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In this study, we present a novel orientation discretization approach based on the rhombic triacontahedron for Monte Carlo simulations of semiflexible polymer chains, aiming at enhancing structural analysis through rheo-small-angle scattering (rheo-SAS). Our approach provides a more accurate representation of the geometric features of semiflexible chains under deformation, surpassing the capabilities of traditional lattice structures. Validation against the Kratky–Porod chain system demonstrated superior consistency, underscoring its potential to significantly improve the precision of uncovering geometric details from rheo-SAS data. This approach opens new avenues for investigating the conformations of semiflexible polymers and mechanically induced phase transitions in more complex polymer structures, offering deeper insights into their behavior under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) enables dissipation-free motion within its edge states, offering considerable potential for developments in the fields of electronics, phononics, and elastic waves. In this study, we introduce an elastic metamaterial designed to realize the QAHE at low frequencies. Our approach involves deploying a two-dimensional honeycomb spring-mass system on a rotating platform to break time-reversal symmetry via the Coriolis Force and incorporating local resonators to achieve low-frequency topological edge states. We begin by deriving the system's equations of motion through analytical rigid body dynamics. Subsequently, we apply Bloch wave solutions to establish the dispersion relations and identify the topological edge states. We then conduct numerical simulations to confirm the one-way transmission characteristics of these states. The addition of local resonators not only extends the frequency range of the topological edge states but also lowers the operational frequency of the system. This robust waveguide, capable of one-way transmission, has potential applications in directional transmission, vibration damping, noise reduction, and acoustic imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamb wave resonators (LWRs) based on lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) substrates operating in an A1 mode at frequencies above 5 GHz typically exhibit high electromechanical coupling coefficients (K2) ranging from 20% to 30%. This makes them promising candidates to replace current bulk acoustic wave technology in next-generation broadband RF filters. However, the K2 of conventional LWRs still struggles to meet application requirements for bandwidths exceeding 1 GHz, such as WiFi-6E. This paper presents an analytical optimization approach for rapid and comprehensive scanning of the full 3D Euler space to find the maximum effective K2 of LWR devices. Such a full scan is difficult to achieve by the conventional time-consuming finite element method (FEM). The K2 results for a selected subset of Euler angles obtained through this analytical approach align with FEM simulation results. The optimized results show that LWRs on LNOI can achieve the highest K2 of 59.92% at Euler angles of (0, −151°, −60°), providing bandwidths exceeding 1 GHz at 5 GHz. To validate this optimization approach, LWRs with various orientations were fabricated on both 41° YX-cut and Z-cut LNOI wafers, with measured K2 values at different Euler angles agreeing well with both analytical and FEM results. The proposed K2 optimization method serves as a valuable guideline for selecting substrate cuts and device orientations in the design of ultra-broadband filters for next-generation telecommunications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the time evolution of strongly correlated open quantum systems (OQSs) in response to perturbations (quenches) is of fundamental importance to the precise control of quantum devices. It is, however, rather challenging in multi-impurity quantum systems because such evolution often involves multiple intricate dynamical processes. In this work, we apply the numerically exact hierarchical equations of motion approach to explore the influence of two different types of perturbations, i.e., sudden swapping of the energy levels of impurity systems and activating the inter-impurity spin-exchange interaction, on the dissipation dynamics of the Kondo-correlated two-impurity Anderson model over a wide range of energetic parameters. By evaluating the time-dependent impurity spectral function and other system properties, we analyze the time evolution of the Kondo state in detail and conclude a phenomenologically scaling relation for Kondo dynamics driven by these perturbations. The evolutionary scaling relationship is not only related to the Kondo characteristic energy TK but also significantly affected by the simultaneous non-Kondo dynamic characteristic energy. We expect these results will inspire subsequent theoretical studies on the dynamics of strongly correlated OQSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically analyze the electronic transport properties of a monolayer graphene/insulator/superconductor (G I S) tunnel junction subject to a temperature gradient. For intrinsic graphene, the system shows always dissipative charge transport even in the presence of an electronic temperature difference between the two leads. Differently, the G I S produces a thermoelectric response when the graphene electrochemical potential is lifted to energies comparable to the zero-temperature gap of the superconductor, i.e., the system is particle–hole asymmetric. Indeed, the thermally biased G I S system is able to produce both a short-circuit Peltier current and an open-circuit Seebeck voltage. This thermoelectric effect is made of a linear conventional component, due to the intrinsic particle–hole asymmetry of the system, and a non-linear contribution, due to a further spontaneous particle–hole symmetry breaking. In most of the thermal and charge configurations of the G I S system, the linear component prevails. Concluding, the G I S system could be employed in the design of thermometers, electromagnetic radiation sensors, and heat engines with profound influence in superconducting quantum technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inert gases (e.g., He and Xe) can exhibit chemical activity at high pressure, reacting with other substances to form compounds of unexpected chemical stoichiometry. This work combines first-principles calculations and crystal structure predictions to propose four unexpected stable compounds of CH4Xe3, (CH4)2Xe, (CH4)3Xe, and (CH4)3Xe2 at pressure ranges from 2 to 100 GPa. All structures are composed of isolated Xe atoms and CH4 molecules except for (CH4)3Xe2, which comprises a polymerization product, C3H8, and hydrogen molecules. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations indicate that pressure plays a very important role in the different temperature driving state transitions of CH4–Xe compounds. At lower pressures, the compounds follow the state transition of solid–plastic–fluid phases with increasing temperature, while at higher pressures, the stronger Xe–C interaction induces the emergence of a superionic state for CH4Xe3 and (CH4)3Xe2 as temperature increases. These results not only expand the family of CH4–Xe compounds, they also contribute to models of the structures and evolution of planetary interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of sea cucumbers characterized by resilience to temperature changes, handling stress, and disease is the key to enhancing the efficiency of Apostichopus japonicus production. Color morphs were devised to distinguish the resilience of A. japonicus. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavioral and physiological differences of seeds of A. japonicus in different colored under the condition of acute drop of temperature, seawater washing, and Vibrio infection. The dark-colored individuals showed significantly higher food consumption, fecal output, and glycogen phosphorylase activity under the condition of acute temperature drop. This connotates that dark-colored seeds demonstrate a swifter resumption of feeding activities and exhibit superior adaptability in rapidly cooling environments. Significantly longer foraging distance and foraging time, as well as faster foraging speed, and higher cortisol concentration were found in dark-colored individuals after seawater washing. This indicates that dark-colored individuals exhibit a swift responsiveness to handling stress, enabling prompt resumption of foraging activities. Dark-colored seeds have more survived number and higher catalase activity after Vibrio infection. This indicates that dark-colored individuals manifest a heightened resistance to Vibrio infection. In conclusion, dark-colored seeds of A. japonicus have a stronger ability to resist temperature changes, handling stress, and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some applications of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) measured by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), we have to consider PWV vertical adjustments (PWVVAs) due to the height differences between the target sites and the GNSS sites. Thus, developments of global empirical models for PWVVAs deserve our attention. In this study, we found that the decrease factor of water vapor (λ) can be also used as the decrease factor of PWV when we use the Smith's vertical variations of water vapor. Based on this conclusion, PWVVAs can be carried out by using the empirical values of λ and atmospheric total pressure (or zenith hydrostatic delay). Thus, we gave two empirical models for PWVVAs (i.e. PWVVA-Ⅰ and PWVVA-Ⅱ). On the other hand, another aim of this research is to develop an empirical model of PWVVA using neural network (i.e. PWVVANN). Measured PWV of one site, the heights of this site and the target site, and empirical values of λ and zenith hydrostatic delay were considered as the input parameters of the PWVVANN model. The output is the PWV at the target height. Global statistical results verify that the PWVVANN model has a accuracy of 1.08 mm and its accuracy has increased by respective 30.7 %, 24.4 % and 23.6 % when compared with PWVVA-Ⅰ, PWVVA-Ⅱ and a state of the art model (i.e. the GPWV-H model). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The FC of RSNs was altered in middle-aged and elderly CI and CI-I patients. • Alterations in RSNs explain behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in CI patients. • Changes of RSNs in CI-I group may play a role in the progression from CI to CI-I. • The results provide neuroimaging bases for understanding pathophysiology of CI. Chronic insomnia (CI) is a common sleep disorder in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Long-term sleep deprivation can lead to physical, mental, and cognitive damage. Resting-state networks (RSNs) in the brain are closely linked to cognition and behavior. Therefore, we investigated changes in RSNs to explore behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in middle-aged and elderly CI patients. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and independent component analysis were used to study the intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) of the RSNs in 36 CI patients (20 CI with cognitive impairment (CI-I) patients and 16 CI without cognitive impairment (CI-N) patients) and 20 healthy controls (HC). Two-sample t -tests were used to compare RSNs differences between CI and HC groups, as well as between CI-I and CI-N groups. Partial correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the significant abnormal brain regions in RSN and clinical scales. Compared with HCs, CI patients showed significant differences in multiple RSNs, and FC values in two brain regions within RSNs were correlated with clinical scales. Furthermore, compared with CI-N group, CI-I group also showed significantly altered FC in multiple RSNs. Moreover, FC values in the right middle frontal gyrus within right frontal parietal network of CI-I patients were negatively correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination scores. These results may explain hyperarousal, attention deficit and motor impairments in CI patients. Furthermore, the aberrant alterations of RSNs in CI-I patients may play a crucial role in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment in CI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address several challenges, including low efficiency, significant damage, and high costs, associated with the manual harvesting of Agaricus bisporus, in this study, a machine vision-based intelligent harvesting device was designed according to its agronomic characteristics and morphological features. This device mainly comprised a frame, camera, truss-type robotic arm, flexible manipulator, and control system. The FES-YOLOv5s deep learning target detection model was used to accurately identify and locate Agaricus bisporus. The harvesting control system, using a Jetson Orin Nano as the main controller, adopted an S-curve acceleration and deceleration motor control algorithm. This algorithm controlled the robotic arm and the flexible manipulator to harvest Agaricus bisporus based on the identification and positioning results. To confirm the impact of vibration on the harvesting process, a stepper motor drive test was conducted using both trapezoidal and S-curve acceleration and deceleration motor control algorithms. The test results showed that the S-curve acceleration and deceleration motor control algorithm exhibited excellent performance in vibration reduction and repeat positioning accuracy. The recognition efficiency and harvesting effectiveness of the intelligent harvesting device were tested using recognition accuracy, harvesting success rate, and damage rate as evaluation metrics. The results showed that the Agaricus bisporus recognition algorithm achieved an average recognition accuracy of 96.72%, with an average missed detection rate of 2.13% and a false detection rate of 1.72%. The harvesting success rate of the intelligent harvesting device was 94.95%, with an average damage rate of 2.67% and an average harvesting yield rate of 87.38%. These results meet the requirements for the intelligent harvesting of Agaricus bisporus and provide insight into the development of intelligent harvesting robots in the industrial production of Agaricus bisporus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on multiple datasets and different methods, this manuscript objectively determined the rainy season onset (RSO) over the Southeast Asia Low-Latitude Highlands (SEALLH) and investigated the relationship between RSO and spring drought. The RSO date is defined as the minimum of the rainfall departure over the SEALLH, with a mean value of 11 May and a standard deviation of 15 days. The RSO demarcates the transition between the dry and wet seasons, which is an effective indicator of the sudden emergence of rainfall and convection over the SEALLH. A delayed RSO is characterized by a reduction in April-May rainfall, accompanied by low-level divergence, descending motion and adiabatic warming, decreased cloud cover and increased solar radiation. Consequently, a delayed RSO is frequently associated with spring drought over the SEALLH due to the resulting water deficiency, warmer temperature, and increased evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple and effective method for heat transfer improvement of loop thermosyphon. • A novel loop thermosyphon with biomimetic honeycomb evaporator is proposed. • The performance is compared with a loop thermosyphon with parallel-flow evaporator. • Three stages of the start-up process are proposed and analyzed for the first time. • The novel loop thermosyphon has superior performance compared to traditional one. Loop thermosyphon has the ability of heat transfer without external energy input, which has good application potential in many areas. Biomimetic flow channel is an effective way for heat transfer enhancement and resistance optimization, therefore it is a promising method to improve the performance of loop thermosyphon. While currently few studies have been conducted in this field. In this paper, the start-up stages, flow patterns and heat transfer performance of a loop thermosyphon with biomimetic honeycomb-channel evaporator are experimentally investigated, and compared with a loop thermosyphon with parallel-flow evaporator. The results show that the start-up of can be divided into three stages: stage dominated by heat conduction, stage dominated by boiling and stage transited to stable operation; For the steady-state performance, the heating power of the optimal point with the lowest thermal resistance increases from 90 W to 150 W with the increase of the filling ratio from 50 % to 70 %; Compared to loop thermosyphon with parallel-flow evaporator, loop thermosyphon with biomimetic honeycomb evaporator has lower thermal resistance. The decline of thermal resistance is 4.1 %–21.6 %, and is more significant under small heating power. This paper provides a simple and affordable method for heat transfer improvement of loop thermosyphon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Antarctica has experienced significant positive temperature anomalies during winter 2018, with Zhongshan (ZS) station recording its highest winter average temperature since 2008 and fourth highest since its establishment in 1989. This study employs observational data and ERA5 reanalysis to diagnose the phenomenon, revealing that temperature anomalies at 300 hPa are mainly driven by advection and adiabatic processes, which is the second highest recorded from 2000 to 2020. However, diabatic process are significantly important at 700 hPa, being the third highest during the period. The reduction in sea ice, combined with enhanced sinking motion and increased sea‐air temperature difference, together contributes to the variations of diabatic heating. The increased precipitation, exceeding the historical average by 100% along the southwestern shore of Prydz Bay, further induces localized warming. The increased atmospheric pressure associated with the negative Southern Annular Mode phase is the primary cause influencing the advection, adiabatic, and diabatic processes. Plain Language Summary: Since 2015, East Antarctica has generally warmed due to a significant reduction in sea ice. However, a systematic understanding of this warming remains lacking. This study investigates the significant positive temperature anomalies observed in East Antarctica during the winter of 2018, when Zhongshan station records its highest winter average temperature since 2008 and fourth highest since its establishment in 1989. Observational data and ERA5 reanalysis are employed to analyze the mechanism behind the phenomenon, revealing strong temporal and spatial correlations between pressure and temperature. The positive temperature anomalies at 300 hPa are mainly due to warm air masses from northerly winds and air compression from increased downward winds, both influenced by pressure anomalies. However, temperature variations at lower altitudes are significantly influenced by heat transfer from ocean to atmosphere, with decreased sea ice, combined with enhanced vertical motion and sea‐air temperature deference, together contributing to the transfer. The increased precipitation further induces localized warming through latent heat release. The increased atmospheric pressure associated with the negative Southern Annular Mode phase is the primary cause influencing the local circulation and sea ice, eventually leading the anomalies of advection, adiabatic, and diabatic processes. Key Points: East Antarctica has experienced significant positive temperature anomalies during the winter of 2018, especially at lower altitudesTemperature anomalies at 300 hPa are mainly due to advection and adiabatic processes, while diabatic effects are most important at 700 hPaAnomalies of sea ice, winds and precipitation, induced by negative