechanism underlying heating-induced skyrmion formation is poorly understood, and achieving deterministic thermal excitation remains a major challenge. In this study, we utilized micromagnetic simulations to generate and annihilate individual skyrmions in a two-dimensional homogeneous ferromagnetic film with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions using a localized heating method without the assistance of an external magnetic field. By introducing pinning into the uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic background, the energy difference between the initial state and the skyrmion state is reduced, and the efficiency of generating skyrmions through local heating is improved. Additionally, deterministic annihilation of skyrmions can be achieved by exploiting the peculiarity that the energy of the skyrmion state is greater than that of the ground state. Based on this work, a practical application of skyrmions as a new type of information storage unit is proposed using a purely thermal approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New six-dimensional ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the N2–CO2 complex, which involve the stretching vibration of N2 and the Q3 normal mode for the ν3 asymmetric stretching vibration of CO2, were constructed using the CCSD(T)-F12/AVTZ method with midpoint bond functions. Two vibrational averaged 4D interaction potentials were obtained by integrating over the two intramolecular coordinates. It was found that both PESs possess two equivalent T-shaped global minima as well as two in-plane and one out-of-plane saddle points. Based on these PESs, rovibrational bound states and energy levels were calculated applying the radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm. The splitting of the energy levels between oN2–CO2 and pN2–CO2 for the intermolecular vibrational ground state is determined to be only 0.000 09 cm−1 due to the higher barriers. The obtained band origin shift is about +0.471 74 cm−1 in the N2–CO2 infrared spectra with CO2 at the ν3 zone, which coincides with the experimental data of +0.483 74 cm−1. The frequencies of the in-plane geared-bending for N2–CO2 at the ν3 = 0 and 1 states of CO2 turn out to be 21.6152 and 21.4522 cm−1, the latter reproduces the available experimental 21.3793 cm−1 value with CO2 at the ν3 zone. The spectral parameters fitted from the rovibrational energy levels show that this dimer is a near prolate asymmetric rotor. The computed microwave transitions as well as the infrared fundamental and combination bands for the complex agree well with the observed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a global and full-dimensional potential energy surface at the 2A″ ground state for the Al + O2 → AlO + O reaction was constructed, for the first time, based on extensive electronic structure calculations using the doubly hybrid functional XYG3 and potential energy surface fittings by neural networks. Details of the reaction paths have been analyzed. It was found that both two intermediates, the cyclic-AlO2 and the linear-OAlO, were able to dissociate to the AlO + O products, and the isomerization process between these two intermediates was controlled by conical intersections between two 2A″ states. Ro-vibrational state resolved integral cross sections have also been calculated at collision energies from 1.0 to 10.0 kcal/mol. The results support the harpooning mechanism in this metal-oxidant-involved reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional calculations of Rydberg excited states up to high energy are carried out for several molecules using an approach where the orbitals are variationally optimized by converging on saddle points on the electronic energy surface within a real space grid representation. Remarkably good agreement with experimental estimates of the excitation energy is obtained using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) when Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction is applied in combination with complex-valued orbitals. Even without the correction, the PBE functional gives quite good results despite the fact that corresponding Rydberg virtual orbitals have positive energy in the ground state calculation. Results obtained using the Tao, Perdew, Staroverov, and Scuseria (TPSS) and r2SCAN meta-GGA functionals are also presented, but they do not provide a systematic improvement over the results from the uncorrected PBE functional. The grid representation combined with the projector augmented-wave approach gives a simpler and better representation of diffuse Rydberg orbitals than a linear combination of atomic orbitals with commonly used basis sets, the latter leading to an overestimation of the excitation energy due to confinement of the excited states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric grid was designed to move large amounts of energy through space, but decarbonization goals will require it to also move energy through time--from days and seasons with a surplus of energy production to days and seasons with insufficient production. Long-duration energy storage technologies that can hold a large amount of electricity and distribute it over periods of many hours to days and even seasons will play a critical role in the clean energy transition. But creating an environment in which these nascent technologies can develop and thrive will require changes in how the grid is planned and built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of a future decarbonized power grid based primarily on non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, the operation of industrial plants should be decarbonized and flexible. An innovative, novel concept combining industrial plants with (i) a water electrolysis unit, (ii) a hydrogen storage unit and (iii) a fuel cell unit would enable seasonal supply-demand balancing in the local power grid and storage of surplus energy in the form of stable solid products. The feasibility of this concept was demonstrated in a case study, taking into account the overall energy balance and economics. The characteristics of the local power grid and the hydrogen round-trip efficiency must be carefully considered when dimensioning the hydrogen units. It was found that industries producing iron and steel, cement, ceramics, glass, aluminum, paper and other metals have the potential for seasonal operation. Future research efforts in the fields of technology, economics and social sciences should support the sustainable flexibility transition of energy-intensive industries with solid products. [Display omitted] • Sustainable development will bring seasonal fluctuations in electricity supply. • An innovative method for balancing power supply and demand is proposed. • Energy-intensive industry sectors could adapt to utilize seasonal fluctuations. • Green hydrogen will serve as a short-term energy buffer. • Solid commodities will ensure stable storage of the seasonal energy surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the disruption of gas supplies from Russia following the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, European politicians and public utilities appealed to citizens and customers to conserve natural gas. Moreover, they strengthened economic incentives for gas conservation. In fact, a substantial amount of natural gas was saved during the winter of 2022/23. This raises the question to what extent this success is attributable to government and corporate means to foster energy conservation in the crisis, including energy policies such as the German government’s “gas price brake,” gas-saving programs launched by public utilities, and consumers’ individual pricing schemes. We analyzed the effectiveness of these means using a survey and a field experiment with a German gas supplier and show that, while household savings during the crisis were substantial, economic incentives did not significantly change behavior. Indeed, demand for gas is largely price inelastic. A large majority of consumers do not understand the incentives arising from the gas price brake, and when they do, they do not respond. Likewise, consumers do not react to the design of the utilities’ gas-saving program. These findings suggest that i) citizens’ response to marginal individual economic incentives contributes little to overall gas savings, and ii) the crisis, along with the extensive societal engagement it generated, likely shifted the public’s mindset about energy consumption, making conservation a social priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the existence and multiplicity of stationary solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with concave-convex nonlinearities. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that zero lies in the boundary of the spectrum of the strongly indefinite Schrödinger operator. Our approach utilizes a novel perturbing method, specifically designed for cases where zero is situated within the spectral gap of the Schrödinger operator. By applying a generalized linking argument concerning the strongly indefinite functional, we establish the existence of two sequences of solutions to the perturbing equation, each corresponding to positive and negative energy states respectively. Finally, we employ the perturbing method to demonstrate the existence of two solutions to our equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past one decade has witnessed a tremendous growth in the field of carbene stabilized low‐valent silicon compounds unravelling very exciting properties of these molecules. Herein, we have employed a bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene, (MeBICAAC) to explore the low‐valent chemistry of silicon. The reduction of bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene‐SiCl4 complex, [(MeBICAAC)SiCl4] (1) with KC8 afforded low‐valent Si complexes, including Si(III) radical [(MeBICAAC)SiCl3] (2) and a complex with silicon center in a formal zero‐valent state, [(MeBICAAC)2Si] (3). Similarly, the reduction of in‐situ generated MeBICAAC adduct of Me2SiCl2 with one equivalent of KC8 led to the formation of [(MeBICAAC)SiMe2Cl] (4) complex having an unpaired electron. These complexes have been characterized by IR, UV‐Vis. NMR, HRMS, EPR and their solid‐state structures were also elucidated by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Further, DFT calculations revealed the lower energy singlet state for complexes 1, 3 and doublet state for complexes 2, 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's transition to a low-carbon economy faces significant challenges, including a dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuating energy costs, and limited policy clarity. This study conducts a comparative analysis of energy transition policies in Germany, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Singapore to derive actionable lessons that can be adapted to Thailand's socio-economic and energy contexts. Using the Integrated National Energy Planning (INEP) framework and Network Governance Theory, the research identifies key strategies, such as setting clear and achievable renewable energy targets, establishing robust legal frameworks, fostering multi-stakeholder engagement, and encouraging decentralized governance. The findings highlight the importance of long-term vision, inclusive governance, and targeted investments in renewable technologies to accelerate energy transitions. This paper presents policy guidelines to enhance Thailand's energy security and contribute to its climate goals by promoting public awareness and strengthening institutional capacities. By adapting these strategies, Thailand can align with global energy trends, reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, and advance toward a resilient and sustainable energy system, aligned with global energy trends while addressing its unique socio-economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microscopic variant of the Grodzins relation and the Quasiparticle Phonon Model are applied to predict the excitation energies of the 21+ states of neutron-deficient U and Pu isotopes. The P-factor systematics is used to determine the quadrupole deformation of nuclei under consideration. The excitation energies of the 41+ states are predicted based on the simple universal anharmonic vibrator-type relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realise the European Union's (EU) transition to clean and carbon‐neutral energy systems, various individual infrastructure systems and energy networks will have to coordinate and operate as an integrated energy system. Traditionally, these different infrastructure systems operate within their own sectors and are governed by separate legal regimes. The intersection of these different legal rules and interests creates regulatory uncertainty and risk for infrastructure operators and can dissuade operators from participating in system integration. This paper explores how infrastructure operators can overcome the legal uncertainty and regulatory risks of operating as an integrated system, whilst also ensuring that the policy objectives of the energy transition are realised. This paper argues that, by pursuing public values and energy justice principles, infrastructure operators will overcome the legal uncertainty surrounding system integration. By doing so, infrastructure operators will facilitate the realisation of an energy transition that is just, inclusive and in the public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the sunset clause of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). The ECT is a multilateral investor‐state arbitration treaty which allows for the use of investor‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) tribunals to arbitrate challenges arising from shifts in energy policy that lead to a loss in profits for relevant energy companies. The treaty has become controversial as climate activists have alleged it is slowing down efforts to transition away from fossil fuels. Withdrawal from the ECT does not necessarily solve the alleged issues as the treaty contains a sunset clause, allowing for the provisions of the ECT to remain in force for 20 years post withdrawal. This article seeks to analyse various mechanisms and strategies for neutralising the sunset clause as part of a wider effort to ensure the ECT does not interfere with the phasing out of fossil fuels. It will be argued that such neutralisation should be possible through the use of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), on the basis that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances since the inception of the treaty. This use of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine can be justified on the basis that a swift and substantial transition away from fossil fuels is now required to ensure states can meet their obligations under the Paris Agreement. This article will also explore alternatives to an Article 62 VCLT argument (i.e. a fundamental change in circumstances) that could nonetheless achieve the primary goal of ensuring that states are not bound to a pro fossil‐fuel treaty. Examples of alternatives include the insertion of a climate carve‐out to remove protections from investments that hinder climate action or the use of the defence of necessity in future ECT arbitration cases to argue that the state should not remain bound to the sunset clause. Regardless of whichever scenario is pursued by states, the article seeks to highlight that any and all efforts must be made to neutralise the sunset clause to ensure there is no interference with necessary efforts to pursue climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Visegrad Group, comprising Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has several common features, including their geographical proximity, membership in the EU and NATO, and similar levels of economic development. However, they also have significant differences. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has exposed new disagreements among them, particularly regarding how to ensure energy security amid a changing geopolitical landscape and the issue of sanctions on Russian energy supplies. Despite these differences, the Visegrad Group countries have shown unity in their approach to nuclear power. Although their use of nuclear technology varies, they have recently aligned their nuclear energy policies. Czechia and Slovakia have a long history with nuclear technology, dating back to the 1970s, while Hungary began its nuclear program in the 1980s. Poland, which had paused its nuclear program after the Chernobyl disaster, has recently resumed its nuclear energy efforts. All four countries aim to expand their nuclear energy capacity to either maintain or increase its share in their electricity mix. This paper provides a comparative analysis of their nuclear energy policies, focusing on the political initiatives driving advancements in this field. It argues that these nations see nuclear energy as crucial for creating a resilient, crisis-resistant, and secure energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately evaluating the effectiveness of the energy consumption "dual control" policy can effectively solve serious the current environmental pollution and promote ecological civilization. However, researchers have rarely considered the impacts on the regional "resource curse" of the energy consumption "dual control" policy. A dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE) was built to evaluate the impacts on the regional "resource curse" of the energy intensity control and total energy control policy. The results showed the following. (1) The energy consumption "dual control" policy changes the supply-and-demand relationship of factors and reduces the crowding-out effect of humans and capital. (2) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has restrained GDP growth, and the total output and total investment have declined. However, the impact in regions without the "resource curse" is remarkable. (3) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has a significant inhibitory effect on major pollutants and carbon emissions. (4) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has played a positive role in breaking the regional "resource curse". The areas with a high and low "resource curse" have become smaller, and the areas without the "resource curse" have increased significantly. The following suggestions are made: (1) increase the flexibility of the "dual control" policy of energy consumption, (2) establish an energy consumption budget management system, and (3) accelerate the establishment of a carbon footprint management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large CO2 emissions constitute a significant problem today due to their effect on climate change, and the need to design appropriate energy policies to mitigate their consequences and reduce emissions requires a detailed analysis of one of the main sources of such emissions: the electricity system. Thus, this paper presents a study on the effects of energy policies on decarbonization by comparing the detailed phase-out of coal-fired power plants across a range of cases with the implementation of a carbon tax to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The case study focuses on the Chilean electricity system, using a long-term generation and transmission expansion planning model (GTEP) that incorporates a wide range of generation technologies. The study examines the long-term effects of these policies, including costs, investments, and CO2 emissions, as well as their impact on consumer prices reflected in the marginal costs of the system. The transmission system modeling covers various regions of Chile and significant projections for renewable energy sources. It evaluates three economic scenarios based on generation technology costs, fuel prices, and electricity demand under four different closure schemes and fourteen different carbon tax levels. The results indicate that implementing a carbon tax can be more cost-effective for the system than the implementation of a phase-out schedule for coal plants, taking the form of reduced CO2 emission and overall system costs, with an optimal carbon tax value of 37 USD/tCO2. Additionally, the study reveals significant effects on consumer prices, showing that a carbon tax as an energy policy leads to lower prices compared to a phase-out scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition in the electricity sector is central to limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. Countries around the world rely on official planning documents, such as strategies, special programs, and action plans, to guide these efforts. However, there are few systematic approaches and tools that can help policy makers determine comprehensiveness, coherence, consistency, and coordination when designing these planning documents. This represents a risk to meet energy transition and climate change goals if the relationships of policies and actions included in these documents are not addressed properly. To this end, this paper proposes an approach to model hierarchical relationships using the theory of change, while causal relationships are allocated using policy makers' experience (yet can also be exogenously allocated using other models). As a case study, this work investigates Mexico's energy transition policy of the electricity sector over the 2013–2018 period. The results show that Mexico's official planning documents lack a good design since most policies and actions are not articulated in the right sequence and privilege clean centralized and distributed generation and energy efficiency, while others related to the modernization of electrical grids and climate and environmental policies are barely included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition is a national agenda, prioritised in many countries, to ensure public safety and achieve climate goals. Although enacting laws is a critical means of realising energy transition policy, legal scholarship has paid little to no attention to the role of law in a sustainable energy transition. Countries are currently experimenting with their legal frameworks to achieve sustainable and smooth energy transition policies that are most beneficial. The pivotal role of law in energy transition has led researchers to place a growing emphasis on introducing and analysing the recently enacted domestic laws in various countries, seeking implications and insights in this regard. This study draws on the example of Korea's legal framework for energy transition to argue that the voluntary nature of this agreement between the government and operator would have policy implications