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Ball bearing is used to provide free rotation around a fixed axis. Various kinds of faults exist in the bearing such as inner race fault, outer race fault and ball race fault. One very effective method to diagnose the bearing fault is vibration signal analysis. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been used for ball-bearing fault diagnosis in mechanical systems using vibration signal analysis. Classification of the ball-bearing fault has always been a challenging task. Various classification schemes such as Extreme learning machine (ELM), K-means Clustering, and Support vector machine (SVM), have been reported in the literature for ball-bearing fault classification. SVM is restricted by multiclass classification efficiency, and ELM is restricted by the longer training. In this paper, the entropy analysis of the wavelet coefficient obtained from the third level decomposition of the residue signal (obtained after subtracting the highest frequency component from the raw signal) has been done for ball-bearing fault classification. A comparative analysis of the wavelet coefficient based on entropy measurement has been presented here. High fault classification accuracy has been achieved using the proposed method for the detection of ball-bearing fault. Shannon entropy, Average Shannon entropy, and Renyi's entropy are parameters for the justification of the proposed approach. The result shows the best wavelet to be chosen among the available discrete wavelet based on various entropy measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes poses a global threat, leading to hospitalizations and premature death if not managed properly. It involves tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, which binds to TNF-α receptor-1, triggering sphingomyelinase, and ceramide production. Vitamin D acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory cell growth, and benefiting diabetes mellitus (DM). Aims and Objectives: The primary objective was to compare serum Vitamin D and TNF-α levels in diabetics and nondiabetics. The secondary objective was to explore Vitamin D and TNF-α correlation in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A case-control study involved 92 subjects in each group. Data included demographics, clinical assessments, glycemic parameters, Vitamin D, and TNF-α. Statistical analysis used student's t-test and Pearson correlation (P<0.05). Results: The cohort comprised 34 females (36.96%) and 58 males (63.04%). Cases had significantly higher glycemic levels: FBG (247.2±53.92 mg/dL vs. 91.45±16.64 mg/dL), postprandial plasma glucose (319.7±72.08 mg/dL vs. 111.3±21.76 mg/dL), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (10.39±2.41% vs. 5.43±0.48%). Mean serum Vitamin D in cases (22.63 ng/mL) was significantly lower than controls (58.15 ng/mL), and mean TNF-α in cases (5.01 pg/mL) was higher than controls (4.63 pg/mL, P<0.0001). HbA1c negatively correlated with serum Vitamin D (r=-0.7461) and positively with TNF-α (r=0.7831). Vitamin D correlated negatively with TNF-α (r=-0.6481). Conclusion: The study revealed lower serum Vitamin D and higher TNF-α levels in cases, with a significant inverse association. It also found an inverse link between Vitamin D and HbA1c and a strong positive correlation between HbA1c and TNF-α. Recognizing Vitamin D and TNF-α's diagnostic significance promises innovative strategies for managing type 2 DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic, common disease of still unknown etiology characterized by circumscribed ivory or chalky white macules of different size and shape. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is complex and still not well understood. According to autocytotoxic hypothesis, oxidative stress has been suggested to be the initial pathogenic event in melanocyte degeneration. Objective: The present study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty (60) subjects (age group 14-50 years) of both sexes were enrolled in this study. Of 60, 30 were clinically diagnosed cases of vitiligo of all types and remaining 30 were normal healthy controls. The indicator of oxidative stress was determined by measuring serum level of MDA. The role of antioxidant was determined by measuring serum levels of SOD and Vitamin C. Results: The mean serum level of MDA was significantly increased in vitiligo patients compared to controls while the mean serum level of SOD was significantly decreased in patients of vitiligo than controls. Also, Vitamin C was decreased in vitiligo compared to controls but was insignificant. Conclusion: The result of the present study demonstrates imbalance between oxidant-antioxidant system and support the associations between oxidative stress and free radical-mediated damage in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apis mellifera, a priceless bee species is known to produce various nutritional products. Royal Jelly (RJ) is one such bee product which has high nutritive value, functional and biological qualities. However factors such as bee species, environment, season, collection technique and larval age affect the composition of RJ at macro and micro levels thus there is a need to evaluate Indian Royal Jelly (IRJ) for its chemical properties. So in the present work IRJ samples collected from Southern, Central and Northern regions of India were evaluated for physicochemical parameters (nature, color, appearance, odor, and solubility,) residual content (moisture content, ash value and pesticide content), chemical attributes (total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content,), nutraceutical potential (total fat, protein, carbohydrate content, and energy), and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay, ABTS assay and reducing power,). The total flavonoid content and total phenolic content were in the range of 0.119-0.321 mg quercetin/g of IRJ and 25.2844-68.203 mg Gallic acid/g, respectively. High energy, protein and low fat value suggested IRJ as a suitable nutraceutical agent. Antioxidant activity (IC50) of IRJ samples was found to be in the order of IRJ II > IRJ IV > IRJ I > IRJ III. Overall, it was observed that the IRJ-II showed better nutritional efficacy, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Indian propolis as a suitable therapeutic agent is still to be explored