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This study investigates bilayers of 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT–6BT) and 0.90(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.04(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (NBT–6BT–4KNN) using digital image correlation, enabling the separate analysis of strain response in each layer. The bilayers were electrically connected without mechanical connection (polarization coupled) as well as mechanically and electrically connected (polarization and strain coupled) to determine the role of interlayer mechanical interactions. The large signal longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients, d 33 ∗ and d 31 ∗ , were characterized for both cases. In the polarization coupled composite, d 33 ∗ decreased linearly from 410 to 260 pm/V with increasing vol. % NBT–6BT. In contrast, in the polarization and strain coupled case, d 33 ∗ and d 31 ∗ were maximum at 50 vol. % NBT–6BT with values of 440 and −130 pm/V, respectively, highlighting the critical role of strain interactions in ceramic–ceramic composites. The stress-induced phase transformation through strain coupling significantly impacted the electromechanical response, with improved strain values observed in the NBT–6BT–4KNN layer. Furthermore, this study highlights the variability in the significance of strain coupling within bilayer systems as a function of the altering volume fraction of their constituent components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous microgrid is known to lack appropriate inertia and damping for grid stabilization. Due to this, virtual synchronous machine (VISMA) has been introduced to provide necessary ancillary services through control of power converters. In a multi‐VISMA (n‐VISMA) microgrid, relative rotor angle stability of the power system is dependent on the active power balance after small perturbation. Thus, the use of relevant analytical models are essential issues for microgrid stability analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive small‐signal stability analysis to study inherent electromechanical oscillations in the virtual rotors. The subsystems of the microgrid consisting of VISMA, network, load and the outer power control were all modelled in Synchronous Reference Frame. The small‐signal model (SSM) was tested on IEEE‐9 bus system with VISMA replacing electromechanical synchronous machines on the network. To validate the developed numerical analytics, dynamic responses of the SSM are compared with those of the non‐linear (NL) system dynamics and the results reveal that the developed linearized SSM is sufficient to accurately characterize behaviour of the VISMA microgrid when operated in autonomous mode. Eigenvalues analysis and parameter sensitivities of the critical modes were investigated. Oscillatory participations of the VISMAs and steady state stability limit of the microgrid have also been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of electronic gadgets in our daily lives is increasing and most of them require some kind of human interaction, this demands innovative, convenient input methods. There are limitations to state-of-the-art (SotA) ultrasound-based hand gesture recognition (HGR) systems in terms of robustness and accuracy. This research presents a novel machine learning (ML)-based end-to-end solution for hand gesture recognition with low-cost micro-electromechanical (MEMS) system ultrasonic transducers. In contrast to prior methods, our ML model processes the raw echo samples directly instead of using pre-processed data. Consequently, the processing flow presented in this work leaves it to the ML model to extract the important information from the echo data. The success of this approach is demonstrated as follows. Four MEMS ultrasonic transducers are placed in three different geometrical arrangements. For each arrangement, different types of ML models are optimized and benchmarked on datasets acquired with the presented custom hardware (HW): convolutional neural networks (CNNs), gated recurrent units (GRUs), long short-term memory (LSTM), vision transformer (ViT), and cross-attention multi-scale vision transformer (CrossViT). The three last-mentioned ML models reached more than 88% accuracy. The most important innovation described in this research paper is that we were able to demonstrate that little pre-processing is necessary to obtain high accuracy in ultrasonic HGR for several arrangements of cost-effective and low-power MEMS ultrasonic transducer arrays. Even the computationally intensive Fourier transform can be omitted. The presented approach is further compared to HGR systems using other sensor types such as vision, WiFi, radar, and state-of-the-art ultrasound-based HGR systems. Direct processing of the sensor signals by a compact model makes ultrasonic hand gesture recognition a true low-cost and power-efficient input method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous attempts have been made to replace commercial bulky gas chromatography (GC) systems with compact GC systems for monitoring volatile organic compounds in indoor air. However, recently developed compact GC systems are still too bulky in terms of user convenience, portability, and on-site analysis. Hence, an advanced miniaturization of compact GC systems is needed. Importantly, the small and high-performance gas pretreatment chip devices should be developed for compact GC systems. This paper reports the development of a metal–organic framework (MOF)-coated hybrid micro gas chromatography column chip (hybrid GC chip) capable of preconcentration and separation on harmful volatile organic compounds at low-concentration in one single chip device. The hybrid GC chip, 2 cm × 2 cm in size, was fabricated using a microelectromechanical systems process. The synthesized MOF-5 particles were coated on the inner wall of the fabricated hybrid GC chip and acted as an adsorbent and a stationary phase. The developed hybrid GC chip afforded high preconcentration factors with 1033–1237 and high separation resolutions with 3.8–13.3. The developed column showed good performance as a gas preconcentrator and separation column, and is the first device to perform both roles in one single chip device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A steady-state sinusoidal and distortion-free excitation source is very important for the accuracy and consistency of the calibration parameters of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors. To solve the problem that the current MEMS inertial measurement unit (IMU) calibration device is unable to reproduce the spatial motion of linear and angular vibration coupling, research topics on the coupling vibration characteristics and parameter identification for an electromagnetic linear-angular vibration exciter are proposed. This research paper used Ampere's law and Lorentz force to establish the analytical expressions for the electromagnetic force and electromagnetic torque of the electromagnetic linear-angular vibration exciter. Then, the main purpose of this paper is to establish uniaxial and coupled vibration electromechanical analogy models containing mechanical parameters based on the admittance-type electromechanical analogy principle, and the parameter identification model is also obtained by combining the impedance formula with the additional mass method. Finally, the validity of the coupling vibration characteristics and the parameter identification model are verified by the frequency response simulation and the additional mass method, and the relative error of each parameter identification is within 5% in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leveraging advancements in micro-scale technology, we propose a fleet of autonomous, low-cost, small solar sails for interplanetary exploration. The Berkeley Low-cost Interplanetary Solar Sail (BLISS) project aims to utilize small-scale technologies to create a fleet of tiny interplanetary spacecraft for rapid, low-cost exploration of the inner solar system. This paper describes