for many countries striving towards sustainable energy transitions. Unlike numerous other countries (eg Germany) that unilaterally force early closure of nuclear power plants by law, Korea tries to innovatively establish legal grounds that enable a voluntary agreement between the government and operators and the considerable efforts on just transition, while the government commits to contributex to bearing the costs of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy era is accelerating ahead of schedule. At the urban level, can large-scale utilization of renewable energy in cities promote energy consumption reduction and economic cost saving, improving energy economic efficiency (EEE)? Based on balanced panel data for 260 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2020, we used data envelope analysis (DEA) window analysis and difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to evaluate the effect of the New Energy Demonstration City Program on urban EEE. We found that the policy promoted the improvement of urban EEE. However, there is specific regional heterogeneity in the policy effects, with this policy having a more significant effect on EEE improvements in the Northeast, cities with high pollution levels, and cities with high-tech innovation levels. These findings have significant policy implications for supporting the country in promoting the development and utilization of new energy sources to improve EEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic evolution of complexity and synchrony between the carbon market and the new energy market from 2019 to 2023, employing multiscale sample entropy and cross‐sample entropy methods. The study shows that, both in the long term and short term, the complexity of the new energy market consistently exceeds that of the carbon market. Additionally, the carbon and new energy markets exhibit higher synchronization on smaller scales. As the time scale increases, interactions between the carbon and new energy markets become more complex and diverse. According to these findings, it is recommended that policymakers improve the transparency of the new energy market, optimize the operational mechanisms of the carbon market, and ensure that carbon reduction strategies and new energy policies are mutually coordinated. This holds significant importance for both carbon reduction targets and the development of new energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) policies represents a crucial strategy in addressing global warming within the transportation sector. This study assesses the impact of these policies on HFCV-related stock returns from 2019 to 2023, utilizing static and dynamic contagion tests to construct a contagion network. The results indicate several key findings: (1) both fuel cell (FC)- and hydrogen-oriented policies exhibit significant contagion effects across the HFCV supply chain, particularly between FC/hydrogen sectors and their upstream, midstream, and downstream counterparts, with stronger contagion pre-2021 and a modest decline post-2022; (2) in 2020, FC-oriented policies dominated contagion dynamics, with a notable shift towards hydrogen-oriented policies after 2021; (3) prior to 2021, contagion rates reached as high as 80%, largely driven by higher-order co-moments rather than linear correlations, but declined to below 25% after 2021; (4) upstream sectors within the HFCV supply chain are more sensitive to policy contagion compared to midstream and downstream sectors; and (5) among the 10 policies analyzed, the 2021–2023 New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan had the most substantial impact, both driving and receiving policy shocks within the HFCV network. These findings offer critical insights into the energy-economic interactions shaping the HFCV market, providing valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable transport strategies. • To study policy impact on HFCV industrial chain stock returns. • Use the contagion test to judge the impact of policy shocks on related sectors. • Upstream HFCV sectors are more receptive to policy contagion. • New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan wields the strongest influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although refugees in the UK are highly susceptible to the triad of factors – low income, poor housing and high energy bills – that produce vulnerability to energy deprivation, literature on this issue is rare. We therefore propose a framework towards understanding the role of “non-energy” policies as drivers of energy deprivation among UK refugees, using the conceptual lenses of deservingness, welfare chauvinism and domicide to demonstrate how the condition has been deliberately produced under the UK government’s Hostile Environment approach. We argue that this approach not only damages the physical materiality of housing and the emotional space of home, but also deleteriously impacts upon refugees’ ability to access adequate energy services. Energy deprivation thus emerges as a hidden consequence of policies that normalize precarious housing, a denial of rights, and inadequate incomes, in which “home” becomes a site of exclusion that achieves the Hostile Environment’s goal – making everyday life unbearable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of access to basic energy services, known as energy poverty, remains felt in the country, with seasonal changes and an economic divide. The frameworks to measure energy poverty differ spatially and temporally, with climate change and behavioral culture being the essential influencing factors. This paper is focused on heating and cooling energy demands, which can be defined as an energy poverty metric for the propensity to be at risk of energy poverty caused by climate regime. Employing sophisticated statistical space–time forecasting tools, we build a model incorporating spatial and temporal energy consumption volatility across Romanian regions at the NUTS3 level. The model considers climatic conditions and raw data from 45 years (1979–2023) of cooling and heating degree days to determine local trajectories for the next nine years. Identifying high-energy-poverty-risk areas in our research can provide valuable insights for policymakers, enabling them to develop targeted plans for eliminating energy poverty and ensuring equitable access to heating and cooling. The results underline the necessity of differentiated approaches in energy policies and add value to the general understanding of energy poverty issues and conditions, considering the Romanian climatic and socio-economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-grid hybrid wind–solar systems are one of the best sustainable solutions for developing distributed generation, as they can provide a stable and reliable electricity supply, effectively using the potential of the two most common renewable energy resources. In Ukraine, promoting the development of on-grid hybrid wind–solar power plants takes on particular importance under conditions of electricity shortages caused by the large-scale destruction of the energy infrastructure due to the ongoing hostilities. This article examines the economic efficiency of installing such power plants in the residential sector of Ukraine under different state support schemes. This study was conducted for on-grid hybrid wind–solar systems of various configurations and installed capacities with different equity and debt capital proportions involved in implementing investment projects. This study's results highlight the economic efficiency of the feed-in