Southern Annular Mode phase, together contribute to the positive temperature anomalies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity of cable conductors is a crucial parameter in cable manufacturing, and accurately detecting the number of conductors can effectively promote the digital transformation of the cable manufacturing industry. Challenges such as high density, adhesion, and knife mark interference in cable conductor images make intelligent detection of conductor quantity particularly difficult. To address these challenges, this study proposes the YOLO-cable model, which is an improvement made upon the YOLOv10 model. Specifically, the Focal loss function is introduced, the C2F structure in the backbone is optimized, the Focal NeXt module is added, and a multi-scale feature (MSF) module is incorporated in the Neck section. Comparative experiments with various YOLO series models demonstrate that the YOLO-cable model significantly outperformed the baseline YOLOv10s model as it achieves recall, mAP0.5, and mAP scores of 0.982, 0.994, and 0.952, respectively. Further visualization analysis shows that the overlap of YOLO-cable detection boxes with manually labeled samples reaches 90.9% in length and 95.7% in height, indicating high data consistency. The IOU threshold adopted by the model enables it to effectively filter out false detection, thus ensuring detection accuracy. In short, the proposed model excels in detecting the number of cable conductors, enhancing quality control in cable production. This study provides new insights and technical support for the application of deep learning in industrial inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiotoxicity, particularly drug-induced arrhythmias, poses a significant challenge in drug development, highlighting the importance of early-stage prediction of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) toxicity. hERG encodes the pore-forming subunit of the cardiac potassium channel. Traditional methods are both costly and time-intensive, necessitating the development of computational approaches. In this study, we introduce AttenhERG, a novel graph neural network framework designed to predict hERG channel blockers reliably and interpretably. AttenhERG demonstrates improved performance compared to existing methods with an AUROC of 0.835, showcasing its efficacy in accurately predicting hERG activity across diverse datasets. Additionally, uncertainty evaluation analysis reveals the model's reliability, enhancing its utility in drug discovery and safety assessment. Case studies illustrate the practical application of AttenhERG in optimizing compounds for hERG toxicity, highlighting its potential in rational drug design. Scientific contribution AttenhERG is a breakthrough framework that significantly improves the interpretability and accuracy of predicting hERG channel blockers. By integrating uncertainty estimation, AttenhERG demonstrates superior reliability compared to benchmark models. Two case studies, involving APH1A and NMT1 inhibitors, further emphasize AttenhERG's practical application in compound optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ADAM19 (ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 19) is known to be involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, yet its specific function in systemic sclerosis (SSc) fibrosis remains unclear. Objectives: This study sought to clarify the role and underlying mechanism of ADAM19 in SSc skin fibrosis. Methods: The expression of ADAM19 was assessed in skin tissues of SSc and wound healing using publicly available transcriptome datasets. This analysis was further validated through real-time PCR, western blot, and immunostaining in our SSc cohort, as well as in a mouse model of hypochlorite (HOCl)-induced fibrosis. To downregulate the expression of ADAM19, ADAM19 siRNA was employed. The influence of ADAM19 on fibroblast transcriptomics was examined using bulk RNA-seq. Data analysis and visualization were conducted using R packages, including edgeR, limma, clusterProfiler, ggplot2, gseaplot2, and complexheatmap. Results: ADAM19 exhibited a significant upregulation in skin tissues of SSc patients, as well as in wound healing and a HOCl-induced fibrosis mouse model. Additionally, there was a notable positive correlation between ADAM19 and fibrosis-related genes, local skin score, Modified Rodnan skin score, skin thickness progression rate, and the presence of ARA antibodies in SSc patients. Furthermore, ADAM19 levels were markedly elevated in SSc primary dermal fibroblasts and TGF-β-stimulated healthy controls primary dermal fibroblasts. The downregulation of ADAM19 resulted in the repression of TGF-β-induced ECM deposition and fibroblast activation. ADAM19 was identified as a mediator for the shedding of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) in fibroblasts, a pro-fibrotic cytokine that must be cleaved to exert its function. Conclusion: ADAM19 plays a role in TGF-β-induced ECM deposition and fibroblast activation by mediating the shedding of NRG1, ultimately contributing to the development of skin fibrosis in SSc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical solution based on the infinite layer theory of Novak and Biot's consolidation equation is developed in this study to evaluate the impact of local debonding occurring at the pile–soil interface. The potential functions are employed to decouple the differential equations that govern the soil deformations, while the dynamic resistances of soil are determined from the boundary conditions at the pile–soil interface in accordance with computational theory for mixed boundary problems. The Adomian decomposition method is introduced to obtain the dynamic impedances of pile. The effects of local debonding on the dynamic resistances of soil are investigated by comparing the results from the present solution with available schemes based on perfect contact assumption. The influences of pile–soil modulus ratio, exciting frequency, soil permeability, and slenderness ratio of pile while considering local debonding were then examined. The numerical results indicate that the local debonding occurring at the pile–soil interface dramatically weakened the lateral dynamic impedances of pile, and this trend was particularly pronounced at high frequency and small modulus ratio. Additionally, the local debonding phenomenon also imposes limitations on the implementation of the equivalent single‐phase solution in practical engineering applications. The presented solution theoretically demonstrates the significant impact of local debonding on the dynamic response of piles embedded in saturated soil and may provide insight into determining parameter values in empirical equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractory metal oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5), and niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5) coated-titanium and its alloys for medical applications have recently gained significant attention due to their remarkable properties, including high hardness, strong chemical inertness, and excellent biocompatibility. However, comparative studies among them remain scarce. In this study, thin films of Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 were deposited on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy using radio frequency sputtering technology. Their properties were comparably evaluated through a series of tests, including scratching, nanoindentation, friction and wear, potentiodynamic polarization, and cell cultivation experiments. The results revealed that all three coatings, with a thickness of approximately 2.6–2.8 μm, exhibited an amorphous columnar growth pattern with dense surfaces resembling cauliflower. The bonding force of the TiO 2 coating exceeds 50 N, which is 26.2 times and 14.5 times greater than that of Ta 2 O 5 and Nb 2 O 5 , respectively. Furthermore, all coated samples demonstrate superior wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility compared to bare Ti6Al4V. Among the coatings, TiO 2 showed the best performance, followed by Ta 2 O 5 , while Nb 2 O 5 exhibited the least favorable performance. These findings revealed the performance differences among the three ceramic coatings on Ti6Al4V samples and offer valuable insights for further research and the selection of coatings to enhance the properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional citrate anticoagulation is a preferred option for renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. However, current implementations ignore individual differences that may exist in the fluctuation of patients’ ionized calcium levels. To address this problem, individualized citrate and calcium supplementation models were established based on the pharmacokinetic and clearance characteristics of citrate, and an automated regional citrate anticoagulation system was built with these models as its core to facilitate the treatment of clinical patients. This study was designed to preliminarily evaluate the safety and efficacy of this system, the SuperbMed® RCA-SP100 automated regional citrate anticoagulation system, in prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy. Seven patients undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy completed treatment with the SuperbMed® RCA-SP100 system. In vivo and in vitro ionized calcium levels were measured every hour before and after the start of dialysis. The accuracy and alarm sensitivity of the pumps were also monitored. During seven treatments, the average extracorporeal ionized calcium level was 0.34 ± 0.02 mmol/L, and the mean ionized calcium level in vivo was 1.09 ± 0.07 mmol/L. No patient required intervention, and there was no filter coagulation. The pumps all had an absolute accuracy less than 5%, and alarms could be triggered precisely. We reported on an automated system that allows for individualized citrate and calcium supplementation in prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy and enables the precise and secure implementation of regional citrate anticoagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ordos block is an important active block in North China during the Cenozoic and modern tectonic activity. Based on a large amount of GPS observation data, an accurate and dense GPS velocity field of the Ordos block is calculated through frame transformation. The results indicate that the estimated internal principal tensile and compressive strain rates of the Ordos block are 2.7 ${10^{ - 9}}/{\rm{yr}}$ 10 − 9 / y r and 1.5 ${10^{ - 9}}/{\rm{yr}}$ 10 − 9 / y r , respectively. Additionally, the block exhibits rigidity and there is negligible counterclockwise rotation. Relative to the Ordos Basin, the Loop Fault on the north side of the Ordos Block displays a left-rotation strike-slip rate of approximately 0.9 mm/yr and a dip-slip rate of around 0.5 mm/yr, accompanied by slight extrusion. The dip slip rate of the southern section of Taihang Mountain fault system indicates that there is spreading movement in the southeastern part of the block. The southwestern Liupanshan fault also experiences extrusive motion. These block motion features and fault sliding distributions provide a reliable database for understanding the possible motion and dynamics mechanisms of the Ordos region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The associations of sleep duration and depressive status on cognitive function among the elderly remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the associative effects and mediating mechanisms between sleep duration and depressive status on cognitive function in elderly adults. Participants were recruited from cross-sectional and cohort surveys of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). We identified thresholds for sleep duration and depression and used logistic regression to explore their independent and joint effects on cognitive impairment. Further, we analyze the mediating effects of depressive status on the association between sleep duration and cognitive function. Of 13840 elderly (median age: 84 years, female: 54.6 %), 2835 (20.5 %) had cognitive impairment. Compared with those who slept 6–8 h, the ORs (95% CIs) for those who slept < 6 h and > 8 h were 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) and 1.48 (1.32, 1.66). Compared with non-depressed, the OR (95% CI) for the depressed participants was 1.74 (1.53, 1.98). Compared with those with sleep 6–8 h and none-depression, those with sleep > 8 h and depression had the highest odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 2.40, 95% CI : 1.88–3.07). Additionally, Compared with those who slept 6–8 h, the associations between depression-mediated short and long sleep and cognitive impairment were 51.1 % and 6.5 %, respectively. Cross-sectional studies require caution in the interpretation of causal associations. Long sleep and depression were independently and jointly associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment among the Chinese elderly, and short sleep increased the risk of cognitive impairment by promoting the prevalence of depression. • Sleep duration and depressive status were found to have a J-shaped association with cognitive function. • The thresholds for sleep duration and depressive status were 6 h and 9 points. • Long sleep and depression have a joint effect on cognitive impairment. • Depression status mediated the association between sleep duration and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex pediatric cardiac disease is associated with brain impairment and neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in patients requiring cardiac surgery for aortic arch anomalies. This study examines the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of perioperative brain injury in children undergoing aortic arch repair who had aortic arch anomalies. A total of 145 children with aortic arch anomalies in our center undergoing aortic arch repair between January 2014 and December 2022 were enrolled. There were 129 (89.0%) with coarctation of the aorta (COA) and 16 (9.7%) with interrupted aortic arch (IAA). Risk factor analysis of brain injuries was done using perioperative imaging and included symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke, arterial ischemic stroke, white matter injury, cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, and other pathologies. Preoperatively, 50/145 (34.5%) patients had brain injuries. Multivariate analysis showed that an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke was associated with newborns (odds ratio [OR], 2.09 [95% CI 0.08–3.50]), isolated COA (OR, 3.69 [95% CI 1.23–7.07]), mechanical ventilation (MV) ([OR, 2.56 [95% CI 1.25–4.03]), and sepsis (OR, 1.73 [95% CI 0.46–3.22]). Newborns ([OR, 1.91 [95% Cl 0.58–3.29]) and weight-for-age z score ([OR, −0.45 [95% CI −0.88 to −0.1]) were associated with an increased risk of white matter injury. New postoperative brain injuries were present in 12.9% of the patients (16/124). Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) was associated with new postoperative brain injuries compared with deep hypothermic low-flow (DHLF) plus antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) (([OR, 2.67 [95% CI, 0.58–5.75])). Isolated COA was almost associated with new postoperative brain injuries (OR, 1.13 [95% CI, −0.04 to 2.32]). Children diagnosed with isolated COA appeared to have a higher risk of perioperative brain injury, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We focused on the intrinsic mechanism by which changes in hemodynamics caused by COA result in perioperative brain injury. Further research will be needed to optimize the personalized treatment and cerebral perfusion techniques for complex pediatric cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely detection of road cracks is crucial for reducing traffic accident risks, extending road lifespan, and improving transportation efficiency. Despite advancements in deep learning methods for road crack detection, challenges remain in handling complex backgrounds, diverse crack morphologies, and multi-scale targets. This study introduces a novel object detection method, named Shift-Wise Cross-Scale Dynamic Head YOLO (SCD-YOLO), tailored specifically for road crack detection. SCD-YOLO builds upon the YOLOv8n architecture and seamlessly integrates the Shift-Wise Convolutional Feature extraction module (SWC2f), Cross-Scale Attention Fusion Module (CCAFM) for feature fusion, and Dynamic Head (Dyhead) detection module to enhance its structure. Inspired by the Shift-Wise Operator, this study devises and implements the SWC2f module, significantly expanding the receptive field and enhancing feature extraction efficiency through sparse mechanism and shift standard convolution. Furthermore, this study incorporates Channel Fusion Deformable Convolution within the CCAF module, effectively blending multi-scale features and enhancing the model’s representation capability. Additionally, the Dyhead framework substantially enhances localization and classification accuracy by integrating multiple self-attention mechanisms, thus yielding more precise results for road crack detection. Moreover, this study employs the latest RDD2022 dataset and conducts extensive data augmentation to ensure the model’s generalizability and robustness across diverse road damage scenarios and geographic regions. Experimental findings reveal a 4.1% enhancement in mean average precision (mAP) with only a marginal increase in computational cost for the proposed SCD-YOLO. Compared to current mainstream object detection algorithms, SCD-YOLO demonstrates superior performance, affirming its efficacy in road crack detection. This study not only presents an efficient and accurate method for road crack detection but also offers novel insights and directions for related research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for the increased incidence of depression in Chinese children remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study explored the influence of paternal companionship and peer relationships on depression in children based on OLS method using data reported by 2498 children from China (children Mage 10.7; 52.1% girls). We found that both variables could alleviate depression among children, but the effect of peer relationships was significantly greater than that of paternal companionship. This conclusion remains robust after considering gender, age and family structure. Heterogeneity studies have found that paternal companionship significantly impact boys, while peer relationships significantly impact girls. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that both factors can indirectly alleviate depression in children by regulating anxiety. Our research results emphasize the importance of increasing paternal companionship and peer relationships to alleviate depression in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT With the increasing incidence of hypertension in children, the lack of high‐quality research data on antihypertensive drugs in pediatric patients restricts treatment options for clinicians and can lead to suboptimal outcomes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with hypertension and treated with antihypertensive drugs in the past 3 years. The study included 203 pediatric patients (119 males and 84 females), with an average age of 8.9 ± 4.7 years (range: 0.1–17 years). Clinical symptoms of hypertension were observed in 132 participants (65.0%), and the conditions in all cases were classified as primary or secondary hypertension. Renal causes (71 patients, 35.0%) and drug‐induced factors (39 patients, 19.2%) were the main causes of secondary hypertension. Nifedipine (137 patients, 67.5%) was the most commonly prescribed medication, followed by captopril (84 patients, 41.4%). Multiple antihypertensive medications were prescribed to 99 participants (48.8%), and blood pressure returned to normal in 111 patients (54.7%). Hypertension‐related organ damage was observed in 47 patients (23.2%). Timely diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are critical to prevent organ damage in pediatric patients. Although nifedipine was widely used in this pediatric cohort, the appropriateness of this treatment remains unclear. Emphasis should be placed on monitoring target organs affected by pediatric hypertension, and post‐discharge antihypertensive treatment should include thorough follow‐ups and documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are extensively discharged through various anthropogenic activities, resulting in an environmental risk on a global scale. In this case, microorganisms can survive in an extreme heavy metal-contaminated environment via detoxification or resistance, playing a pivotal role in the speciation, bioavailability, and mobility of heavy metals. Therefore, studies on the mechanism for the microbial transformation of heavy metals are of great importance and can provide guidance for heavy metal bioremediation. Current research studies on the microbial transformation of heavy metals mainly focus on the single oxidation, reduction and methylation pathways. However, complex microbial transformation processes and corresponding bioremediation strategies have never been clarified, which may involve the inherent physicochemical properties of heavy metals. To uncover the underlying mechanism, we reclassified heavy metals into three categories based on their biological transformation pathways, namely, metals that can be chelated, reduced or oxidized, and methylated. Firstly, we comprehensively characterized the difference in transmembrane pathways between heavy metal cations and anions. Further, biotransformation based on chelation by low-molecular-weight organic complexes is thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the progress and knowledge gaps in the microbial redox and (de)methylation mechanisms are discussed to establish a connection linking theoretical advancements with solutions to the heavy metal contamination problem. Finally, several efficient bioremediation strategies for heavy metals and the limitations of bioremediation are proposed. This review presents a solid contribution to the design of efficient microbial remediation strategies applied in the real environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations of the paleostress field during a period of tectonic fracture formation and rock failure criteria are used to quantitatively predict the development and occurrence of tectonic fractures induced by the formation of the SB18 fault zone in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation of the Shunnan area, Tarim Basin, China. The results of acoustic emission experiments, mechanical property measurements, and tectonic fracture occurrence observations obtained from core descriptions and fullbore formation microimager logs are combined with the Andersonian model of faulting and the finite element method, which is widely used for the numerical simulation of stress fields, to investigate the paleotectonic and in situ stress fields via numerical simulation. The quantitative prediction of the opening pressure and opening sequence of tectonic fractures is based on the occurrence of tectonic fracture, numerical simulation of in situ stresses, and coordinate system conversion. The results show that the width of the fracture zone induced by strike-slip faulting is ~310 m. The degree of fracture development is significantly increased when the Young's modulus, paleostress difference, and paleostress difference coefficient of the rock are elevated. The current horizontal principal stress is positively correlated with the distance from the fault, and the elevated areal density of the secondary faults causes a clockwise deflection of the horizontal stress direction. SSE-striking shear fractures with orientations ranging from 140° to 150° and two sets of tensional fractures with orientations ranging from -40° to -35° and 55° to 60° are preferentially opened in the water injection development stage of the reservoir. As the horizontal stress difference, horizontal stress difference coefficient, and angle between the maximum horizontal principal stress and a fracture decrease, the fracture opening pressure decreases. At the structural highs (burial depths <6225 m) and lows (burial depths >6225 m), the fracture burial depth is positively and negatively correlated with the opening pressure, respectively. Quantitative prediction of tectonic fracture developmental characteristics, opening pressure, and the opening sequence and investigation of the main factors that control their development can help to identify and support opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration and development of fractured carbonate reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) show outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but long-term operational stability remains problematic. We show that incorporating N, N-dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride into the perovskite precursor solution formed dimethylammonium cation and that previously unobserved methyl tetrahydrotriazinium ([MTTZ]+) cation effectively improved perovskite film. The in situ formation of [MTTZ]+ cation increased the formation energy of iodine vacancies and enhanced the migration energy barrier of iodide and cesium ions, which suppressed nonradiative recombination, thermal decomposition, and phase segregation processes. The optimized PSMs achieved a record (certified) PCE of 23.2% with an aperture area of 27.2 cm2, with a stabilized PCE of 23.0%. The encapsulated PSM retained 87.0% of its initial PCE after ~1900 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C and 85% relative humidity under 1.0-sun illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social life, people spontaneously form stable trustworthiness impressions from faces. However, the precise role of extracting trustworthiness information remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether discerning facial trustworthiness influences social interactions. Specifically, it explores the gaze cueing effect (GCE), wherein individuals exhibit quicker responses to targets appearing in the direction of gaze compared to other locations. Given conflicting perspectives in existing literature regarding the potential modulation of trustworthiness on the GCE, two plausible hypotheses are proposed to explain divergent result patterns. The reflexive hypothesis posits that the GCE operates automatically. In contrast, the flexible hypothesis underscores the potential modulatory role of trustworthiness in the GCE. To provide a comprehensive understanding of whether trustworthiness modulates the GCE, we employed face stimuli incorporating trustworthiness information within Posner' s cue-target task. The findings of Experiment 1 revealed that the perception of trustworthiness indeed influenced the GCE. Specifically, when facial stimuli were perceived as trustworthy, they elicited a more pronounced GCE compared to untrustworthy stimuli. This modulation effect was replicated using a different stimulus set in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we employed the same stimuli as in Experiment 2, setting the trustworthiness information to baseline as a control experiment. The results demonstrated that the trustworthiness modulation effect disappeared, indicating its specificity to the trustworthiness attribute of the stimuli rather than other characteristics. Collectively, these findings lend support to the flexible hypothesis, highlighting that the extraction of trustworthiness information plays a pivotal role in modulating the GCE, consequently influencing social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray weld images often suffer from low contrast, poor quality, and other limitations. Additionally, due to factors such as inspection equipment and cost constraints, the number of available samples for weld images is limited, which may not suffice for deep learning training requirements. To address these challenges and enable intelligent weld seam image detection, a comprehensive approach is proposed, comprising a data enhancement method and an enhanced YOLOv8s defect detection algorithm. The method unfolds as follows: firstly, 4k+ images are reorganised into weld defect images with consistent size utilising a weld defect image feature reorganisation method, which retains as much of the weld defect information. Subsequently, data enhancement of X-ray weld defect images is carried out through translation, luminance, noise, mirroring, and cropping degradation models and the improved SRGAN model. Finally, a novel data enhancement method is proposed based on the Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA), the detection head, and the Channel-wise Convolutional Spatial Gating (C2f_SGE) in the improved YOLOv8s model. This enhanced defect detection method, YOLOv8sDMS, compared with the YOLOv8s model, indicates improvements in mAP50 by 0.035, mAP50:95 by 0.021, Precision by 0.037, and Recall by 0.050. The proposed improved method achieves superior results in weld defect detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis, arising from factors such as viral infections or metabolic disorders, represents an ongoing global health challenge and is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Unfortunately, there are no clinically approved drugs available for its treatment. Recent studies have illuminated the pivotal role of macrophage recruitment in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, presenting a potential therapeutic target. Therefore, it holds great promise to develop novel anti‐fibrotic therapies capable of inhibiting this process. Herein, a drug‐loaded biomimetic nanodecoy (CNV‐C) is developed by harnessing genetically engineered cellular vesicles for the treatment of liver fibrosis. CNV‐C is equipped with a C‐C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)‐overexpressed