the hardware required to build a ∼10 g spacecraft using a 1 m2 solar sail steered by micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) inchworm actuators. The trajectory control to a NEO, here 101955 Bennu, is detailed along with the low-level actuation control of the solar sail and the specifications of proposed onboard communication and computation. Two other applications are also shortly considered: sample return from dozens of Jupiter-family comets and cometary nuclei imaging. The paper concludes by discussing the fundamental scaling limits and future directions for steerable autonomous miniature solar sails with onboard custom computers and sensors. • An autonomous 10−2 kg spacecraft to navigate the solar system is proposed. • Low-cost spacecraft composed of mostly off-the-shelf parts to return images of NEOs. • Propelled by a 1 m2 solar sail controlled by micro-electromechanical systems motors. • Autonomous trajectory control to a NEO, communication, and computation is detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) is one of the most popular devices in the radio frequency field. Numerous researchers are simultaneously working to develop an effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (k eff 2) tuning technology, aiming to meet the diverse bandwidth requirements of the 5 G era. Based on a traditional FBAR process, this work prepares several different devices and then analyzes the four factors that influence k eff 2 from the perspective of process, material, and design. The pillar structure achieves the largest k eff 2 tuning range of 2.84% (33 MHz). The composite piezoelectric film can tune the overall resonant frequency in a wide range, and its k eff 2 tuning range is 1.75% (12.5 MHz). The area effect tunes the fs in a small range, ultimately achieving a k eff 2 tuning range of 1.16% (11 MHz). Film stress regulation achieves k eff 2 tuning range of 2.73% (30 MHz), but it has the greatest difficulty. The integration of various k eff 2 tunable methods has important guiding significance for the design of FBAR filters in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical sensing offers several advantages owing to its non-invasiveness and high sensitivity. The miniaturization of optical sensors will mitigate spatial and weight constraints, expanding their applications and extending the principal advantages of optical sensing to different fields, such as healthcare, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and other aspects of society. In this study, we present the development of a miniature optical sensor for monitoring thrombi in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The sensor, based on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor integrated circuit (CMOS-IC), also serves as a photodiode, amplifier, and light-emitting diode (LED)-mounting substrate. It is sized 3.8 × 4.8 × 0.75 mm3 and provides reflectance spectroscopy at three wavelengths. Based on semiconductor and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes, the design of the sensor achieves ultra-compact millimeter size, customizability, prototyping, and scalability for mass production, facilitating the development of miniature optical sensors for a variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluates the viability of the artificial eco-system optimization (AEO), a novel metaheuristic algorithm, for optimal power system stabilizers (PSSs) tuning in single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) and western system coordinating council (WSCC) multi-machine power systems. The PSS design problem was converted to an optimization problem to achieve optimal tuning, and an eigenvalue-based objective function was employed. The eigenvalue objective function was defined to optimally obtain the PSSs parameters and enhance the power system dynamic performance by improving the damping of electromechanical modes (EMs). The proposed AEO-based PSS performance was validated by comparing the results obtained with genetic algorithm (GA)-based PSS, particle swarm optimization (PSO)- based PSS design, and similar published work. AEO-based PSS method of tuning has been shown to damp electromechanical modes (EMs), control low-frequency oscillations (LFO), and provide better transient performance and convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiat's nuclear activities began in the immediate postwar period, when the company financed initiatives meant to reconstruct applied and theoretical research on nuclear physics in Italy. However, its actual industrial involvement originated in the framework of the Atoms for Peace initiative, which provided the opportunity for the purchase of an American Machine and Foundry pool-type reactor for a research center founded by Società Ricerche Impianti Nucleari (SORIN), a joint-venture created in 1956 by Fiat and the Italian chemical company Montecatini. SORIN developed know-how and technology in the electromechanical and biomedical industries. The SORIN center was the first private initiative within the Atoms for Peace framework. This article is a first attempt to assess Fiat's involvement in the nuclear sector, shedding light on the reception of Atoms for Peace in Italy and the way various actors on the Italian nuclear scene used it to pursue their own objectives during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the advantages in terms of weight, size and cost and because it can withstand severe shocks and temperature changes, the MEMS/NEMS sensors are widely used in the aerospace domain. This paper presents a brief history of the scientists who made reference to micro and nano technologies for the first time, followed by a synthesis of the leading technologies used in the manufacture of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) intensively used in aerospace industry. After reviewing the latest technologies used in the manufacture of MEMS/NEMS sensors, the paper continues with predicting the current state regarding the development of NEMS and MEMS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torsional nano-scanners have a variety of applications in nano/micro-electro-mechanical systems. In this paper, two- and three-dimensional numerical solutions based on the lattice Boltzmann are proposed for simulating the dynamic behavior of an electromechanical torsional nano-scanner. The complete governing equations are modified based on the couple stress theory and developed by considering the effect of the Casimir force. Furthermore, the physics of the system is extended by considering the effects of dissolved electric agents on the dynamic performance of the nano-scanner. The passive/active electrolyte flow behavior with the moving solid boundary is described and simulated using Nernst-Plank-Poisson compensation of the electrolyte flow. The proposed numerical results are validated by comparing them with those available in the literature. Finally, the influence of scale dependency and Casimir force on the nano-scanner's dynamic performance and pull-in instability are investigated. Also, as torsional nano-scanners might be immersed in ionic media, the impact of ionic concentration on the pull-in voltage of a nano-scanner is investigated. The obtained results demonstrate that increasing the ionic concentration reduces the instability voltage of the nano-scanner considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean environment monitoring system is of great significance to the researchers because the ocean is the storehouse of natural resources. It is critical to comprehend and assess the ocean's environmental conditions. Several studies have been conducted over the last several decades that use sophisticated information and communication techniques to ensure the ocean ecosystem. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology to monitor the ocean environment, which delivers significant benefits such as enhanced accuracy and real-time observations. The advancements in sensor technology such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), integrated systems, distributed processing, wireless communications, and wireless sensor applications have contributed to the development of WSNs. This paper describes the utilization of WSN and analyzes the previous and existing project works and technologies used for ocean environment monitoring through WSNs, and also includes the MEMS sensor technology used for monitoring various ocean parameters such as ocean wave monitoring, water conductivity, temperature, and depth of ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homogenization of piezocomposites is a research challenge as the development of analytical models remains a challenge. In this perspective, this work contributes to the development of an analytical model to predict the thermoelectromechanical behavior of the 2-2 piezocomposite where both phases are electrically active. To establish this model the series/parallel method was used and thus the effective homogenised properties of the composite are established. The influence of the volume fraction on the characteristic parameters was studied and found that a numerical simulation of the effective parameters resulting from a {PZT-5A/PVDF-TrFE} composition shows that, volume fraction influences significantly on the properties of the piezocomposite and consequently on its behavior in service. Due to the unavailability of experimental data in the literature, the validation of the model is done with reference to the model applied to the 1-3 piezocomposite. Therefore, to a certain extent, it is found that the results are in agreement. Based on the results of this model and in comparison with those formulated from 1-3 piezocomposite as presented in the paper, the studied 2-2 piezocomposite could be used where 1-3 piezocomposite is sometimes integrated, as the highest performance piezocomposite. However, this remains to be validated experimentally for targeted applications to be useful for the scientific and even industrial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complexity of electromechanical equipment and the difficulties in obtaining large-scale health monitoring datasets, as well as the long-tailed distribution of data, existing methods ignore certain characteristics of health monitoring data. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a method for the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings in electromechanical equipment based on an improved prototypical network—the weight prototypical networks (WPorNet). The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) the prototypical networks, which perform well on small-sample classification tasks, were improved by calculating the different levels of influence of support sample distributions in order to achieve the prototypical calculation. The change in sample influence was calculated using the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the sample distribution. The influence change in a specific sample can be measured by assessing how much the distribution changes in the absence of that sample; and (2) The Gramian Angular Field (GAF) algorithm was used to transform one-dimensional time series into two-dimensional vibration images, which greatly improved the application effect of the 2D convolutional neural network (CNN). Through experiments on MAFAULDA and CWRU bearing datasets, it was shown that this network effectively solves the shortcomings of a small number of valid samples and a long-tail distribution in health monitoring data, it enhances the dependency between the samples and the global data, it improves the model's feature extraction ability, and it enhances the accuracy of model classification. Compared with the prototypical network, the improved network model increased the performance of the 2-way 10-shot, 2-way 20-shot, and 2-way 50-shot classification tasks by 5.23%, 5.74%, and 4.37%, respectively, and it increased the performance of the 4-way 10-shot, 4-way 20-shot, and 4-way 50-shot classification tasks by 12.02%, 10.47%, and 4.66%, respectively. Experimental results show that the improved prototypical network model has higher sample classification accuracy and stronger anti-interference ability compared with traditional small-sample classification models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Modeling the whole cardiac function involves the solution of several complex multi-physics and multi-scale models that are highly computationally demanding, which call for simpler yet accurate, high-performance computational tools. Despite the efforts made by several research groups, no software for whole-heart fully-coupled cardiac simulations in the scientific community has reached full maturity yet. Results: In this work we present life x -fiber, an innovative tool for the generation of myocardial fibers based on Laplace-Dirichlet Rule-Based Methods, which are the essential building blocks for modeling the electrophysiological, mechanical and electromechanical cardiac function, from single-chamber to whole-heart simulations. life x -fiber is the first publicly released module for cardiac simulations based on life x , an open-source, high-performance Finite Element solver for multi-physics, multi-scale and multi-domain problems developed in the framework of the iHEART project, which aims at making in silico experiments easily reproducible and accessible to a wide community of users, including those with a background in medicine or bio-engineering. Conclusions: The tool presented in this document is intended to provide the scientific community with a computational tool that incorporates general state of the art models and solvers for simulating the cardiac function within a high-performance framework that exposes a user- and developer-friendly interface. This report comes with an extensive technical and mathematical documentation to welcome new users to the core structure of life x -fiber and to provide them with a possible approach to include the generated cardiac fibers into more sophisticated computational pipelines. In the near future, more modules will be successively published either as pre-compiled binaries for x86-64 Linux systems or as open source software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable electrodes comprising thin gold films with initial nanocracks on elastic substrates of poly(dimethylsiloxane) are developed in this work, which can be stretched reversibly while maintaining conductivity to an applied uniaxial strain as large as 120%. Reliable electromechanical performance is essential for the application of stretchable electronics as bioelectronic interfaces under various working conditions; therefore, the electrical and thermal effects on the electromechanical performance of the stretchable gold film electrodes are investigated in this work. It is found that the stretchability deteriorates to some extent depending on the electrical and thermal treatments. Microstructures and stress analysis in the cracks are studied, along with crack quantification. It is believed that the decrease of the stretchability is ascribed to the combination of the crack widening by thermal mismatch stress and crack tip smoothening by the electromigration phenomenon. Therefore, the current density and temperature through the electrodes should be controlled within a certain range for wide applications in order to maintain a stable performance of the electrodes. This study also provides some guiding significance for the design of other stretchable electronic devices composed of two materials with large different physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a current literature review (from the years 2017–2022) on issues related to the application of power system stabilizers (PSSs) for damping electromechanical swings in power systems (PSs). After the initial selection of papers found in the databases used, over 600 publications were qualified for this review, of which 216 were subjected to detailed analysis. In the review, issues related to the following problems are described: applications of classic PSSs, applications of new stabilizer structures based on new algorithms (including