tariff compared to the net billing for households investing in such facilities and emphasize the need to improve policy measures to increase their investment attractiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article mainly examines spatial diversification of the green economy in EU countries in 2014 and 2021 in the context of the energy transformation process. In the theoretical part of the work, the green economy concept, with reference to the conditions of the green energy, was analyzed. The research procedure used in the article is based on multidimensional comparative analysis. The empirical verification was conducted using green economy indicators that are published periodically by the OECD and Eurostat. Based on 21 indicators, a synthetic green economy index was designed for 27 EU member states. In the selected set of detailed indicators, those related to green energy economy played an important role. This approach allowed for the creation of rankings and comparisons between EU countries in 2014 and 2021, i.e., the implementation period of the Europe 2020 Strategy. In this period, the priority areas of EU development were: the low-carbon economy, including the use of renewable energy sources and improvement of energy efficiency, as well as the introduction of eco-innovation. Green energy should be the basis for the functioning of highly developed countries and socio-economic progress in the case of developing countries. Based on the analysis, a large discrepancy in terms of green economy was observed in the examined countries. Particular attention was paid to disproportions in the area of green energy. The average value of the synthetic measure of the green economy in the EU countries increased in the studied years from 0.4488 to 0.4529, which can be interpreted as a slight acceleration in the greening processes. The added value of the research presented in the paper and its novelty is the analysis of the current patterns of green transformation in EU member states, with particular emphasis on energy factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy system planning has evolved from a narrow focus on engineering and supply works towards addressing more complex, multifactorial challenges. Increasingly challenged by climate change, extreme events, economic shocks, and altered supply demand patterns, the analysis of energy systems requires holistic approaches based on data-driven models, taking into account key socio-economic factors. We draw insights from reviewing the literature, indicating the need to cover the following major gaps: the shift to transdisciplinary approaches, incorporating environmental system analysis; resilient and sustainable energy designs based on flexible portfolios of renewable mixes; the integration of socio-economic aspects, economic analyses and behavioural models to ensure energy systems are not only technically sound but socially acceptable and viable; the need for stakeholder engagement considering the human angle in energy security and behavioural shifts. Responding to these pressing challenges and emerging needs, the Global Climate Hub (GCH) initiative, operating under the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, offers a conceptual framework, leveraging transdisciplinary approaches. In this Concept Paper, we present for the first time the idea of the GCH as a framework that we believe has the potential to address the modern holistic needs for energy system analysis and policymaking. By setting the conceptual/theoretical ground of our suggested approach, we aim to provide guidance for innovative combinations of cutting-edge models, socio-economic narratives, and inclusive interaction with relevant stakeholders for the development and the long-term implementation of sustainable pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many energy policies, including Poland's, environmental priorities clash with the issue of energy security. With these contradictions in mind, the main objective of the article is a comparative analysis of domestic production and imports of hard coal in Poland and the formulation of conclusions for energy policy and competitiveness. The analysis covers the years 2018–2023 and concerns three issues: the volume and directions of coal imports to Poland, the qualitative and price competitiveness of coal, and the possibility of substituting imported coal with domestic coal. The research used statistical analysis. Indicators of structure and dynamics as well as comparative analysis were also used. The analysis shows that the structure of coal importers to Poland is quite diverse and includes many geographic directions. However, until 2021, it was dominated by Russia, followed by Colombia, indicating a fairly homogeneous supply market and a continuing tendency to depend on a single importer. Analysis of qualitative competitiveness confirms the existence of balance and industrial resources whose quality parameters (sulfur content, ash content, and calorific value) are comparable to and better than those of imported coal. Polish hard coal can also compete with imported coal in terms of price. From 2021 to 2023, it was clearly cheaper than foreign coal. In the above circumstances, it is quite difficult to unequivocally assess the reasons for importing coal to Poland and to justify dependence on external suppliers. This is especially relevant since domestic mining in 2020–2023 remains stable (periodically even increasing), which does not indicate a decisive shift away from coal as an energy resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of policies governing the expansion of renewable energy in Mongolia and selected countries. Against the backdrop of global energy transitions and Mongolia's recent energy challenges, this research aims to identify and evaluate policy frameworks that facilitate the sustainable growth of renewable energy sources. The study delves into the unique socio-economic and geopolitical context of Mongolia, emphasizing the nation's energy dependence on Russia. The findings of this comparative analysis provide valuable insights for Mongolian policymakers, offering recommendations for enhancing domestic policies that encourage the diversification of energy sources and attract foreign investment. By drawing on successful practices from some countries, this paper aims to contribute to the formulation of effective and context-specific strategies for Mongolia to achieve a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of energy education is to cultivate citizens with energy literacy, which in turn influences the energy preferences of the general public. Various aspects, such as teaching, practice, publicity, and participation, all profoundly impact the formation of energy literacy. This study reviews the role of energy education in educational policy-making, the operation of educational systems, the design of innovative energy industry environments, and public participation. Through a systematic review, this study integrates empirical research across various contexts and environments. The relevant topics of empirical research include 'energy education', 'energy literacy', 'energy preferences', 'energy education policy', 'operation of energy education systems', 'creation of a renewable energy industry environment', and 'public participation'. These studies indicate that energy education can enhance participants' awareness of energy through knowledge transfer, enabling them to adopt more effective energy solutions and cultivate citizens with energy literacy. Energy education not only shapes the