to the fullest. As variation in the chemical composition across different geographical regions has been a major concern, it is, therefore, worthwhile to systematically investigate, and assess the quality of Indian propolis and set nationalized standards. The propolis collected from three different regions were authenticated for the major plant source, followed by the evaluation of physicochemical properties. Different extraction methods were compared, with their influence on balsam content, polyphenol, and flavonoid content. The sample coded HAR using ultrasonication gave the highest extraction yield of 71.87%. Further, the process variables in the ultrasonication method (i.e. Amplitude, extraction time, the concentration of ethanol) at three levels were optimized using the Box-Behnken response design. The model was found significant with the concentration of ethanol having a maximum influence on the responses. The model was successfully verified by setting the amplitude at 48%, extraction time to 5.6 mins, and ethanol concentration to 87% v/v. The extraction efficiency of 83.86±1.17% was achieved with a substantial diminution of extraction time. The total phenolic, total flavonol, and total flavanone content of the optimized batch were 28.74±0.13 mgGAE/g, 4.66±0.78 mgQE/g, and 3.16±0.14 mgPE/g of propolis respectively. Further HPTLC fingerprint image of the optimized extract revealed the presence of quercetin, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, chrysin, pinocembrin, and galangin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Insulin resistance has been linked to both triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and hypertension, and it is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to determine the TyG index and atherogenic indices in essential hypertensive subjects and find out the association between them. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 250 patients with essential hypertension and 250 healthy controls were recruited and their serum lipids were analyzed using a Biosystem BA-400 chemistry analyzer. TyG index and atherogenic indices were calculated. Results: Triglyceride-glucose index was increased significantly in essential hypertension subjects compared to controls. All the atherogenic indices i.e. atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cardiac risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were significantly increased in essential hypertensive subjects compared to controls. Additionally, the TyG index demonstrated a statistically significant positive association with the atherogenic index of plasma, cardiac risk ratio, and atherogenic coefficient in participants with essential hypertension. Conclusion: In conclusion, the TyG index was found to be positively associated with atherogenic indices in essential hypertension, suggesting essential hypertensive subjects are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of protein-serine kinases. • Heterocyclic rings have demonstrated encouraging efficacy in inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase activity. • CDK kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. • Molecular interactions with receptor. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) constitute a vital family of protein-serine kinases, pivotal in regulating various cellular processes such as the cell cycle, metabolism, proteolysis, and neural functions. Dysregulation or overexpression of CDK kinases is directly linked to the development of cancer. However, the currently approved CDK inhibitors by the US FDA, such as palbociclib, ribociclib, Trilaciclib, Abemaciclib, etc., although effective, exhibit limited specificity and often lead to undesirable adverse effects. First and second-generation CDK inhibitors have not gained significant clinical interaction due to their high toxicity and lack of specificity. To address these challenges, a combined approach is being employed in the quest for newer CDK inhibitors aimed at mitigating toxicity and side effects associated with CDKIs. The discovery of therapeutic agents selectively targeting tumorous cells, such as CDK inhibitors, has demonstrated promise in treating various cancers, including breast cancer. Extensive literature reviews have facilitated the development of novel CDK inhibitors by combining medicinally preferred pyrimidine derivatives with other heterocyclic rings. Pyrimidine derivatives substituted with pyrazole, imidazole, benzamide, benzene sulfonamide, indole carbohydrazide, and other privileged heterocyclic rings have shown encouraging efficacy in inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase activity. This review provides comprehensive data, including structure–activity relationship (SAR), anticancer activity, and kinetics studies of potent compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies with compounds under clinical trial and patents filed on pyrimidine based CDK inhibitors in cancer treatment are included. This review serves as a valuable resource for further development of CDK kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment, offering insights into their efficacy, specificity, and potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A running machine generates multi-frequency vibration signals which can be captured by accelerometers. Empirical mode decomposition, wavelet decomposition, and wavelet packet decomposition are the commonly used methods to decompose the multi-frequency signal. Quick fault classification, accurate signal decomposition, and fault size detection are still a problem in machines with rotary components. In the proposed work, fault diameter in rotary part of machine is detected and classified using the machine learning methods. In the first stage, we have employed empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for high-frequency noise removal. Residue signal is obtained by removing first IMF from base signal considering first IMF as a high-frequency noisy signal, followed by wavelet decomposition. Entropy of the wavelet coefficient obtained from 3rd level decomposition of residue signal is calculated which acts as an input parameter to the machine learning techniques to determine the diameter for fault. Three different sets have been taken for inner race, outer race, and ball race correspondingly. The proposed method classifies