artificial intelligence), development of new methods for tuning PSSs, and operation of PSSs in PSs with high power generation by renewable sources. Describing individual papers, the research methods used by the authors (simulations, measurement methods, and a combination of both) are specified, attention is paid to the waveforms presented in the papers, and reference is made to the types of PSs in which PSSs (large multimachine, reflecting real systems, smaller standard multimachine New-England type, and simplest single-machine) operate. The tables contain detailed comments on the selected papers. The final part of the review presents general comments on the analyzed papers and guidelines for future PS stability studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews recent advances in sensor technologies for non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil structures. The article is motivated by the rapid developments in sensor technologies and data analytics leading to ever-advancing systems for assessing and monitoring structures. Conventional and advanced sensor technologies are systematically reviewed and evaluated in the context of providing input parameters for NDT and SHM systems and for their suitability to determine the health state of structures. The presented sensing technologies and monitoring systems are selected based on their capabilities, reliability, maturity, affordability, popularity, ease of use, resilience, and innovation. A significant focus is placed on evaluating the selected technologies and associated data analytics, highlighting limitations, advantages, and disadvantages. The paper presents sensing techniques such as fiber optics, laser vibrometry, acoustic emission, ultrasonics, thermography, drones, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), magnetostrictive sensors, and next-generation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a speed sensorless control of a five-phase PMSM in healthy operation and under the Open-Phase Fault on any phase of the machine. The solution is recommended for mission-critical applications requiring high reliability capacities, such as Aerospace applications. An adapted Active Fault Tolerant Control is proposed with the aim of obtaining electromechanical torque as close as possible to that normally developed by a machine working in healthy condition. In instances of a loss of power to one phase of the machine, a reconfiguration of the control law is performed to ensure the continuity of service and to maintain acceptable control performances without requiring a hardware rearrangement of the power architecture. The motor rotation speed and position, required for the Field Oriented Control (FOC) of the stator currents, are estimated using a Back-Electromotive Forces (Back-EMF) observer based on a mathematical model of the motor and implemented in the stator diphase reference frame. Different electrical models that describe the behavior of the five-phase machine in the normal and degraded operations are given. Experimental results on a 1.25 kW synchronous PM machine are shown to confirm the effectiveness of the motor control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-orbit Servicing in the form of space-manufacturing, refuelling, assembly and robotic manipulation are deemed to become a fundamental part of the space market in the short-to-middle term. One of the key aspects to reach extensive use of OOS operations is having a standardized, reliable, and cost-effective interface that embeds as much functionality as possible to simplify operations. In this context, SENER Aeroespacial has developed SIROM (Standard Interface for Robotic Manipulation), which provides mechanical coupling, electric interface, thermal and data transfer in a single compact solution. In this paper, the current design for SIROM is presented, with a focus on the electronics subsystem and the integration of the electromechanical design. A functional breakdown of the electronic boards is presented after a review of the current state of the art. For the validation, a TRL6 Test Campaign that was successfully passed in early 2021, including vibration, temperature, vacuum and life tests. Its results are presented here, along with the details of the functional validation on the context of the EROSS project in May/June 2021. To conclude the paper, on-going projects involving the SIROM interface are reviewed, finishing with future lines of development on the SIROM roadmap. • On Orbit Servicing is becoming a fundamental part of the space market. • SENER designed the SIROM interface for this purpose, developing a fully integrated model in 2021. • SIROM has passed a qualification campaign for Technology Readiness Level 6. • SIROM has been validated in the H2020 project EROSS in an On Orbit Servicing scenario. • SIROM is developing to reach TRL 8 as part of European projects (MIRROR, PERIOD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A screw transmission structure-based triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator is developed, which can convert contact separation motion into continuous rotation. This device generates multiple pulse outputs during the compression and rebound processes. The generated electricity is 70.86 times greater than that of conventional contact-separation devices within one operating cycle, further improving the energy utilization efficiency and advancing its practical process. [Display omitted] • Designing a screw transmission structure-based hybridized generator. • Achieving a 70.86-fold increase in device's energy utilization efficiency. • Demonstrating a self-powered smart factory application based on ST-TEHG. Among various electromechanical conversion technologies, the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) stands out with its capacity to operate across a wider frequency range. Nevertheless, extracting more electricity from a single mechanical stimulation remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a screw transmission structure based TEHG (ST-TEHG) that converts the contact-separation motion into continuous rotation. This transformation enables the device to produce multiple pulse outputs in both compression and rebound processes. Specifically, the threaded barrel is designed to rotate continuously under the action of the pressing lever. Excess energy is stored as elastic potential energy in the tower spring, which then initiates the threaded barrel's reverse rotation upon the release of external force. Through systematical optimization of the screw transmission structure and device's performances, ST-TEHG achieves an energy utilization efficiency that is 70.86 times than the device with conventional contact-separation mode in an operating cycle. The developed ST-TEHG demonstrates promising applications in smart factories for indoor conditions monitoring, such as temperature and humidity, assembly line monitoring, and hazardous zones warning. This screw transmission structure sets a precedent for highly efficient mechanical energy harvesting, propelling the practical advancement of hybrid generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A screw transmission structure-based triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator is developed, which can convert contact separation motion into continuous rotation. This device generates multiple pulse outputs during the compression and rebound processes. The generated electricity is 70.86 times greater than that of conventional contact-separation devices within one operating cycle, further improving the energy utilization efficiency and advancing its practical process. [Display omitted] • Designing a screw transmission structure-based hybridized generator. • Achieving a 70.86-fold increase in device's energy utilization efficiency. • Demonstrating a self-powered smart factory application based on ST-TEHG. Among various electromechanical conversion technologies, the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) stands out with its capacity to operate across a wider frequency range. Nevertheless, extracting