public's energy literacy but also further influences energy preferences, which in turn can have profound effects on social interactions, market outcomes, and political and social systems. Finally, from the perspectives of 'educational shaping' and 'cultural shaping', the research explores the impact of energy education on the energy environment and people's values. The findings reveal that society gradually forms a consensus on energy through long-term interactions, establishing a unique energy culture that subsequently influences the direction and implementation of national energy policies. There exist interactive cycles between energy education and energy policy: energy education influences public energy preferences, while energy culture, in turn, affects policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How functional relationships between policies influence policy design and policy change has received relatively limited attention within public policy scholarship despite the importance of policy coordination. This article contributes to addressing this gap by introducing the Anchoring Policies Perspective (APP), a framework for analysing interactions between policies in functional policy hierarchies. The APP examines how formal links between anchoring policies (AP) and functionally subordinate policies (SP) generate anchoring effects, whereby the provisions codified in APs generate alignment pressures that channel the design of SPs towards the norms and goals of the AP. In the article, we examine the analytical contribution of the APP by analysing the distinguishing characteristics of APs, the mechanisms through which APs influence SP introduction and design, and political strategies for managing situations where resistance occurs to the alignment of SPs with their APs. Examples from environmental and energy policy are used to illustrate key features of the AP-SP relationship, following which the APP’s contribution to public policy scholarship is discussed. We conclude by arguing that the APP has the potential to bring important new insights to the analysis of policy change while building connections with established theories of policy change to develop the APP framework further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuel resources, growing environmental concerns, and efforts to mitigate climate change have led to the establishment of renewable energy technologies in various countries around the world. The social and economic benefits of renewable energy technologies include improved welfare, increased national GDP, and, notably, the creation of sustainable employment. Employment in the renewable energy industry encompasses both direct and indirect jobs, including roles in manufacturing, installation, operation, distribution, sales, and support services This paper examines job creation within the renewable energy sector across various countries and then focuses on the potential and current status of renewable energy technologies in Iran. An analysis of Iran's economic and employment landscape, along with its legislative framework for renewable energy development, reveals that despite the significant potential for job creation and export in this sector, it remains underutilized. Global investment trends highlight a particular emphasis on the photovoltaic and bioenergy sectors. Considering Iran's substantial solar energy potential and the country's electricity imbalance, coupled with the availability of university graduates, there is a strong case for advancing the renewable energy sector, especially photovoltaic technology. A comparison of employment in Iran's renewable energy sector with that of neighboring countries indicates that Iran's highest employment is in hydropower and photovoltaic sectors. However, in terms of sustainable employment in wind energy and geothermal technology, Iran significantly trails behind Turkey. The paper concludes with recommendations to maximize the job creation potential of Iran's renewable energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a green economy is key to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. This paper uses the SBM-GML index, which includes non-desired outputs, to measure the trend of regional green economic efficiency changes and analyze the impact mechanism and realization path of industrial transformation on green economic efficiency. The research results show that advanced industrial structure has a positive influence on green economic efficiency nationwide, while energy utilization structure and energy utilization efficiency have positive partial intermediary effects in the influence path; industrial structure rationalization is also significantly positively related to green economic efficiency nationwide, and the mediating effect of energy utilization is positive. The impact of industrial transformation on green economic efficiency has regional heterogeneity, and the mediating effect of energy use also differs. Among them, the impact effect in the eastern region is basically consistent with the national sample, but is negative in the central and western regions. This paper proposes countermeasures in terms of adjusting the industrial structure, improving energy efficiency, and perfecting industrial and energy policies, which can provide theoretical and practical references for promoting the transformation and upgrading of regional industrial structure, optimizing energy utilization, and advancing the efficiency of the national and regional green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduce an automated design method for Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) active region (AR) structure employing a generative neural network, termed an inverse network, which creates the structure designs based on specific k · p metric inputs related to device performance. The training dataset, derived from an earlier study, was selectively filtered to remove entries affected by energy-level hybridization or splitting, yielding ∼300 000 valid entries. A pre-trained forward network that processes QCL-AR structures and returns corresponding k · p metrics serves as the evaluator for the inverse network, supplanting traditional loss functions such as mean squared error or mean absolute error. This strategy overcomes the problem of non-uniqueness in the mapping from k · p metrics to QCL-AR structures. The inverse network incorporates a random layer, allowing it to produce a variety of QCL-AR structures from identical predicted metrics, thereby increasing the model's practicality. Performance testing indicates high accuracy in the metrics of the generated QCL-AR structures, with the coefficient of determination, R2 scores, for key energy-level differences between the upper-laser (ul) level and the lower-laser level, E43, and between the next-higher-energy level above the ul level and the ul level, E54, of 0.9153 and 0.9701, respectively; and for the electron lifetimes τ43 and τ54 of 0.9568 and 0.9175. As an example, we show how the network generates a QCL-AR structure with the potential for low threshold-current density by suppressing shunt-type carrier leakage from the ul level through a higher energy AR state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of temperature and hydrostatic pressure on impurity states in InxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) with different shapes, including square, parabolic, and V-shaped, was investigated using the effective mass envelope function approximation and the plane wave expansion method. The results demonstrate that an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the