and detects the fault diameter up to 99.5%. The proposed method can be used for different types of continuous as well as discrete wavelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum descriptors of cadmium complex of sulfamethazine and free ligand sulfamethazine are calculated, and the result of these studies has revealed that complex molecule is having high negative dock energy as compared to that of free ligand. Molecular docking studies have been performed against enzyme receptor to rationalize the inhibitory properties of cadmium complex and free ligand. Results demonstrated that metal complexes are stronger inhibitors of protein molecules as compared to free ligand, which warrant further development of organo-metallics as active inhibitors. The author has synthesized and worked out the 3D structure independently to carry out density functional theory studies and Hirshfeld surface analysis of the complex. Cadmium complex of sulfamethazine has been synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity has been studied with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to understand the biological activity of the title molecule and compared with free ligand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The present manuscript focuses on various undergoing clinical trials of PI3K inhibitors for breast cancer treatment. • Structure activity relationship (SAR) study and research conducted for development of effective PI3K inhibitors. • Triazines, quinazoline, quinoline and pyridoxine have explored as PI3K inhibitors. • Manuscript focuses on various granted patent related to PI3K inhibitor. Cancer stands as one of the deadliest diseases, ranking second in terms of its global impact. Despite the presence of numerous compelling theories concerning its origins, none have succeeded in fully elucidating the intricate nature of this ailment. Among the prevailing concerns in today's world, breast cancer proliferation remains a significant issue, particularly affecting females. The abnormal proliferation of the PI3K pathway emerges as a prominent driver of breast cancer, underscoring its role in cellular survival and proliferation. Consequently, targeting this pathway has emerged as a leading strategy in breast cancer therapeutics. Within this context, the present article explores the current landscape of anti-tumour drug development, focusing on structural activity relationships (SAR) in PI3K targeting breast cancer treatment. Notably, certain moieties like triazines, pyrimidine, quinazoline, quinoline, and pyridoxine have been explored as potential PI3K inhibitors for combating breast cancer. Various heterocyclic small molecules are undergoing clinical trials, such as Alpelisib, the first orally available FDA-approved drug targeting PI3K; others include buparlisib, pictilisib, and taselisib, which inhibit class I PI3K. These drugs are used for the treatment of breast cancer but still have various side effects with their high cost. Therefore, the primary goal of this review is to include all current advances in the development of anticancer medicines that target PI3K over-activation in the treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cadmium complex of picoline and sulfadiazine, a constituent of the triple sulfa drug, was synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and PL. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with the lattice parameters a = 13.73(10) Å, b = 17.0800(13) Å and c = 14.0558(11) Å. The experimental geometric data of the crystalline compound were compared with theoretical data in gaseous phase (B3LYP data). The HOMO and LUMO energy of the title molecule were calculated to get better knowledge of the reactivity and charge transfer properties. In addition, charge distributions from a Mullikan population, natural population, and NBO analysis were performed using the B3LYP method. Cadmium complex of sulfadiazine has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography with secondary ligand β-picoline [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a dual wide-band ingestible antenna design for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) biotelemetry applications. The design process employs Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) and driven modal analysis. The effectiveness of the prototype antenna is afterward assessed through measurements using a tissue-equivalent phantom liquid model. We investigate the effects of antenna implantation depth and capsule shell thickness on its performance, providing insights into practical considerations. The proposed dual-band antenna demonstrates good performance in both the 1.4 GHz Wireless Medical Telemetry Services (WMTS) and 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, exhibiting measured impedance bandwidths of 36% and 22%, respectively. The measured peak realized gains are −22.9 dBi and −25.3 dBi for the WMTS and ISM bands, respectively, with a compact footprint of 78.5 mm2. To ensure health and safety and optimal performance, we evaluate the antenna's specific absorption rate (SAR) and link margin (LM). Additionally, we assess the performance of the proposed antenna in comparison with the state-of-the-art design for capsule antennas in WCE applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islanding detection in distributed generation (DG) interfaced to the microgrid is a key criterion for safety and power quality of the power system. This study proposes a transient monitoring function (TMF)-based islanding detection technique, which distinguishes between various islanding and non-islanding conditions in an inverter-based DG. Initially, the voltage samples of each phase retrieved at the target DG location are processed through Fourier-Taylor transformation (FTT). The TMF is the difference between the estimated voltage samples regenerated from the FTT and the actual sample values. Finally, the TMF index for islanding detection is computed by combining each phase TMF. Based on simulations carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC environment, the performance of the proposed method is examined in various critical conditions. Therefore, the proposed method provides generalised solution irrespective of active and reactive power mismatch and thus enhancing the non-detection zone. The proposed TMF-based anti-islanding relay is highly