surface, enabling it to selectively neutralize elevated levels of C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), thereby reducing macrophage infiltration and the subsequent production of the fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β). Moreover, curcumin, an anti‐fibrotic agent, is loaded into CNV‐C and delivered to the liver, facilitating its efficacy in suppressing the activation of hepatic stellate cells by blocking the downstream TGF‐β/Smad signaling. This combinational therapy ultimately culminates in the alleviation of liver fibrosis in a mouse model induced by carbon tetrachloride. Collectively, the findings provide groundbreaking proof‐of‐concept for employing genetically modified nanodecoys to manage liver fibrosis, which may usher in a new era of anti‐fibrotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological analysis with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining is the most frequently used tool to detect myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, its practicality is often challenged by poor image quality in gross histology, leading to an equivocal infarct-boundary delineation and potentially compromised measurement accuracy. Here, we introduce several crucial refinements in staining protocol and sample processing, which enable TTC images to be analyzed with light microscopy. The refined protocol involves a two-step TTC staining process (perfusion and immersion) and subsequent Zamboni fixation to differentiate myocardial viability and necrosis, and use of Coomassie brilliant blue to label area-at-risk. After the duo-staining steps were completed, the heart sample was embedded and sliced transversally by a cryostat into a series of thin sections (50 µm) for microscopic analysis. The refined TTC (redTTC) assay yielded remarkably high-quality images with striking color intensity and sharply defined boundaries, permitting unambiguous and reliable delineation of the infarct and area-at-risk. In the same animals, the redTTC assay showed good agreement with the in-vivo gold standard measurements (LGE and MEMRI). Meanwhile, redTTC imaging allows tracking of viable cardiomyocytes at cellular resolution, and with this enhanced capability, we convincingly demonstrated the pro-survival action of stem cells based-therapy. Therefore, the redTTC assay represents a significant technical advance that permits precise detection of the true extent of cardiac injury and cardiomyocyte viability. This approach is cost-effective and may be adapted for use in diverse applications, making it highly appealing to many laboratories performing ischemia/reperfusion injury experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional hydrogel dressings remain highly sought after for the promotion of skin wound regeneration. In the present study, multifunctional CHS-DA/HACC (CH) hydrogels with an interpenetrated network were constructed using hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride modified chitosan (HACC) and dopamine-modified chondroitin sulfate (CHS-DA), using genipin as crosslinker. The synthesis of HACC and CHS-DA was effectively confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The prepared CH hydrogels exhibited a network of interconnected pores within the microstructure. Furthermore, rheological testing demonstrated that CH hydrogels exhibited strong mechanical properties, stability, and injectability. Further characterization investigations showed that the CH hydrogels showed favorable self-healing and self-adhesion properties. It was also shown that increasing HACC concentration ratio was positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of CH hydrogels, as evidenced by their resistance to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) tests, fluorescent images, and a cell scratch assay demonstrated that CH hydrogels had good biocompatibility and cell migration ability. The multifunctional interpenetrated network hydrogels were shown to have good antibacterial properties, antioxidant properties, stable storage modulus and loss modulus, injectable properties, self-healing properties, and biocompatibility, highlighting their potential as wound dressings in wound healing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Rab11A is an important molecule for recycling endosomes and is closely related to the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. This study investigated the prognostic and immune significance of Rab11A and validated its potential function and mechanism in breast cancer (BRCA).RNA sequencing data for 33 tumors were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype‐Tissue Expression databases. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between Rab11A expression and immune characteristics. Potential pathways were identified using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis, colony formation assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, immunofluorescence, and Western blot were used to explore potential function and mechanism.Analysis of the TCGA database showed significant upregulation of Rab11A expression in a variety of cancers. Rab11A was up‐regulated in 82.4% of BRCA. High Rab11A expression is associated with poor survival in cancer patients and is a predictor of poor prognosis. CIBERSORT analysis showed that Rab11A was negatively associated with almost all immune cycle activity scores pan‐cancer. The results of the TCGA‐BRCA cohort were further confirmed by using pathological samples from clinical BRCA patients. The results showed that Rab11A expression was correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor expression in BRCA (p < 0.05). Knockdown and overexpression of Rab11A affected the proliferation of BRCA cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that down‐regulation of ER alpha (ERα) and up‐regulation of ER beta (ERβ) mediated Rab11A‐induced inhibition of BRCA cell proliferation.Rab11A expression in pan‐cancer is associated with poor prognosis and immune profile. In particular, in BRCA, Rab11A expression regulates cell proliferation by targeting ERα and ERβ. High Rab11A expression is tightly associated with immune characteristics, tumor microenvironment, and genetic mutations. These results provide a reference for exploring the role of Rab11A in pan‐cancer and provide a new perspective for revealing potential therapeutic targets in BRCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In search of the better anticancer agents, fifteen bakuchiol-1,3,5-triazine derivatives were designed and synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction. Methods: The newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against Panc-1, MDA-MB-231, A549, and UM-UC-3 using the MTT assay. Results and Discussion: The data revealed that all of the bakuchiol-1,3,5-triazine derivatives could inhibit the proliferation of Panc-1 cells. Four compounds exhibited better antiproliferative activities than that of bakuchiol. Among them, compound (IVj) displayed potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 21.83 μM. Compound (IVj) also showed potent inhibitory activity against the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, A549, and UM-UC-3 cells when compared with bakuchiol. Additionally, compound (IVj) exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the migration, invasion, and adhesion of Panc-1 cells. Conclusions: The results showed that, compound (IVj) could be a promising candidate agent for the treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research using the Empathic Accuracy Task (EAT) has suggested that schizophrenia patients and people with schizotypal personality disorder exhibit lower empathic accuracy than healthy people. However, empathic accuracy in a subclinical sample with high levels of schizotypy has seldom been studied. Our study aimed to investigate empathy in a subclinical sample using the Chinese version of the EAT and a self‐report empathy measure. Forty participants with high levels of schizotypy (HS participants) and 40 with low levels of schizotypy (LS participants), as measured by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), were recruited. All participants completed the Chinese version of the EAT and the self‐report Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Empathic accuracy (EA) scores and the intra‐individual variability of EA scores were calculated. Independent samples t tests and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to examine group differences in empathy and the relationship between empathy and schizotypy respectively. HS participants exhibited reduced EA for both positive and negative videos, and larger intra‐individual variability of EA for negative videos than LS participants. However, HS and LS participants did not differ in self‐report cognitive empathy. Moreover, the interpersonal dimension of the SPQ was negatively correlated with EAT performance and self‐report cognitive empathy in LS participants. Individuals with HS show poorer performance‐based EA but relatively intact self‐report cognitive empathy. This study provides empirical evidence for the ontogeny of empathy deficits in subclinical populations at risk of developing schizophrenia, supporting early interventions for social cognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lunar exploration is of significant importance in the development and utilization of in situ lunar resources, water ice exploration, and astronomical science. In recent years, ground-based radar (GBR) has gained increasing attention in the field of lunar exploration due to its flexibility, low cost, and penetrating capabilities. This paper reviews the scientific research on lunar exploration using GBR, outlining the basic principles of GBR and the progress made in lunar exploration studies. Our paper introduces the fundamental principles of lunar imaging using GBR and systematically reviews studies on lunar surface/subsurface detection, the dielectric properties inversion of the lunar regolith, and polar