energy of the impurity states, while an increase in hydrostatic pressure causes the impurity state energy to rise. It was observed that the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the impurity states is more significant than that of temperature. Furthermore, the impact of temperature and hydrostatic pressure varies depending on the shape of the QWs. Additionally, as the In composition increases, the impurity states exhibit a gradual increasing trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite nanoplatelets (NPls) have emerged as a new generation of nanomaterials that are promising for optoelectronic applications due to their large absorption and fast yet efficient emission. Particularly, they are also potential triplet sensitizers for triplet‐triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA‐UC), provided that the fast intrinsic decay of exciton can be circumvented. Herein, doping the CsPbBr3 NPls with Mn2+ (Mn2+: CsPbBr3 NPls) can efficiently convert fast‐decay triplet exciton to a long‐lived excited state of Mn2+ through Dexter‐type spin‐allowed energy transfer, enabling simultaneous large absorption and long‐lived excited state are demonstrated. Additionally, similar to the exciton‐to‐Mn2+ energy transfer, Mn2+‐to‐triplet state of annihilator energy transfer is also spin‐allowed and thus highly efficient. These pave the way for using Mn2+: CsPbBr3 NPls as triplet sensitizers. The superior triplet sensitization ability of Mn2+: CsPbBr3 NPls is demonstrated by using 9,10‐diphenylanthracene molecules (DPA) as representative annihilators. 93% quenching of Mn2+ emission and considerably accelerated decay of Mn2+ are observed after the addition of a trace amount of DPA. TTA‐UC measurement demonstrates that benefitted from the long‐lived excited state of Mn2+, the normalized upconversion photoluminescence quantum yield is ≈10% with an energy threshold being as low as ≈0.35 W cm−2. The results shed new light on using Mn2+: CsPbBr3 NPls as a triplet sensitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing energy consumption in the construction sector is urgently needed. In Chile, where income distribution is unequal and the cost of energy is high, energy demand is seriously affected, especially in vulnerable households. Hence, it is essential to establish public policies with more realistic energy-saving goals to address this situation. However, reliably predicting the energy performance of buildings remains a challenge. For this reason, this study aims to identify and evaluate the impact of the variables associated with energy performance in vulnerable households in Central-Southern Chile and propose values that would reduce the gap. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to achieve this, adjusting the energy performance parameters in a base model with data analyzed using local standards. In addition, field information was collected in 93 households to obtain the actual energy consumption. The main results show that the variables that most impacted performance were infiltration, COP, heating setpoints, and schedules, which generated a 60% difference between the theoretical and actual consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing attention being paid to the problems of sustainable development and just transition, energy poverty emerges as a focal issue to be addressed by the Common Policy. However, the dynamics of this phenomenon across the EU still appear to be insufficiently recognised. Therefore, this study deals with the problem of energy poverty convergence and aims to test it for the 27 EU countries over the period 2010–2022. Contrary to limited studies of energy poverty convergence that use a simple indicator, it uses aggregate measures based on consensual consequential indicators of energy poverty to verify the hypothesis of convergence. Absolute and conditional beta convergence are considered. Potential determinants of energy poverty are incorporated into a model of conditional convergence. The analysis confirms the existence of beta convergence of energy poverty in the EU, indicating the progressing socio-economic cohesion of the member states. The results, thus, deliver some arguments supporting an integrative approach to the energy policy of the EU. The research reveals that, among the factors influencing EP dynamics, an important role may be attributed to technological catch-up and income distribution across a society. Sustainable development should thus be supported with energy modernisation efforts of an inclusive character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Avoid–Shift–Improve framework has been used since its conception in the 1990s to help decision-makers prioritize action towards environmental sustainability in the transport sector. The core of the framework establishes a clear priority of action among the three main strategies that give it its name, thus highlighting the prominent role transport demand reduction should have within policy discussions. However, although its general formulation allows for a fruitful application to other sectors, the approach and its definitions have rarely been extended beyond transport. In particular, the energy sector could significantly benefit from an application of its methodology since the prioritization of energy demand reduction over energy efficiency would be in line with an optimized path towards decarbonization. This paper outlines a theoretical application of the A-S-I framework to the energy sector that allows the categorization of energy policies in terms of Avoid, Shift, or Improve strategies. Moreover, the paper presents an analysis of several energy policies databases to evaluate to what extent policies are addressing energy demand reduction, shift to less-carbon-intensive energy sources or energy efficiency. The results of the study show that most energy-related policies seem to support improving efficiency in current technology (18–33% of policies, depending on the database that is considered) and shifting towards low-carbon sources (28–48% of policies) more than reducing or altogether avoiding energy demand in the first place (6–22% of policies). Further research is recommended to strengthen the results, especially by evaluating the significance of each policy in terms of committed investment, as well as to understand the main factors that contribute to Avoid-type policies being under-represented in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is in the spotlight in the energy world, and it will remain so. In Europe, the necessity to integrate ever-growing amounts of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in order to implement the ambitious European decarbonization policy (package Fit-for-55) and to preserve the security of energy supply (package Repower-EU) are feeding the interest in hydrogen. This paper will provide a thorough analysis of prospects and criticalities for the development of hydrogen both as a carrier and as a feedstock and, definitively, as a key element for the implementation of the European decarbonization policies. First, the present regulatory framework will be highlighted, taking the European Union as a main reference, since it presently has one of the most advanced hydrogen legislations in the world. Then, both hydrogen offer (technologies) and demand (both as a feedstock and as an energy carrier) will be dealt with in detail. Two additional sections will take care to illustrate, respectively, the interactions between hydrogen and the electricity grid and the issues related to the creation of