efficient and satisfies the speed criteria of the relaying function in performing the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islanding detection in distributed generation (DG) interfaced to the microgrid is a key criterion for safety and power quality of the power system. This study proposes a transient monitoring function (TMF)‐based islanding detection technique, which distinguishes between various islanding and non‐islanding conditions in an inverter‐based DG. Initially, the voltage samples of each phase retrieved at the target DG location are processed through Fourier–Taylor transformation (FTT). The TMF is the difference between the estimated voltage samples regenerated from the FTT and the actual sample values. Finally, the TMF index for islanding detection is computed by combining each phase TMF. Based on simulations carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC environment, the performance of the proposed method is examined in various critical conditions. Therefore, the proposed method provides generalised solution irrespective of active and reactive power mismatch and thus enhancing the non‐detection zone. The proposed TMF‐based anti‐islanding relay is highly efficient and satisfies the speed criteria of the relaying function in performing the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver complex of 4-Amino-N-(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (sulfadimethoxine) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, PL and UV spectroscopy. Silver complex of sulfadimethoxine crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with lattice parameters: a = 5.9684(4)Å, b = 11.1694(4)Å, c = 22.4716(4)Å, β = 93.48(1)8. The bond lengths and bond angles of crystalline data (X-ray data) are compared with theoretical data in gaseous phase (B3LYP data). Hirshfeld surfaces and consequently the fingerprint analysis have been performed to study nature of interactions and their quantitative contributions towards crystal packing. The stability of a molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond (NBO) analysis. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energie shows that charge transfer occurs within a molecule. The atomic charge values from the Mulliken population analysis (MPA) and natural population analysis (NPA) have been measured using the B3LYP method. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of Silver complex of sulfadimethoxine has been studied by dilution method. NLO properties like the dipole moment, polarizability, first static hyperpolarizability have been calculated to get a better cognizance of the properties of the proposed molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver complex of sulfapyridine has been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and PL. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction technique. Silver complex of sulfapyridine with secondary ligand pyridine crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with lattice parameter: a = 17.8075(4)Å, b = 10.7885(3)Å, c = 17.8075(4)Å, β = 94.12(1)Å and Z = 4. To study the nature of intermolecular interactions and their quantitative contributions towards the crystal packing, Hirshfeld surfaces and accordingly the fingerprint plot analysis have been performed. Molecular properties such as NBO analysis, Homo-Lumo energy calculation have been carried out by DFT method. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of silver complex of sulfapyridine and free ligand is studied by the dilution method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An efficient and economical method was developed for synthesis of 3-substituted indole by using electrochemically induced condensation of various aldehyde, indole and malononitrile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a circular polarization-agile and beam switching enabled reconfigurable cavity-backed antenna having the ability to steer its radiation beam in different directions is presented. The antenna consists of two E-shaped driven patches, a tunable phase shifter integrated with PIN diodes for pattern switching and four switchable feeding probes for implementing polarization agility. The proposed antenna can simultaneously change its polarization and pattern. Beam switching and polarization agility are independently controlled by altering the OFF-ON states of diodes loaded on the feed network and switchable feeding probes. For validity of the proposed concept, the antenna prototype is fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna has measured impedance bandwidth (S 11 < -10 dB) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths of 23% and 17.4% respectively for all states over the frequency range 4.7–5.6 GHz. The measured and simulation results show that the antenna can scan up to ± 30° with five reconfigurable beams and two polarizations states for each reconfigurable beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally benign synthesis of substituted 4H-thiopyrans was carried out by the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, carbon disulfide and primary amines. Constant potential electro synthesis was carried out in an undivided cell at room temperature in the presence of lithium perchlorate as a supporting electrolyte. Clean synthesis, use of electricity instead of chemical reagents and atom economy are attractive features of the present protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a synchronized phasor measurement based fast and accurate comprehensive wide area back-up protection scheme for transmission lines. The proposed scheme uses Koopman Mode Analysis (KMA) technique on fault current data obtained from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for fault identification in back-up protection. The principal advantage of Koopman operator is that it is based on spatiotemporal information system (STIS). In real world applications, often time and space exists together and hence, dealing with spatial aspect without considering temporal aspect is of limited use. The wide area back-up protection scheme is developed using STIS for fault identification and classification including wide variations in operating conditions of the power network. The New England 39 bus system is used as the test system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform for evaluating the performance