water ice detection using GBR. In particular, the paper summarizes the current development status of the Chinese GBR and forecasts future development trends in China. This review will enhance the understanding of lunar exploration results using GBR radar, systematically demonstrate the main applications and scientific achievements of GBR in lunar exploration, and provide a reference for GBR radar in future lunar exploration missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, high-pressure torsion (HPT) processing is applied to the as-cast Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) for 1, 3, and 5 turns. Microstructural observations reveal a significant refinement of the second phase after HPT processing. This refinement effect is influenced by the number of processing turns and the distance of the processing position from the center. As the number of processing turns or the distance of the processing position from the center increases, the fragmentation effect on the second phase becomes more pronounced. The hardness of the alloy is greatly enhanced after HPT processing, but there is an upper limit to this enhancement. After increasing the number of processing turns to 5, the increase in hardness at the edge becomes less significant, while the overall hardness becomes more uniform. Additionally, the strength of the processed alloy is significantly enhanced, while its ductility undergoes a noticeable decrease. With an increase in the number of processing turns, the second phase is further refined, resulting in improvement of strength and ductility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are associated with a heavy socioeconomic burden; however, their longitudinal changes remain controversial. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal analysis on 756 participants of Shunyi Cohort who underwent both baseline and follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR angiography in order to investigate the risk factors for ICAS and CSVD progression in community population. Incident ICAS was defined as new stenosis occurring in at least one artery or increased severity of the original artery stenosis. CSVD markers included lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMB), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Results: After 5.58 ± 0.49 years of follow-up, 8.5% of the 756 participants (53.7 ± 8.0 years old, 65.1% women) had incident ICAS. Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01–1.17, p = 0.035) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.44–4.93, p = 0.002) were independent risk factors for incident ICAS. Hypertension was an independent risk factor for incident lacunes (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.20–3.77, p = 0.010) and CMB (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.22–4.41, p = 0.011), while WMH progression was primarily affected by BMI (β = 0.108, SE = 0.006, p = 0.002). A higher LDL cholesterol level was found to independently protect against WMH progression (β = −0.076, SE = 0.027, p = 0.019). Conclusions: Modifiable risk factor profiles exhibit different in patients with ICAS and CSVD progression. Controlling BMI and diabetes mellitus may help to prevent incident ICAS, and antihypertensive therapy may conduce to mitigate lacunes and CMB progression. LDL cholesterol may play an inverse role in large arteries and small vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otoliths are frequently used as proxies to examine the impacts of climate change on fish growth in marine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. However, the large sensitivity differences in otolith growth responses to typical changing environmental factors (i.e., temperature and CO2 concentration), coupled with unclear drivers and potential inconsistencies with fish body growth, fundamentally challenge the reliability of such otolith applications. Here, we performed a global meta‐analysis of experiments investigating the direct effects of warming (297 cases) and CO2 acidification (293 cases) on fish otolith growth and compared them with fish body growth responses. Hierarchical models were used to assess the overall effect and quantify the influence of nine explanatory factors (e.g., fish feeding habit, life history stage, habitat type, and experimental amplitude and duration). The overall effects of warming and acidification on otolith growth were positive and significant, and the effect size of warming (effect size = 0.4003, otolith size of the treatment group increased by 49.23% compared to that of the control group) was larger than that of acidification (0.0724, 7.51%). All factors examined contributed to the heterogeneity of effect sizes, with larger responses commonly observed in carnivorous fish, marine species, and young individuals. Warming amplitudes and durations and acidification amplitudes increased the effect sizes, while acidification durations decreased the effect sizes. Otolith growth responses were consistent with, but greater than, fish body growth responses under warming. In contrast, fish body growth responses were not significant under acidification (effect size = −0.0051, p =.6185) and thus cannot be estimated using otoliths. Therefore, our study highlights that the reliability of applying otoliths to examine climate change impacts is likely varied, as the sensitivity of otolith growth responses and the consistency between the growth responses of otoliths and fish bodies are context‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer across bearings produces a greater domain shift than transfer across working conditions (WCs). Because different bearings may have differences in structural parameters, measurement environments, and WCs, a direct transfer may significantly lower the diagnostic accuracy of the target bearing. A novel fault diagnosis method based on pseudo-label transitive domain adaptation networks (PLTDANs) is proposed to address this problem. First, empirical selection criteria are offered to ensure that appropriate intermediate domains are selected and can better bridge the source and target domains. The intermediate-domain-added TDAN can split the direct transfer process into source-intermediate and intermediate-target transfer diagnoses. This division allows for the gradual correction of the domain shift. Second, the cross-domain pseudo-label constraint (CDPLC) is proposed to select high-confidence intermediate domain samples and generate corresponding pseudo-labels. Pseudo-labels highlight the health status of intermediate domain samples. The application of CDPLC aims to minimize the cumulative error of the TDAN. A cross-bearing fault diagnosis experiment demonstrated the PLTDAN's effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most practical engineering applications, the translating belt wraps around two fixed wheels. The boundary conditions of the dynamic model are typically specified as simply supported or fixed boundaries. In this paper, non-homogeneous boundaries are introduced by the support wheels. Utilizing the translating belt as the mechanical prototype, the vibration characteristics of translating Timoshenko beam models with non-homogeneous boundaries are investigated for the first time. The governing equations of Timoshenko beam are deduced by employing the generalized Hamilton's principle. The effects of parameters such as the radius of wheel and the length of belt on vibration characteristics including the equilibrium deformations, critical velocities, natural frequencies, and modes, are numerically calculated and analyzed. The numerical results indicate that the beam experiences deformation characterized by varying curvatures near the wheels. The radii of the wheels play a pivotal role in determining the change in trend of the relative difference between two beam models. Comparing the results unearths that the relative difference in equilibrium deformations between the two beam models is more pronounced with smaller-sized wheels. When the two wheels are of equal size, the critical velocities of both beam models reach their respective minima. In addition, the relative difference in natural frequencies between the two beam models exhibits nonlinear variation and can easily exceed 50%. Furthermore, as the axial velocities increase, the impact of non-homogeneous boundaries on modal shape of translating beam becomes more significant. Although dealing with non-homogeneous boundaries is challenging, beam models with non-homogeneous boundaries are more sensitive to parameters, and the differences between the two types of beams undergo some interesting variations under the influence of non-homogeneous boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron plaque is believed to be effective in reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in rice. In this work, a known soil-derived Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium, LLDRA6, which represents the type strain of Providencia manganoxydans, was employed to investigate the feasibility of decreasing cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice by promoting the formation of iron plaque on the root surface. Firstly, the Fe(II) oxidation ability of LLDRA6 was evaluated using various techniques including Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, phenanthroline photometry, and FeS gel-stabilized gradient assays. Subsequently, the formation of iron plaque on the root surface by LLDRA6 was investigated under hydroponic and pot conditions. Finally, Cd concentrations were examined in rice with and without iron plaque through pot and paddy-field tests. The results showed that LLDRA6 played an efficient role in the formation of iron plaque on seedling roots under hydroponic conditions, generating 44.87 and 36.72 g kg− 1 of iron plaque on the roots of Huazhan and TP309, respectively. In pot experiments, LLDRA6 produced iron plaque exclusively in the presence of Fe(II). Otherwise, it solely generated biofilm on the root surface. Together with Fe(II), LLDRA6 