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Victim compensation now plays a central role in dealing with harm. It can be brought into play by various devices: private or social insurance, the courts or special funds created for specific disasters. With each device, compensation raises complex evaluation issues: is it appropriate to use financial compensation to repair harm? Who should pay and on what basis should the compensation be awarded? What is the nature of the damage? How to evaluate it and how to value the amount of compensation determined? These questions are the subject of intense work of evaluation by both those who create or implement the compensation devices and by those who use them. This article looks more specifically at this work of evaluation by people who have endured a collective disaster and who have had to deal with the devices designed to compensate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the controversies relating to conducting experiments and licensing AIDS treatments in France in the 1980s and 1990s. It identifies two political operators of the controversies: the way of thinking about patient autonomy and the way in which objectivity regarding medical decisions is built. It shows that there are several regimes of objectivity and autonomy, and that it is at the meeting point of the two dimensions that very different political forms of medicine have developed.

This article looks at the AIDS-related controversy surrounding the experiments on and the availability of medicines in southern countries. It situates these debates in a longer-term history of transnational medicine. It highlights the rise of international therapeutic modernity at the beginning of the 1990s, based on the strict regulation of clinical trials and on the formalization of the international ethical rules governing experiments. This rise helped to change radically the reception of experiments conducted in southern countries around AIDS. With regard to this new ethics applied to clinical trials in southern countries, this article goes on to demonstrate the confrontation at the end of the 1990s between two different approaches to the universalization of healthcare. Finally, it shows how new laws on international trade have reinitiated this confrontation. Through this story, the article suggests in what sense the study of the political transformations of transnational medicine could offer a new field of investigation for the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines HIV-positive patients' experiences of treatments within a context characterized by the multiplicity of opinions expressed both by specialists and the public domain (media in particular). It is based upon a survey of 63 patients encountered in a Paris hospital. The authors demonstrate the contrasts between these patients in terms of two main dimensions: the degree of the patients' proximity to specialist knowledge, and the level of homogeneousness that the patients attribute to medical know-how. At the point where these two dimensions meet, the article distinguishes between three forms of patient attitude towards treatment; in other words, three ways of simultaneously positioning oneself with regard to the media, associations, doctors and family circles/ entourage: resorting to exteriority; self-integration into biomedical institutions; arranging heterogeneous actors. It analyses the transformations relating to the main experience profiles highlighted by sociological studies of other pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hospital is characterised by a dual orientation: being open to the heterogenous demands for medical care that are spontaneously directed to it, and selecting patients in terms of their match with medical specialties represented in its different services. This tension is at the heart of the functioning of emergency services. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a French teaching hospital, the article examines the consequences of this duality on the concrete organisation of work. It shows the main dimensions that go to make up the patient's mobilising worth: closeness to the core of real emergencies; social demands; the intellectual interest of the case; questions raised by transfers of responsibility between doctors. For each dimension, it studies staff reactions and gives some indications about their complexity. Finally it suggests some comparisons between these results and the observations made by several studies conducted in American and UK hospitals since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethnographic study of expert medical decisions in the field of occupational medicine explores the doctor's role in the attribution of rights to sick people. Two 'frames' are displayed: the 'clinical frame' and the 'solicitude frame'. It is demonstrated how these correspond to the status of conditions in medical work doctrines. Then, it is shown how the 'psychosomatic frame' displaces the treatment of physical complaints, and how the clinical and solicitude frame exert their presence again in the psychic domain. The meaning of these results for expert medical judgments is discussed, considering comparable work in other areas of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]