of proposed technique. Further, the efficacy of the proposed scheme is also tested for stressed conditions such as symmetrical fault during power swing and load encroachment and found to work effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents optimization of large-scale solar photovoltaic plants with economic analysis. The optimization includes the design of the plants, distribution of power conditioning units, and several other factors which affect the performance of the plants throughout their working life. Component arrangements are done to maximize power output and minimize the cost of production under-distributed and the central inverter mode of operation. Several optimization techniques have been analyzed, and a detailed comparison is presented for levelized cost of production and the economics of the plants. Economic analysis of the plants has been investigated to determine the net present value and internal rate of return using the Monte Carlo method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External confinement using jackets can suitably increase the strength and ductility of the reinforced concrete cylindrical columns. This paper encompasses an experimental investigation for studying the effectiveness and suitability of self compacting concrete (SCC) mixes as a retrofitting material and its use as jacket for cylindrical columns. The experimental programme included development of SCC mix and its use in retrofitting of cylindrical column specimens which were either intact or distressed earlier to certain level. The experimental programme consisted of testing 6 control specimens, and 36 primary specimens initially distressed to 80–85% of theoretical stress level, repairing, and retrofitting prior to testing. The control specimens were of diameter 160 mm and height 600 mm, cast in M20 conventionally vibrated concrete, reinforced longitudinally with six bars of 12 mm diameter and five lateral ties of 8 mm diameter as transverse reinforcement. Two different SCC mixes, were used for jacketing around the columns. The jacket was reinforced with mild steel welded wire mesh (WWM) 25 mm × 25 mm made of 3 mm diameter wire. The retrofitted specimens were tested after 28 days, 56 days and 90 days of curing. The test results revealed the effective use of SCC as retrofitting material. The SCC jacket with WWM as reinforcement increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of column specimen. The ductility factor is also calculated after the retrofitting with SCC mixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact eight-element MIMO antenna for wideband applications with dual-band sharply dispensation characteristics is presented. A same oriented two-element antenna is placed in orthogonal symmetric fashion on an octagon-shaped substrate cross-section area of 0.4374 λ 0 2 (at 3.03 GHz), forms an eight-element MIMO antenna. A combination of stubs between same oriented elements and dual I-shaped stubs between a pair of corner elements are used to the interconnected ground for high isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna achieved a −10 dB measured fractional bandwidth (S ij ∈ i = j) of 133.98% (3.03–15.33 GHz) and obtained a minimum isolation value (S ij ∈ i ≠ j) of 15.5 dB. The dual quarter-wavelength slits are created in each radiator for dual notched-bands at 5.1–5.8 GHz and 6.7–7.3 GHz. The measured and simulated results are found in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an effective symmetrical fault detection technique during power swing in distance relaying using phase‐space (PS) method. This is based on an embedding theorem which shows that a time series can be mapped to a higher‐dimensional space called PS through embedding. Thus, a sampled signal can be transformed into the PS so that its features can be more clearly viewed. The process starts at retrieving the current signal samples and process through PS, the original signal is decoupled into two parts such as power swing and symmetrical fault part. The symmetrical fault detection during power swing is easily achieved as the symmetrical fault part of the signal produces an irregular shape compared with the shape produced during from the power swing condition. The symmetrical fault detection signal using PS (FDPS) detects the symmetrical fault during power swing in the transmission line with wide variations in operating conditions and the results from extensive studies indicate that the proposed FDPS can reliably detect the faults during power swing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an extreme learning machine based fast and accurate adaptive distance relaying scheme for transmission lines in the presence of a static synchronous series compensator. The ideal trip characteristics of the distance relay is greatly affected by pre-fault system conditions, ground fault resistance, and zero-sequence voltage. The proposed research develops an extreme learning machine based adaptive distance relaying scheme for two-terminal transmission networks with static synchronous series compensators when a single-line-to-ground fault situation is most likely to occur. The study includes an analytical approach, including a steady-state model of static synchronous series compensator with detailed simulation on MATLAB/Simulink (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) and open real-time simulation software with MATLAB (OPAL-RT) platform (OPAL-RT Technologies, Montreal, Quebec, Canada). The proposed extreme learning machine based adaptive distance relaying scheme is extensively validated on the two terminal transmission lines with static synchronous series compensators, and the performance is compared with the existing radial basis feed-forward neural network based adaptive distance relaying scheme. The results on simulation and real-time platform show significant improvements in the performance indices, such as speed, selectivity, and reliability of the digital relay. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To improve the performance of the conventional distance protection scheme for compensated lines with high resistance faults, an adaptive distance protection scheme is proposed. This study presents an analytical approach for finding the possible impacts of shunt connected flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as static synchronous compensator/static volt‐ampere reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC) integrated with off‐shore wind farm (WF) on distance relay characteristics. Analytical results are presented and verified on simulation platform compares under reach phenomena in presence of both FACTS devices and it is found that under reach is more severe for SVC connected system. Moreover, presence of SVC changes the line characteristic presented to relay even for bolted faults. It is also seen that type of coupling transformer has a considerable effect on apparent impedance. Furthermore, the reach setting of the relay is significantly affected as the relay end voltage and power fluctuates continuously (due to non‐linear relationship with speed) when off‐shore WFs are connected to power transmission systems. Thus, adaptive tripping characteristics for high resistance line‐to‐ground fault with shunt‐FACTS devices considering appropriate operating conditions is a demanding concern and the same has been addressed in the proposed research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideal trip characteristics of the distance relay is greatly affected by pre-fault system conditions, ground fault resistance, shunt capacitance and mutual coupling of transmission network. This paper presents an extreme learning machine (ELM) based fast and accurate adaptive relaying scheme for stand-alone distance protection of transmission network. The proposed ELM based fast adaptive distance relaying scheme (FADRS) is extensively validated on the two terminal transmission lines with complex mutual coupling and shunt capacitance and, the performance is compared with the conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs) based adaptive distance relaying scheme (ADRS). The simulation results show significant improvement in the performance indices such as relay speed and selectivity. Further, the performance of proposed FADRS is tested for stressed condition such as power swing and found to be effective and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ball bearings are considered as a critical element in various mechanical systems. Vibration signal analysis is very effective method for finding bearing fault. Accelerometers are used to capture the multi-component vibration signal generated in the machine when it is in use. Various methods based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) have been used for ball bearing fault diagnosis. EMD method usually suffered from the boundary distortion of intrinsic mode function. Classification of ball bearing fault is one of the challenging tasks in the field of mechanical systems. Various classification schemes such as support vector machine (SVM), K-means clustering, extreme learning machine (ELM) have been used for the classification of ball bearing fault. In this study, footprint analysis of Hilbert transform along with the neural network has been done for ball bearing fault analysis. A comparative analysis of the proposed research study has been done with available methods such as SVM and ELM. A high fault classification accuracy has been achieved using the proposed method for detection of ball bearing fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ball bearings are considered as a critical element in various mechanical systems. Vibration signal analysis is very effective method for finding bearing fault. Accelerometers are used to capture the multi‐component vibration signal generated in the machine when it is in use. Various methods based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) have been used for ball bearing fault diagnosis. EMD method usually suffered from the boundary distortion of intrinsic mode function. Classification of ball bearing fault is one of the challenging tasks in the field of mechanical systems. Various classification schemes such as support vector machine (SVM), K‐means clustering, extreme learning machine (ELM) have been used for the classification of ball bearing fault. In this study, footprint analysis of Hilbert transform along with the neural network has been done for ball bearing fault analysis. A comparative analysis of the proposed research study has been done with available methods such as SVM and ELM. A high fault classification accuracy has been achieved using the proposed method for detection of ball bearing fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an on-line sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) based fast and accurate adaptive distance relaying scheme (ADRS) for transmission line protection. The proposed method develops an adaptive relay characteristics suitable to the changes in the physical conditions of the power systems. This can efficiently update the trained model on-line by partial training on the new data to reduce the model updating time whenever a new special case occurs. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on simulation platform for test system with two terminal parallel transmission lines with complex mutual coupling. The test results, considering wide variations in operating conditions of the faulted power network, indicate that the proposed adaptive relay setting provides significant improvement in the relay performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D-supramolecular nickel integrated Ni-SDZ complex was synthesized using sodium salt of sulfadiazine as the ligand and nickel(II) acetate as the metal salt using a condensation process and slow evaporation approach to growing the single crystal. The metal complex was characterized for its composition, functional groups, surface morphology as well as complex 3D structure, by resorting to various analytical techniques. The interacting surface and stability as well as reactivity of the complex were carried out using the DFT platform. From ADMET parameters, human Intestinal Absorbance data revealed that the compound has the potential to be well absorbed, and also Ni-SDZ complex cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, the complex's DNA binding affinity and in-vivo and in-vitro cytotoxic studies were explored utilizing UV–Vis absorbance titration, viscosity measurements, and S. pombe cells and brine shrimp lethality tests. In visible light radiation, the Ni-SDZ complex displayed exceptional photo-degradation characteristics of approximately 70.19% within 70 min against