more electricity from a single mechanical stimulation remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a screw transmission structure based TEHG (ST-TEHG) that converts the contact-separation motion into continuous rotation. This transformation enables the device to produce multiple pulse outputs in both compression and rebound processes. Specifically, the threaded barrel is designed to rotate continuously under the action of the pressing lever. Excess energy is stored as elastic potential energy in the tower spring, which then initiates the threaded barrel's reverse rotation upon the release of external force. Through systematical optimization of the screw transmission structure and device's performances, ST-TEHG achieves an energy utilization efficiency that is 70.86 times than the device with conventional contact-separation mode in an operating cycle. The developed ST-TEHG demonstrates promising applications in smart factories for indoor conditions monitoring, such as temperature and humidity, assembly line monitoring, and hazardous zones warning. This screw transmission structure sets a precedent for highly efficient mechanical energy harvesting, propelling the practical advancement of hybrid generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is a powerful tool widely used to characterize piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity at the nanoscale. However, it is necessary to distinguish microscopic mechanisms between piezoelectricity and non-piezoelectric contributions measured by PFM. In this work, we systematically investigate the first and second harmonic apparent piezoresponses of a silicon wafer in both vertical and lateral modes, and we show that it exhibits an apparent electromechanical response that is quadratic to the applied electric field, possibly arising from ionic electrochemical dipoles induced by the charged probe. As a result, the electromechanical response measured is dominated by the second harmonic response in the vertical mode, and its polarity can be switched by the DC voltage with the evolving coercive field and maximum amplitude, in sharp contrast to typical ferroelectric materials we used as control. The ionic activity in silicon is also confirmed by the scanning thermo-ionic microscopy measurement, and the work points toward a set of methods to distinguish true piezoelectricity from the apparent ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the inherent characteristics of the main drive system of the F5 cold-rolling mill in a steel plant. First, the main transmission mechanical structure was simplified to a five-inertia torsional vibration model. Secondly, the coupled torsional vibration model of strip and roll was established. The electromechanical coupling model of the motor control system and the motor rotor was established again. Finally, the AMESim software was used to calculate the natural frequency of the main drive system under various coupling conditions, and the influence mechanism of rolling parameters and motor control system parameters on the natural frequency of the main drive system was obtained, and an example of torsional vibration suppression is given by adjusting the control parameters. This study provides a profound theoretical basis for the on-site adjustment of process parameters and electrical control parameters to suppress torsional vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing need for increasingly miniaturized devices has placed high importance and demands on nanofabrication technologies with high-quality, low temperatures, and low-cost techniques. In the past few years, the development and recent advances in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes boosted interest in their use in advanced electronic and nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) device manufacturing. In this context, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has been highlighted because it allowed the ALD technique to expand its process window and the fabrication of several nanomaterials at reduced temperatures, allowing thermosensitive substrates to be covered with good formability and uniformity. In this review article, we comprehensively describe how the NTP changed the ALD universe and expanded it in device fabrication for different applications. We also present an overview of the efforts and developed strategies to gather the NTP and ALD technologies with the consecutive formation of plasma-assisted ALD (PA-ALD) technique, which has been successfully applied in nanofabrication and surface modification. The advantages and limitations currently faced by this technique are presented and discussed. We conclude this review by showing the atomic layer etching (ALE) technique, another development of NTP and ALD junction that has gained more and more attention by allowing significant advancements in plasma-assisted nanofabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the prediction of the operation vibration state of coal mine mechatronics equipment, the author proposes a method based on data mining in response to the problems of large amount of data in the operating state of coal mine electromechanical equipment, low data utilization, and slow speed of single-machine massive data mining, using Map Reduce technology, a dual Map Reduce mining prediction framework is proposed, establish a data mining prediction model for the running state of dual Map Reduce, using MapReduce1 to extract features of monitoring data, use MapReduce2 to predict and analyze feature data. Finally, by building the Hadoop platform, reveal the relationship between Hadoop cluster nodes and parallel processing speed, the efficiency of the data mining prediction framework is verified: Perform an experimental comparative analysis of the single prediction model and the proposed AGB combined prediction model, the prediction accuracy of the AGB combined prediction model is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electro-mechanical transmission is the best choice for the transmission system of military, engineering and other heavy special vehicles. The scheme design is fundamental and key to realize the original innovation of the electro-mechanical transmission. Therefore, a novel design method of a planetary-gear scheme is proposed for electro-mechanical transmission. According to the distribution of mechanical points and the speed continuous condition of mode switching, the mode combination law of a dual-mode electro-mechanical transmission is obtained, i.e., the input split mode based on the scheme of three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) and the compound split mode based on the scheme of 2-DOF. Moreover, a design method for an electro-mechanical transmission scheme is proposed based on the mode combination law. Two single-mode schemes are combined to form a dual-mode scheme, and then mode jointing, control logic, isomorphism and other screening conditions are in turn used to screen schemes; therefore, two optimized schemes are obtained ultimately. Lastly, by analyzing the characteristics of speed, torque and the power split of the optimized schemes, the accuracy of the proposed design method in this paper is verified. The proposed design method can provide new ideas of designing multi-mode and multi-output electro-mechanical transmission schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of real-time fault detection technology for key components of high-speed train traction electromechanical system is of great significance for improving train motor reliability and reducing guarantee costs. It has become an inevitable trend. Machine learning is a new and powerful means of researching fault detection technology. Based on machine learning, this paper conducts real-time fault detection technology research on the electromechanical actuators of the key components of electromechanical systems. A model of the electromechanical actuator is established, and the mechanism, influence and fault injection method of the three faults of the electromechanical actuator motor shaft jamming, gear broken tooth, excessive ball screw clearance and two faults of internal leakage are analyzed. On this basis, a fault simulation model of the traction motor of a high-speed train was built to obtain simulation fault data. At the same time, based on wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction, the fault simulation data of electromechanical actuators and hydraulic pumps are analyzed, the wavelet packet energy distribution is calculated, and time-domain statistics are combined to extract energy feature vectors that can reflect component fault characteristics. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for electromechanical actuators based on machine learning, designs, and improves the neural network learning algorithm and network parameters, and improves the classification effect of the neural network; proposes a fault diagnosis method based on the GA-SVM algorithm, using real values. The coded genetic algorithm improves the parameter optimization of the support vector machine, and improves the classification speed of the support vector machine. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the two fault diagnosis methods designed in this paper are verified on their respective objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel acoustic-vibration capacitive microelectromechanical system microphone is designed, fabricated, and implemented in this paper. The new microphone consists of a rigid diaphragm and mass blocks sensitive to low-frequency vibratory and sound signals. This sensor takes advantage of the semiconductor technology to design the capacitance sensor structure by surface micromachining technology, and the inertial mass blocks are shaped using the bulk silicon micromachining technology. The structure of the anti-stiction-dimple array is designed and deployed at the bottom of the diaphragm and the backplate to avoid the risk of sensor failure by vibration stiction. The bottom and top of the backplate are designed with an anti-humidity hydrophobic insulation protective layer, which avoids adsorption of moisture and attachment of foreign particles. The thickness of the mass blocks can be controlled by the combination of the dry and the wet micromachining method, which is sensitive to different frequency responses. This study can design and produce wafer level silicon with high consistency. The inertial mass proposed in this research can be achieved through a 6 in. wafer process with >80% consistency when the thickness of the mass is around 300 μm. The sensing frequency can be reduced to below the 4 kHz frequency bandwidth with enhanced sensitivity in the ±0.5 dB range. Typical characteristic results show that the open-circuit sensitivity of the microphone is 12.63 mV/Pa (37.97 dBV/Pa) at 1 kHz (with 94 dB as the reference sound level). The total harmonic distortion and acoustic overload point are 0.21% and 121.2 dB sound pressure level, respectively. The electronic stethoscope is a typical application of this research, which can collect the characteristics and frequency spectrum of low-frequency cardiac vibration signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a miniature three-component fluxgate sensor with U-shaped structure is fabricated by the multidimensional integration technology. We manufacture a batch of single axis solenoid fluxgate chips based on Micro Electromechanical System （MEMS） technology, which possesses the Co-based amorphous ribbon core and solenoid excitation-detection coil. According to multidimensional integration theory, a full integrated three-component fluxgate sensors is achieved through orthogonal linking of printed circuit board （PCB） substrates and bonding between single axis fluxgate chip and substrate. The chips used in the X-Y-Z axis have a sensitivity of 1947 V/T, 1951 V/T, and 1949 V/T, and noise power spectral density of 0.061 nT√Hz@1HZ, 0.077 nT√Hz@1HZ, and 0.087 nT√Hz@1HZ, and time-drift peaks of 21 nT, 17.4 nT, and 14.8 nT, respectively. The linear range of three chips is 0–70μT. After least square error correction, the peak-to-peak value of the in-situ total magnetic field decreases from 2.4 μT to 0.22 μT. [Display omitted] • A MEMS multidimensional heterogeneous integration method for three-component fluxgate sensors is proposed. • A U-shaped fully integrated three-component fluxgate sensor is fabricated with a size of only 17.4mm×13.3mm×13.8mm. • Completed the least-squares error correction and verified the sensor's three-component field detection capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harsh actual working environment and heavy weight of the electric shovel pose a great challenge to its trajectory tracking performance. Taking into account the strong robustness and anti-interference performance of the sliding mode control method and the global stability of the inversion control method, a Lyapunov-based inversion sliding mode trajectory tracking method is proposed in this paper, and its effectiveness is verified through numerical simulation based on the electromechanical coupling dynamic model of the electric shovel and the actual electric shovel tracking experiment. The results show that the trajectory tracking method can effectively realize the trajectory tracking of the electric shovel accompanied by tracking deviation within 0.3 m. The existence of the track slip phenomenon makes the electric shovel shake when steering, which also makes the actual operating velocity of the electric shovel fluctuate greatly. Meanwhile, the steering process of the electric shovel is accompanied by a regenerative braking steering mode. [Display omitted] • A electric shovel inversion sliding mode trajectory tracking method is proposed. • The electromechanical coupling dynamic model of electric shovel is established. • The trajectory tracking system based on RTK positioning technology is constructed. • The effect of electromechanical characteristics on path tracking is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide bandgap (BG) relates to the performance of the prevention of the elastic wave propagation of the phononic crystal (PnC) structures. The wider the BG, the higher the safety of the wave propagation isolation. For microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators, suppressing anchor energy flow from the resonator body through support tethers into the substrate is a key design requirement to improve their quality factor (Q). To suppress/eliminate the anchor loss, the operating frequency of a MEMS resonator must be within the BG frequency range of the PnC. In this research, a low wide bandgap PnC strip is first proposed to support the length extensional mode MEMS resonator in improving the Q. Secondly, impacts of the geometrical dimensions on the BG of the proposed PnC trip are evaluated. Thirdly, a comparison between the proposed PnC strip and four counterparts is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed PnC strip in improving the Q of the resonator. The operating frequency of the resonator is 115.15 MHz. The covering BG of the resonant frequency is 96.34 MHz within 100.34–196.68 MHz. The numerical results show that the lowest BG of the proposed PnC strip is opened within 100.34–196.68 MHz which is much lower than that of the counterparts. The widest BG of the proposed PnC strip over the maximum BG of the counterparts is enhanced 168.61%. The Q of the resonator with proposed PnC strip tethers over the same one with four counterparts are boosted to 4447.21, 3952.99, 4002.62 and 85044.99%. The effectiveness of the proposed PnC strip on suppressing/eliminating anchor loss in the resonator is superior to that of four types of PnC strip counterparts. The finite element analysis (FEA) in COMSOL Multiphysics software (COMSOL) is employed to simulate the band structure and Q scenarios of the PnC strips as well as MEMS resonator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a robust control methodology for a microelectromechanical systems gyroscope, which named time-varying disturbance observer based on regulating boundary layer thickness sliding mode control First, the