a liquid hydrogen market. Finally, a conclusion section will wrap up and summarize the most urgent issues to be tackled to create a well-functioning hydrogen economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the interplay between renewable energy and monetary policy, highlighting how central banks can contribute to renewable energy development. Although the shift towards renewable energy is tremendous for sustainable development, it also comes with notable economic and financial challenges. Supervenient, the energy transition has raised significant interest among decision-makers and academia, prompting them to explore new innovative policies and strategies; as a result, these actions acknowledged that research in this field is essential for identifying optimal solutions. Moreover, recent global crises, including the energy crisis, have emphasised the important role of macroeconomic policies in crisis management. Within this framework, it's essential to investigate how monetary policy, as the main tool of central banks, can foster renewable energy development. This comprehensive review systematically examines existing literature through a semi-structured literature analysis, which allows for a more flexible, complex, and thorough approach to identifying key issues and providing insights into the potential of monetary policy to address renewable energy challenges. We identified four main clusters of research: sustainability and development, economic growth and energy, monetary policy and investment, and emissions and renewable energy. Furthermore, exploring the interaction between monetary policy and renewable energy objectives to uncover paths for harmonizing monetary strategies with the goals of renewable energy development contributes to highlighting the existing gaps in the field and represents a starting point for further research topics. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge, identifies gaps in the literature, and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about climate change are a hot topic in the current debate about a sustainable future, and despite more than 30 years of international conferences, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP), the annual usage amount of fossil fuel-based energy sources has remained largely unchanged, and the green transition to a carbon-free energy system is progressing at a much slower pace than anticipated. This paper presents an original approach that consists in addressing the green transition's dilemmas by analyzing the complex interplay of strongly interwoven forces hindering the rapid adoption of so-called green energy sources scrutinized from a three-fold perspective: socio-psychological; political–strategic and territorial; and technological. Moreover, these forces are ranked according to the magnitude of their impact on the anticipated transition to green, and it is estimated by logistic fit extrapolation that the total share of the contribution of low-carbon sources might reach a maximum of about 25% among all energy sources in 2050. A final original picture is presented, summarizing how all the involved forces are acting upon the expected transition as well as their consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the understanding of media discourses surrounding the sustainability of nuclear energy, particularly within a crisis context. The study examines the implications of the adoption of the Complementary Delegated Act on EU taxonomy by the European Commission on July 6, 2022, which officially categorises nuclear energy as sustainable. Employing a critical discourse analysis (CDA) methodology, the research explores the discourse strategies --nomination, predication, and argumentation-- utilised across 695 news articles. The findings reveal the intricate representation of nuclear energy's sustainability across the media. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict amplifies favourably the nuclear energy view as a reliable and sustainable energy source. However, the media discourse on nuclear energy's sustainability reveals a variety of viewpoints. These varying outlooks provide essential insights for shaping effective energy policies. This research contributes valuable insights into understanding how media shapes and influences public perception of sustainability energy policies, amplifying specific actors' voices and steering discourse toward distinct trajectories. Such insights are crucial in crafting energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective mitigation of climate change requires a robust set of policy interventions. Existing policy appraisal frameworks and approaches impact the design and choice of these policy options. However, their application to transformative climate policy can present several shortcomings. In light of criticism around current appraisal methods, we review the climate policy appraisal landscape and interview policy experts in three major emerging economies: Brazil, China and India. Little research has been done on the perception, approach, and practice of policy appraisal in these countries, even though they will have a significant impact on global progress to mitigate climate change. We find that policy appraisal in Brazil, China, and India is supported by guidelines, but the detail and implementation of those guidelines vary significantly. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is the prevailing decision-making framework in both Brazil and India whereas multi-criteria analysis is the dominant framework in China. Practitioners appear to understand CBA and its limitations well but also value its usability and the perception of robustness. Across all countries, political considerations can outweigh appraisal findings; respondents suggested this can be negative, in the sense that appraisal results are sometimes ignored, but can also be positive in the sense that other objectives are considered. Existing approaches present several limitations, particularly regarding transformational change, which could hamper progress to formulate and implement effective climate and energy policy. Key policy insights: Guidelines that standardize the appraisal process are considered better for accountability and therefore increase the influence of appraisal in policymaking. The choice of approach affects the appraisal outcome. The type of policy and its intended aims should inform the method of appraisal used. Climate policies are often transformational in nature. As such, their outcomes can be very uncertain. More efforts are needed to integrate these considerations of uncertainty into appraisal frameworks. More computational models that consider system feedbacks and uncertainty are needed to robustly analyse the impacts of transformative policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Americans systematically underestimate the popularity of climate policy. Researchers have speculated that correcting second-order misperceptions, or beliefs about what others believe, could translate into even broader support as action comes to be seen as more politically feasible. Using a two-wave experiment (N ≈1,600), we examine the effects of communicating the degree of policy support among Democrats, Republicans, or all Americans (i.e., norms). Republican and American norms increase perceived policy support from the relevant group; exposure to the Republican norm also increases policy support, and this effect is concentrated mostly among fellow Republicans. However, this effect does not persist over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]