methylene blue (MB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an adaptive distance relay setting for parallel transmission network connecting wind farms. The ideal trip characteristics of distance relay is greatly affected in presence of mutual coupling of parallel transmission lines as the apparent impedance is significantly affected. Similarly, the reach setting of the relay for the lines connecting wind farms is significantly affected as the relay end voltage fluctuates continuously. Thus, the proposed study focuses on developing adaptive relay setting for parallel transmission network including wide variations in operating conditions of wind farms and effect of mutual coupling, together. Further, the performance of the proposed adaptive relay setting for parallel lines including Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) indicates the potential ability of the proposed analytical approach in handling distance relaying in transmission system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an analytical approach for finding the possible impacts of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices such as unified power flow controller (UPFC) and off‐shore wind penetration on distance relay characteristics. Generating relay tripping characteristics is one of the challenging issues for transmission line distance relays as the present day transmission systems is subjected to a more stressed environment with respect to power system operation. Moreover, inclusion of FACTS devices such as UPFC in the transmission system seriously impacts the performance of the distance relays as the apparent impedance changes. Furthermore, the reach setting of the relay is significantly affected as the relay end voltage fluctuates continuously when off‐shore wind‐farms are connected to power transmission systems. Thus, generating tripping characteristics for appropriate operating conditions is a demanding concern and the same has been addressed in the proposed research work. Extensive testing is carried out in generating relay tripping characteristics with possible variations under the operating conditions of UPFC and wind‐farm and it is observed that the characteristics are significantly affected for different operating conditions. Furthermore, the performance of the derived relay characteristics is validated on possible transmission line fault events and is found to work effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the design of a 2 × 1 reconfigurable beam steering array. We have used a simple and cost-effective technique to implement the concept of reconfigurability by applying the phase difference between the two elements of the antenna array using the RF PIN diodes. A demonstration antenna has been simulated, fabricated, and measured to verify the proposed concept. This antenna array is designed on an FR4 substrate in which the two elements are fed through a microstrip line. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna can rotate its radiation pattern between −36° to +36° with respect to the antenna broadside within the overlapping bandwidth from 5.12 GHz to 5.41 GHz. The simulated and measured results are found in good agreement. The advantage of the proposed design is that it provides a larger steering angle using the same profile as other references with minimal design complexities due to its planar structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an adaptive distance relay setting for a power transmission network connecting more than one wind farm. The ideal trip characteristics of the distance relay is greatly affected in the presence of complex mutual coupling of transmission lines, as the apparent impedance is significantly affected. Similarly, the reach setting of the relay for the lines connecting wind farms is significantly affected, as the relaying voltage fluctuates continuously. Thus, the proposed study focuses on developing an adaptive relay setting for a transmission network including more than one wind farm and considering variations in operating conditions of wind farms and mutual coupling of transmission lines together. The proposed relay algorithm is extensively tested on two-terminal as well as multi-terminal power networks with wide variations in operating parameters. The performance testing of the proposed adaptive relay characteristics for faults and faults during power swing indicates the potential ability of the approach in handling distance relaying in a transmission system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault‐detection and out‐of‐step protection functions are two important requirements in distance relays while dealing with power‐swing conditions. In the proposed research, the first part focuses on developing wavelet entropy‐based out‐of‐step blocking function during stable power swing and tripping function during unstable power swing. The process starts at retrieving the current signal samples during power swing and process it through wavelet transform to derive singular values, used to find out Shannon entropy, called wavelet singular entropy (WSE). Further, the power swing indicators are computed to distinguish stable power swing from unstable ones. The second part computes WSE‐based indicator to distinguish faults from power swing. The WSE blocks the relay during power swing and issue the tripping signal during fault conditions based on a set threshold. The proposed technique is extensively tested for different stable and unstable power swing conditions providing improved response time for fault detection during power swing and distinguishing stable power swings from unstable ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and economical method has been developed for synthesis of 3-substituted oxindole by using electrochemically induced condensation of various N-substituted isatin, phenyl acetonitrile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the ideal correction of intraocular lens (IOL) power for sulcus implantation. Design: Retrospective, comparative case series. Participants: The records of 679 patients undergoing cataract surgery from June 2007 to June 2008 were reviewed. Intervention: Eyes in this series underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation with local anesthesia. Patients in our study population had their IOL power reduced by 0.5 or 1 diopter (D) from that