effectively reduced the concentrations of Cd in Huazhan roots, straws and grains by 25%, 46% and 44%, respectively. This combination also demonstrated a significant decrease in the Cd concentrations of TP309 roots, straws and grains by 20%, 52% and 44%, respectively. The data from the Cd translocation factor indicate that obstruction of Cd translocation by iron plaque predominantly occurred during the root-to-straw stage. In paddy-field tests, the Cd concentrations of grains harvested from the combination treatment of LLDRA6 and Fe(II) exhibited a decline ranging from 40 to 53%, which fell below the maximum acceptable value for Cd in rice grains (0.2 mg kg− 1) as per the China national standard for food security (GB2762-2017). Meanwhile, the relevant phenotypic traits regarding the yield were not adversely affected. These findings have demonstrated that LLDRA6 can impede the uptake of Cd by rice in Cd-contaminated soils through the formation of iron plaque on roots, thus providing a promising safe Cd-barrier for rice production.Highlights: λ Strain LLDRA6 was proven to be able to oxidize Fe(II). λ Strain LLDRA6 produced 51.15–75.11 g kg-1 of iron plaque on the root surface in pot soils. λ Iron plaque decreased the accumulation of Cd by 40–53% in grains harvested from paddy fields. λ Iron plaque exhibited no negative impact on the phenotypic traits related to yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite that plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, including energy metabolism, gene expression, DNA repair, and mitochondrial function. An aberrant NAD+ level mediates the development of cardiovascular dysfunction and diseases. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a NAD+ precursor, alleviates the development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Importantly, NMN has suggested pharmacological activities mostly through its involvement in NAD+ biosynthesis. Several clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of NMN supplementation, indicating its potential role in cardiovascular protection without significant adverse effects. In this review, we systematically summarize the impact of NMN as a nutraceutical and potential therapeutic drug on cardiovascular diseases and emphasize the correlation between NMN supplementation and cardiovascular protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ TiC/corundum–mullite electrically conductive ceramics were prepared by carbon‐bed sintering method using bauxite, clay and Ti3SiC2 powders as raw materials. The phase composition, microstructure, shrinkage, apparent porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and resistivity of samples were investigated. The X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the TiC is completely generated by desilicidation reaction of the Ti3SiC2 at 1 300°C. When the sintering temperature is 1 300°C and Ti3SiC2 powder addition is 22 wt.%, the properties of the sample are optimum, with a longitudinal shrinkage of 2.04%, a radial shrinkage of 2.56%, an apparent porosity of 19.01%, a bulk density of 2.53 g/cm3, a compressive strength of 181 MPa, and a resistivity of 267 Ω·cm. The electrically conductive phase TiC is connected into a complete electrically conductive network. The shrinkages of samples decrease with increasing sintering temperature, which indicates that the samples expand due to secondary mullitization. The continuous electrically conductive network of TiC is destroyed. As the Ti3SiC2 powder addition increases from 14 to 20 wt.%, the resistivity of the samples decreases significantly, but the further increase in the Ti3SiC2 powder addition has no significant effect on the resistivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of advanced technologies is revolutionizing classrooms, significantly enhancing their intelligence, interactivity, and personalization. Central to this transformation are sensor technologies, which play pivotal roles. While numerous surveys summarize research progress in classrooms, few studies focus on the integration of sensor and AI technologies in developing smart classrooms. This systematic review classifies sensors used in smart classrooms and explores their current applications from both hardware and software perspectives. It delineates how different sensors enhance educational outcomes and the crucial role AI technologies play. The review highlights how sensor technology improves the physical classroom environment, monitors physiological and behavioral data, and is widely used to boost student engagements, manage attendance, and provide personalized learning experiences. Additionally, it shows that combining sensor software algorithms with AI technology not only enhances the data processing and analysis efficiency but also expands sensor capabilities, enriching their role in smart classrooms. The article also addresses challenges such as data privacy protection, cost, and algorithm optimization associated with emerging sensor technologies, proposing future research directions to advance educational sensor technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To summarize and compare the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), 3D‐TVS, and sonohysterography (SHG) for the diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions (IUA). Methods: The computer searches databases such as web of science, Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed collecting diagnostic studies of IUA via ultrasound. The retrieval time was included from inception to January 1, 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted information, and used RevMan 5.3 to complete an assessment of the risk of bias in the included literature. Meta‐analysis of included studies using Stata 16.0 and Meta Disc 1.4 software. Results: Thirteen studies were included. The analysis results of 2D‐TVS are The sensitivity (SEN): 0.54 (95% CI [0.28078]), specificity (SPE): 0.96 (95% CI [0.78, 0.99]), and the area (AUC) under the operating characteristic curve (SROC): 0.83 (95% CI [0.80, 0.86]); the SEN, SPE, and AUC of 3D‐TVS are: 0.96 (95% CI [0.90, 0.98]), 0.84 (95% CI [0.68, 0.93]), 0.97 (95% CI [0.95, 0.98]); and the SEN, SPE, and AUC of SHG are: 0.74 (95% CI [0.53, 0.88]), 0.97 (95% CI [0.94, 0.99]), 0.95 (95% CI [0.93, 0.97]). Conclusion: The current results show that the diagnostic value of 3D‐TVS for IUA is better than SHG and significantly higher than that of 2D‐TVS. However, the analysis of subgroups is still limited by the number of included studies. In order to better explore the application of ultrasound in intrauterine adhesion, more high‐quality studies are needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a versatile design method for reconfigurable metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam–Berry phase theory. Unlike traditional reconfigurable metasurfaces that require designing independent surfaces for specific applications, leading to a significant time investment for designers to learn and create, this study proposes a foundational, invariant metasurface. By selectively metallizing holes or inserting metal cylinders, it achieves nine available functionalities. Regardless of the chosen operating function, the metasurface demonstrates high efficiency at 8.2 GHz, with amplitude loss less than 1 dB. Additionally, when operating in phase modulation mode, the design provides a 360 ° phase adjustment range and a 30 ° phase step. A prototype containing 31 × 31 units (425.6 × 425.6 mm 2) has been fabricated and tested under function 7 (TM and RHCP transmission phase modulation). Measurement results confirm the metasurface's capability for polarization conversion and phase modulation at the frequency of 8.2 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass transition, commonly manifested upon cooling a liquid, is continuous and cooling rate dependent. For decades, the thermodynamic basis in liquid–glass transition has been at the center of debate. Here, long-time isothermal annealing was conducted via molecular dynamics simulations for metallic glasses to explore the connection of physical aging in supercooled liquid and glassy states. An anomalous two-step aging is observed in various metallic glasses, exhibiting features of supercooled liquid dynamics in the first step and glassy dynamics in the second step, respectively. Furthermore, the transition potential energy is independent of initial states, proving that it is intrinsic for a metallic glass at a given temperature. We propose that the observed dynamic transition from supercooled liquid dynamics to glassy dynamics could be glass transition manifested isothermally. On this basis, glass transition is no longer cooling rate dependent, but is shown as a clear phase boundary in the temperature-energy phase diagram. Hence, a modified out-of-equilibrium phase diagram is proposed, providing new insights into the nature of glass transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydration, as a ubiquitous and vital phenomenon in nature, has attracted great attention in the field of surface science concerning the fundamental interactions between water and organic molecules. However, the role of functional group derivatization is still elusive in terms of its potential impact on hydration. By the combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, the hydration of 9mA molecules was realized on Au(111) in real space, forming 9mA–H2O–9mA structures. In comparison with the hydration of adenine molecules, methyl derivatization is experimentally found to remotely regulate the hydration sites from the imidazole ring to the pyrimidine ring and is further theoretically revealed to allow intramolecular electron redistribution and, therefore, steer the priority of the hydration sites. These results provide sub-molecular understandings of the relationship between derivatization and hydration, which would shed light on the regulation of hydration processes in chemically and biologically related systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]