micro electromechanical systems gyroscope mathematical model has been analyzed. Second, time-varying disturbance observer (T-V DOBs) was constructed for observing the unwanted signals from inside and outside of the system, which is well known as disturbance and uncertainty estimation. The time-varying disturbance observer has been constructed based on the basic nonlinear disturbance observer, the estimated disturbance has been used to compensate the outside disturbance and inside uncertainty. Third, the proportional integral derivative sliding mode surface was used to construct the equivalent control, afterward the switching control value of sliding mode control was selected following the regulating boundary layer thickness by using the fuzzy logic control to construct the switching boundary thickness. The simulation results has been archived by using MATLAB software. The chattering was significant goes to zero, and disturbance was mostly rejected. The convergence condition was proved based on the Lyapunov law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromechanical braking technology is an effective way to improve the braking response of mine hoist. Through the analysis of the mine hoist electromechanical mechanical disc brake, a mathematical model including the motor, reducer and thread pair is established. The control process is analyzed in detail, and then the control strategy is obtained. An automatic control system based on linear quadratic regulator and PI controller is proposed. The braking goal of self-adaptive adjustment of braking clearance and on-line adjustment of braking force is realized. Compare the simulation and test results, discuss the performance of the controller. The results of the experiment indicate that the brake gap adjustment time is less than 10 s, stable within 1±0.2 mm, and the steady-state error is less than 2%. The positive pressure of the brake has a linear relationship with the motor voltage, with a slope of 920.4 and an intercept of −1298.88. It can replace the existing hydraulic brakes without the problem of low degree of automation and high pollution, which provides a new way for the control system of electromechanical brake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research in the energy sector has been conducted over the last years, to develop clean and affordable sustainable sources, with the main goal of solving the problems associated with climate change. However, in most research projects, the main challenge is to integrate new technologies into real-world applications. Over the last decade, pavement energy harvesting has been studied to be used as a sustainable energy source. Harvesting the kinetic energy from vehicles and converting it into electric energy is a sustainable, clean, and potentially efficient way to produce energy. Also, pavement energy harvesting technologies show potential to reduce the speed of vehicles in critical places, such as crosswalks, contributing to the reduction of road accidents. This paper presents a review of mechanical systems that convert kinetic energy from vehicles into electricity, focusing on three main types of technologies: piezoelectric, pneumatic/hydraulic, and electromechanical. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems produce more energy, with an efficiency of 40% for higher readiness levels. Despite its energetic potential, the cost-effectiveness is not yet sufficient. Piezoelectric devices are the most studied, but these are not sufficiently profitable. Quantitatively, the corresponding efficiency remains unclear. Electromechanical systems are the most technologically advanced and efficient, presenting a maximum TRL (technological readiness level) of 7, and a maximum efficiency of 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromechanical computing based on micro/nano resonators has recently attracted significant attention. However, full implementation of this technology has been hindered by the difficulty in realizing complex logic circuits. We report here an alternative approach to realize complex logic circuits based on multiple MEMS resonators. As case studies, we report the construction of a single-bit binary comparator, a single-bit 4-to-2 encoder, and parallel XOR/XNOR and AND/NOT logic gates. Toward this, several microresonators are electrically connected and their resonance frequencies are tuned through an electrothermal modulation scheme. The microresonators operating in the linear regime do not require large excitation forces, and work at room temperature and at modest air pressure. This study demonstrates that by reconfiguring the same basic building block, tunable resonator, several essential complex logic functions can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To generate a gas discharge (plasma) in atmospheric air requires an electric field that exceeds the breakdown threshold of ∼30 kV/cm. Because of safety, size, or cost constraints, the large applied voltages required to generate such fields are often prohibitive for portable applications. In this work, piezoelectric transformers are used to amplify a low input applied voltage (<30 V) to generate breakdown in air without the need for conventional high-voltage electrical equipment. Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) use their inherent electromechanical resonance to produce a voltage amplification, such that the surface of the piezoelectric exhibits a large surface voltage that can generate corona-like discharges on its corners or on adjacent electrodes. In the proper configuration, these discharges can be used to generate a bulk air flow called an ionic wind. In this work, PT-driven discharges are characterized by measuring the discharge current and the velocity of the induced ionic wind with ionic winds generated using input voltages as low as 7V. The characteristics of the discharge change as the input voltage increases; this modifies the resonance of the system and subsequent required operating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the electromechanical response of poled barium titanate (BaTiO3) polycrystals with oxygen vacancies at room temperature. A phase field model is developed for ferroelectric polycrystals, coupled with the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory and the oxygen vacancies diffusion, to demonstrate the interaction between oxygen vacancies and domain evolutions. To generate grain structures, the phase field model for grain growth is also employed. The hysteresis loop (polarization vs electric field curve) and butterfly loop (strain vs electric field curve) are computed, and the effects of grain size and oxygen vacancy density on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the BaTiO3 polycrystals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncooled microbolometers are widely used for Infrared imaging including night vision camera for security and surveillance, weapon detection in military application and monitor temperature controlled industrial process. Recently, inexpensive, non-contact thermal detectors are high in demand for human body thermography in medical application. The thermal radiations produced by human body is very much low and require low thermal budget microbolometer with improved responsivity for microelectromechanical (MEMS) technology based thermal detectors. This paper presents the pyro-resistive mechanism based amorphous silicon microbolometer. There is always a tradeoff between responsivity and thermal time constant of microbolometer. The effect of beam length to reduce thermal budget and improve the responsivity is discussed in this paper. Microbolometer structures with 25 µm pixel size are designed and analyzed using CoventorWare. In accordance with the simulated results, the device with meander shape long beams showed maximum electrical responsivity of 7.24 × 105 V/W and short thermal time constant of 2.5 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, distribution system planning studies mainly focused on steady state and quasi-steady state analysis, with limited attention