calculated by the SRK-T formula for in-the-bag implantation. The IOL implanted was the foldable 3-piece acrylic Acrysof MA60AC (Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, TX). Main Outcome Measures: In each case, the difference between actual spherical equivalent (SE) refraction and that predicted by biometry using the SRK-T formula was calculated. Results: Posterior capsule tears requiring implantation of IOL in the ciliary sulcus occurred in 36 eyes. When comparing eyes in which the power was reduced by 0.5 D with those in which the reduction was 1.0 D, those with a power reduction of 1.0 D had significantly less unexpected error (0.49 vs. 1.01 D SE). After stratifying eyes by axial length (AL), we found higher unexpected refractive error in short eyes (<22 mm AL). Likewise, eyes with a predicted IOL power >25 D had a greater postoperative refractive error. Conclusions: This is the first comparative clinical review examining adjustment of power of the sulcus-implanted IOL. We found that the IOL power should be adjusted according to the measured AL and predicted IOL power. For patients with a predicted IOL power from 18 to 25 D, power should be reduced by at least 1 D; for lenses >25 D, power should be reduced by 1.5 to 2 D. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the report is to document two cases of biopsy-proven temporal arteritis, resulting in major visual loss that recovered almost completely after treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous heparin infusion. An 80-year-old Caucasian lady presented with vision of perception of light (PL) due to a central retinal artery occlusion. Following systematic treatment with anterior chamber paracentesis, intravenous heparin, and intravenous steroids, vision improved to 6/5. A definitive diagnosis was made following temporal artery biopsy. A 77-year-old Caucasian lady presented with treated polymyalgia rheumatica, which on further history and examination was confirmed to be temporal arteritis. Prompt treatment of her arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy with intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous heparin infusion resulted in improvement of visual acuity from 6/12 to 6/5 with a sustained improvement in visual fields and in the funduscopically visible optic nerve ischaemic changes. The authors conclude that near-complete resolution of major visual loss in these two patients with biopsy-proven temporal arteritis suggests that the appropriate use of a therapeutic intravenous methylprednisolone and heparin protocol could represent a way forward in the management of this potentially blinding disease. This would need to be confirmed in large prospective, randomised controlled studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) caused by either bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV 1) or BVDV 2 is responsible for significant economic losses in cattle and buffaloes. We recently established prevalence of BVDV 1b viruses in Indian cattle. Detection and typing of BVDV in Indian buffaloes is yet to be reported, though buffaloes and cattle contribute equally to livestock production systems in India. In this study, we report identification of BVDV 1 in Indian buffaloes and their genetic relationship with cattle strains. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 15 BVDVs amplified directly from clinical samples of buffaloes and cattle by RT--PCR during 2001--05 was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 11 samples from cattle and three from buffaloes clustered with BVDV 1b, whereas one buffalo sample clustered with BVDV 1c, which may be its true representative. The study established prevalence of BVDV 1b and 1c subtypes in Indian buffaloes and close relationship among cattle and buffalo 1b viruses. Detection of BVDV 1b in cattle serum used as nutrient component recognized the need for mandatory testing of bovine sera before using for cell culture and manufacturing of veterinary vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are increasing their presence in power electronics and motion control applications. With rising gate densities of PLDs, larger functionality is being incorporated. This paper looks at certain areas of motion control that are making use of PLD for faster control and in taking the processing load off the system microprocessor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with trade association America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) senior vice president of innovation and solutions Rahul Dubey is presented. Topics mention include the key idea behind the association's approach, program and product, focusing on working beyond medical elements of health through finding what health should be provided to people and firm's future projects will focus on achieving desired outcomes.

A letter to the editor is presented related to the deficiency of carnitine palmitoyl transferase II with reference to normal pressure glaucoma.

We describe an 82-year-old man who was diagnosed with temporal arteritis (TA) on the basis of a 12-month history of jaw pain and intermittent deafness. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 80 mm/hr, but there was no thrombocytosis and the patient''s jaw pain did not resolve with steroids. No temporal artery biopsy (TAB) was performed, and the patient went on to develop significant complications of long-term therapy with corticosteroids in the form of mandibular necrosis and fracture, cataracts, and postoperative endophthalmitis. The diagnosis was incorrect. This case stresses that much of the morbidity in TA is from the steroids, especially in the older age group. The diagnostic pathway in TA mandates a comprehensive and accurate history of the disorder, an assessment of its signs, and the performance of an adequate TAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient one pot, multicomponent synthesis of 4 H -benzo[ g ]chromene and pyrano[2,3- g ]chromene derivatives are reported by electrochemically stimulated condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, malononitrile and some enolizable acidic compounds in ethanol at room temperature under constant current density. By utilizing common electrode materials and a simple constant current protocol, this method is a new alternative to conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]