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Presents a model for the biology and epidemiology of smallpox in Great Britain. Alternative statistical technique in the study of smallpox epidemics; Elucidation of the factors triggering the epidemic of smallpox; History of smallpox epidemics in Great Britain; Development of the virulent strain; Immune system-mediated treatment of smallpox; Mortality in Great Britain due to smallpox.

This paper investigates the state estimation of a high-fidelity spatially resolved thermal-electrochemical lithium-ion battery model commonly referred to as the pseudo two-dimensional model. The partial-differential algebraic equations (PDAEs) constituting the model are spatially discretised using Chebyshev orthogonal collocation enabling fast and accurate simulations up to high C-rates. This implementation of the pseudo-2D model is then used in combination with an extended Kalman filter algorithm for differential-algebraic equations to estimate the states of the model. The state estimation algorithm is able to rapidly recover the model states from current, voltage and temperature measurements. Results show that the error on the state estimate falls below 1% in less than 200 s despite a 30% error on battery initial state-of-charge and additive measurement noise with 10 mV and 0.5 K standard deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of multi-layered electrode microstructures on the dynamic capacitance of electrochemical double layer supercapacitors is investigated. An electrochemical model that describes ion diffusion and double layer dynamics across the layered electrodes is first developed and then matched to experimental data. With TiO 2 particulate and carbon nanotube layered electrodes, two knee frequencies were observed in the real and imaginary capacitance plots in both experiment and model simulations. These two knee frequencies resulted in an increase in real capacitance at high frequencies (ω ≈ 10 0 − 10 2 rad s−1) but a reduction at lower frequencies (ω ≈ 10 − 2 rad s−1), with the response being largely insensitive to the relative layer thicknesses. The increased capacity at high frequencies was due to increased ion mobility across the electrodes caused by the layering, allowing diffusion limitations of identical homogeneous electrodes to be overcome. These results imply the suitability of layered electrodes for applications with highly dynamic charge profiles and/or relatively thick electrodes. • An electrochemical supercapacitor model for layered electrodes is pro-posed. • The model is validated against experimental impedance data. • Electrode layering is shown to increase ion mobility across the elec-trode. • Layered electrodes extend the frequency range for charge storage in supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]