paid to dynamic analysis. This paper develops three-phase, electromechanical models for both grid-forming and grid-following inverters, and integrates them into an open source, three-phase distribution network solver, thereby enabling dynamic simulation of large-scale, three-phase unbalanced distribution systems with high penetration of inverter-based DERs. The proposed inverter models are validated against electromagnetic simulation and field test data from the CERTS/AEP microgrid testbed, and simulated in an islanded 5252 node distribution system in the GridLAB-D simulation environment. Simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed inverter models for large-scale distribution system analysis. Study results show that compared to traditional grid-following inverters, the high penetration of grid-forming inverters can improve the voltage and frequency stability of islanded distribution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent early failures have been the key factor restricting the reliability improvement of electromechanical product, and also reducing its market competitiveness. Most of the current early failure elimination methods are passive elimination technologies after a failure. Their purpose is to quickly restore the production capacity of products, which is mainly used to improve the reliability of the products, and cannot fundamentally improve the quality of the manufactured product. To address those problems, this paper first analyzed the causes of early failures in the production stage of electromechanical product, and studied the corresponding early failure elimination mechanism; second, according to the FRACAS (Failure Report Analysis and Corrective Action System), an early failure elimination method for electromechanical product was proposed based on the meta‐action unit; finally, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of early failure elimination measures, a set of early failure active elimination guarantee management system was established. In addition, this paper also introduced the specific implementation process of the proposed method. The proposed method is applied to engineering, and the results verify its correctness. The proposed method provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the elimination of electromechanical product early failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric sensor is a crucial part of electromechanical impedance technology whose state will directly affect the effectiveness and accuracy of structural health monitoring (SHM). So carrying out sensor self-diagnosis is important and necessary. However, it is still difficult to distinguish sensor faults from structural damage as well as identify the cases and degrees of sensor faults. In the study, three characteristic indexes of admittance which have different indication intervals for damages of structure and sensors were selected from six indexes after comparison. To improve the discrimination effect, three principal components (PC) were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA). And the damage information represented by PCs was clustered by the K-means algorithm to identify the cases of damage. Then, the degrees of sensor damages were classified with the artificial neural network (ANN). The results show that the K-means clustering analysis based on admittance characteristics can accurately distinguish and identify the structural damage and four kinds of sensor damages, namely, pseudosoldering, debonding, wear, and breakage. The trained ANN model has a good recognition effect on the damage degrees and the accuracy of recognition reaches 100%. This study has a certain reference value for piezoelectric sensor self-fault identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH) are widely used to collect piezoelectric energy. However, adapting to different engineering application environments is difficult for traditional PEHs. To improve the engineering application value of PEH, a hanger piezoelectric energy harvester (HPEH) based on low frequency vibration of hanger is proposed in this paper. A dynamic electromechanical coupling model was established for hanger structure, and the effects of the external load resistance, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film installation location, the stability of the PVDF piezoelectric film with different winding methods, and the external excitation amplitude on the energy output performance of the HPEH were studied. Results indicate that the optimal load resistance of the HPEH studied in this paper is 1.0 MΩ; the PVDF piezoelectric film location has a significant impact on the performance of the HPEH, and the output power is highest at hanger L c/4; the PVDF piezoelectric films during ring winding is better than those in spiral winding for the same external cycle excitation; in the external excitation amplitude range of 2 d –6 d (d : hanger diameter), appropriately increasing the external excitation amplitude is conducive to improving the output voltage of the HPEH, with the root mean square voltage increasing by 95.11 % at external excitation amplitude A = 6 d compared with that at the initial excitation amplitude. It provides an innovative solution for the field of cable structures and new energy sources, and the further research and application of this technology is expected to have a profound impact in the field of energy sustainability and engineering technology. • This paper proposes a novel hanger piezoelectric energy harvester. • The key parameters affecting the energy harvesting performance are analyzed. • The engineering application value is increased compare with conventional harvesters. • It is suitable for low-frequency vibrations of cable structures. • It provides a new idea for energy harvesting of cable structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum entanglement of mechanical systems emerges when distinct objects move with such a high degree of correlation that they can no longer be described separately. Although quantum mechanics presumably applies to objects of all sizes, directly observing entanglement becomes challenging as masses increase, requiring measurement and control with a vanishingly small error. Here, using pulsed electromechanics, we deterministically entangle two mechanical drumheads with masses of 70 picograms. Through nearly quantum-limited measurements of the position and momentum quadratures of both drums, we perform quantum state tomography and thereby directly observe entanglement. Such entangled macroscopic systems are poised to serve in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit, and function as long-lived nodes of future quantum networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying biomass energy for curing flue-cured/Virginia tobacco heating is the best way to realize green tobacco production. Aiming to satisfy the heating demand for flue-cured tobacco curing, a new heating device that uses biomass briquettes as fuel for curing tobacco is adopted the first time, which was developed using modern mature electromechanical and computer technology. The new device consists of automatic feeding, ash cleaning, ventilation, and ignition systems governed by an intelligent tobacco-curing controller designed for specific curing characteristics. The results of experiments conducted with an original direct combustion coal furnace, bulk curing barn, and controlled coal-fired heating indicated that the heat supply of the new device could satisfy the heat demand during the tobacco curing process, with a good performance-controlling difference of ±0.5 °C between the actual and target dry-bulb temperature in the barn. With its unattended heating management and use of fully burning fuel, the new device sharply decreased the cost of manual operation and tobacco leaves required per kilogram compared to a coal furnace. Considering the shape of its structure, the new device could be used to heat homes or small-scale boilers if the chip procedure of the controller is altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]